AI TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRIC AND HYBRID

ELECTRIC VEHICLES (PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE)

[18EE743]
Module-1

IoT-Based Battery Management System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Module-2

Brushless Direct Current Motor Drive Using Artificial Intelligence for Optimum
Operation of the Electric Vehicle

Module-3

Optimization Techniques Used in Active Magnetic Bearing System for EV

Module-4

Small-Signal Modeling Analysis of Three-Phase Power Converters for EV

Module-5

Energy Management of Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) in

PHEV With Various Driving Mode

Artificial Intelligent Techniques for

Chitra A, P. Sanjeevikumar, and S.
1 Electric and Hybrid Electric Wiley 2020
Himavathi
Vehicles

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
 Discuss IoT Based Battery Management System and type of batteries for Electric
Vehicle [EV] and Hybrid Electric Vehicles [HEV].
 Explain AI Based BLDC drive for optimum operation of EV
 Discuss the optimization techniques used in Active Magnetic Bearing [AMB] system
for EV
 Model the three phase converters for EV applications
 Model the Energy Management of Hybrid Energy Storage System [HESS] in plug in
HEV
 Analyze the series and parallel hybrid EV systems
Question paper pattern:
 The question paper will have ten full questions carrying equal marks.
 Each full question will be for 20 marks.
 There will be two full questions from each module (with a maximum of four sub-
questions).
 Each full question will have sub- question covering all the topics under a module.
 The students will have to answer five full questions, selecting one full question from
each module.

1. Explain the basic functions of the Battery Management System.

The basic function of the BMS include
1) BMS monitor and control the battery process such as charging and discharging cycle
2) BMS will monitor the key parameters of the battery like voltage, current,
temperature during both charging and discharging situation.
3) It estimates the power, State of Charge (SoC), State of Health (SoH) and ensures the
healthiness based on the measurement.
Capacity: Ah True capacity: kwh
amount of energy (kWh) available at measurement time
𝑆𝑂𝐶 =
rated amount of energy (kWh)of the newbattery
Current maximum true capacity of battery
𝑆𝑂𝐻 =
rated true capacity of newbattery
SOH determines the aging factor and analyzes when to replace the battery. If the
capacity of new battery is 100 Ah and current max. capacity of battery is 90 Ah, then
SoH=90% => battery can store up to max. of 90 Ah but cannot charge beyond this
point. This SoH may reduce over a period of time. If SoH <50%, then we need to
replace the battery.]
4) minimize the risk of battery damaging by ensuring optimized energy is being
delivered from the battery to power the vehicle.
5) Balancing the cell is one of the important features of the BMS system. It will monitor
the individual cells/group of cells connected in parallel and balancing the cells
online.
6) Conducts the diagnostics of the battery to ensure the safe operation. If, BMS
identifies any one cell is weak, it will give intimation or alarm for cell replacement.
7) Provides the protection against overcharging, undercharging, overcurrent, over
voltage, under voltage, short circuit and temperature variations (low and high
temperature).
 8) In recent years, Internet of Things (IoT) plays a major role in monitoring and
control, also it enables the remote data logging facility for battery parameters,
conditions, etc.
9) Interacts with charging station to identify the nearest charging station and to book
the charging slots.

2. List the typical name plate details or specifications of Li-ion cell and hence explain the
series and parallel cell connection with the help of block diagrams
Battery Configurations: The battery packs are designed to deliver the higher voltage, higher
current or both. The number of cells to be connected in series and number of cells to be
connected in parallel is based on the voltage and current requirements to power the
electric motor in the vehicle.
The typical name plate details of Li-Ion cell are listed in Table 1.1.
[C rate=Ibat/Q Ibat: battery charging or discharging current, Q: capacity in Ah].
Table 1.1 Typical name plate details of Li-Ion cell.

Sl. No. Specifications Value

1 Nominal voltage Vnom (V) 3.7
2 Maximum charge voltage Vmax (V) 4.2
3 Nominal capacity Q (mAh) 3,200
4 Maximum charge current Imax (mA) 3,100
5 Maximum charge current C rating C=Icmax/Q 1
6 Standard discharge current Id (mA) 620
7 Standard discharge current C rating C=Id/Q 0.2
8 Maximum discharge current (A) Idmax 10

The expression for voltage of the battery pack is given as

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 𝑁𝑆 𝑋𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘 : 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘

𝑁𝑆 : 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠

𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 : 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
The series connection of individual cells is called Series Cell Modules (SCM).

For higher current requirement multiple individual cells are connected in parallel. The
battery pack current is the product of number of cells connected in parallel and cell current.
The expression for current of the battery pack is given as
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 𝑁𝑃 𝑋𝐼𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

where
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘 : 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘

𝑁𝑃 : number of cell connected in parallel

𝐼𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 : cell current
The parallel connection of individual cells is called as parallel cell modules (PCM)
Problem 3: Calculate the battery pack voltage and ampere hour rating for 3.7 V, 3100 mAh,
40 numbers of series connected cells.
The cell voltage 𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 3.7 V
No. of cells is 𝑁𝑆 = 40
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 𝑁𝑆 𝑋𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 =148 V

Since the batteries are connected in series, the ampere hour rating of the battery pack
remains same as 3100 mAh

Problem 4: Calculate the battery pack voltage and current for 3.7 V, 3100 mA, 10 numbers of
parallel connected cells.
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 𝑁𝑃 𝑋𝐼𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝑁𝑃 =10
𝐼𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 =3.1 A
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘 =10X3.1=31 A

Since the batteries are connected in parallel, the battery package voltage remains as 3.7 V

5. Calculate the voltage and ampere hour rating of the battery with specifications as 3.7 V,
5000 mAh for the patterns 2P5S
2P5S: Two cells are in parallel and such five sets are in series

2P: voltage remains same VPCM=3.7 V and ampere hour rating increase as
QPCM=2X5000mAh=10000 mAh=10 Ah [PCM: Parallel cell module]
5S: Ampere hour rating remains same as 10,000 mAh, but voltage rating of the entire
module becomes Vbattery pack=NS-PCMXVcell=5X3.7 V= 18.5 V
Hence the battery pack specification becomes: 18.5 V, 10 Ah
6. Calculate the voltage and ampere hour rating of the battery with specifications as 3.7 V,
5000 mAh for the patterns 2S5P
2S5P: Two cells are in series and such five sets are in parallel

2S: voltage rating will be Vbattery-pack= VSCM=3.7X2=7.4 V and ampere hour rating remains
same as 5000mAh for this individual set. [SCM: series cell module]
5P: Ampere hour rating changes as
Qbattery-pack=5000 mAh X 5=25000 mAh=25 Ah,
Hence the battery pack specification becomes: 7.4 V, 25 Ah

6a. Design a battery pack of 72 V, 40 Ah using 3.7 V, 5000 mAh Lithium ion cells
Vbattery-pack=72 V, Qbattery-pack=40 Ah, Vcell=3.7 V, Qcell=5 Ah
NSCM=72/3.7=19.46 20 cells in series
NP=40 Ah/5 Ah=8 parallel
Total no. of cells required=20X8=160 cells
7. Explain the types of batteries used for hybrid electric vehicle and Electric vehicles and
hence list the important parameters of battery pack selection in Hybrid electric vehicles.
The types of battery have to be chosen by considering technical requirements such as
power and energy requirements, and commercials involved in it. The different types of
batteries for HEV and EV are
1. Energy battery: Low C rating & economical battery (C=Ib/Q, where Ib=> charging
or discharging current of the battery & Q: capacity)

2. Power battery: Higher C rating battery and expensive

3. Hybrid battery: Energy battery with ultra-capacitor. Combination of small power

battery with active & passive coupling.

The important parameters of battery pack selection for HEV are

1. Energy (kWh)
2. Continuous charge power (kW)
3. Continuous discharge power (kW)
4. Peak charge power (kW)
5. Peak discharge power (kW)
6. Storage and ambient temperature
7. Cooling requirement
8. No. of charging and discharging cycle
9. Weight and safety
10. Disposal/recycling procedures
11. Dimensions

8. What are the key parameters of the battery monitoring circuit used to monitor in BMS?
And hence explain the various sensors and interfacing circuit essential for BMS system
9. With the help of block diagram, compare shunt sensor and Hall sensor.
1) BMS monitor and control the battery process such as charging and discharging cycle
2) BMS will monitor the key parameters of the battery like voltage, current, cell
temperature and ambient temperature during both charging and discharging
situation.
3) It estimates the power, State of Charge (SoC), State of Health (SoH) and ensures the
healthiness based on the measurement.
4) minimize the risk of battery damaging by ensuring optimized energy is being
delivered from the battery to power the vehicle.
The following components are minimum essential for BMS system:
A. Voltage sensor
B. Current sensor
C. Cell temperature sensor
D. Ambient temperature sensor
E. Interface circuits to communicate with vehicle controller
F. Interface circuits to communicate with remote devices

A. Voltage sensor: The battery SOC and SOH depends on cell voltage. The accuracy of cell
voltage measurement plays a major role in estimation of battery SOC & SOH in travel.
Inaccurate measurement of every milli-voltage has an impact in battery SOC & SOH in
travel. The voltage sensor should measure battery voltage accurately during charging &
discharging time period.
B. Current sensor: The current sensors are used to measure the current flowing in the
circuit that is current flow from the battery during the battery charging & current flow
from battery to vehicle electric motor during discharging power in & out of the battery.
The current measurement by sensor is done by two methods as follows

i. Shunt sensor
ii. Hall effect sensor
Hall Effect Sensors basically consist of a thin piece of rectangular p-type semiconductor
material such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) or indium arsenide (InAs) passing a continuous
current through itself.
When the device is placed within a magnetic field, the magnetic flux lines exert a force on
the semiconductor material which deflects the charge carriers, electrons and holes, to
either side of the semiconductor slab.
As these electrons and holes move side wards a potential difference is produced between
the two sides of the semiconductor material by the build-up of these charge carriers.
The effect of generating a measurable voltage VH by using a magnetic field is called the Hall
Effect after Edwin Hall who discovered it back in the 1870’s
C. Cell temperature sensor

Thermistor=Thermal + Resistor. There are two types of thermistors

1
(a) NTC (Negative temperature coefficient) Thermistor (𝑅 𝛼 𝑇 (Semiconductor)
(b) PTC (Positive temperature coefficient) Thermistor (𝑅 𝛼 𝑇 (Conductor)
10. Write a note on the following parameters of the battery system (1) State of Charge (SoC)
(2) Depth of Discharge (DoD) (3) Cell Diagnostics (4) Cell balancing (5) Thermal
management for battery pack [10 M]
(1) State of Charge (SoC): is expressed as the ratio of amount of energy available at
measurement time to rated amount of energy of the new battery.
amount of energy (kWh) available at measurement time
𝑆𝑂𝐶 =
rated amount of energy (kWh)of the newbattery
Battery residual Ah
𝑆𝑂𝐶 =
Battery nominal Ah
(2) Depth of discharge: is defined as the amount of capacity that is discharged from its
overall capacity.
SOC+DOD=100%
If SOC=80%, then DOD=20%
If SOC=40%, then DOD=60%

Discharged energy from the battery (kwh)

𝐷𝑂𝐷 =
Overall energy capacity of the batteru (kwh)
Example 1: The battery pack overall capacity is 25 kwh of electric energy and 20 kwh
energy is discharged. Then DOD is
DOD=20/25*100=80%

The energy available for discharging by considering 80% of DOD is calculated as, Energy
available from the battery to discharge while considering 80% of DOD is
=80% of Q=80% (50 Ah) =40 Ah
(3) Cell diagnostics: During the vehicle operation, any of the following thing can go wrong
and shall lead to performance degradation or failure of equipment
-> Under voltage or Over voltage
-> High current leakage
-> Cell over temperature
In series configuration, voltage variations are widely encountered and in parallel
configuration, the leakage current problems are widely encountered. Individual cell
temperature may exceed the pre-set value during the vehicle operation. Sometimes these
will lead to catastrophic failure of the equipment.
(4) Cell balancing
11. What is IoT? And why internet of things so important?
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects or “things”
that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of
connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These
devices range from ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools. With more
than 7 billion connected IoT devices today, experts are expecting this number to grow to
10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025.
]YouTube video: https://youtu.be/NjYTzvAVozo]
Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important technologies of
the 21st century. Now that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars,
thermostats, baby monitors—to the internet via embedded devices, seamless
communication is possible between people, processes, and things.
By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile
technologies, physical things can share and collect data with minimal human intervention.
In this hyper-connected world, digital systems can record, monitor, and adjust each
interaction between connected things. The physical world meets the digital world—and
they cooperate.

12 What technologies have made IoT possible?

While the idea of IoT has been in existence for a long time, a collection of recent
advances in a number of different technologies has made it practical.
1. Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology. Affordable and reliable
sensors are making IoT technology possible for more manufacturers.
2. Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to
connect sensors to the cloud and to other “things” for efficient data transfer.
3. Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud platforms
enables both businesses and consumers to access the infrastructure they need
to scale up without actually having to manage it all.
4. Machine learning and analytics. With advances in machine learning and
analytics, along with access to varied and vast amount of data stored in the
cloud, businesses can gather insights faster and more easily. The emergence of
these allied technologies continues to push the boundaries of IoT and the data
produced by IoT also feeds these technologies.
5. Conversational artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in neural networks have
brought natural-language processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digital
personal assistants Alexa, Cortana, and Siri) and made them appealing,
affordable, and viable for home use.
13. With the help of general block diagram of IoT based system architecture and block
diagram of IOT based battery management system [BMS], explain how IoT is used for BMS
and hence list the various wireless technologies used for BMS.
In general, IoT is a measure or medium of communication between the various sensors
(hardware) & applications (software). The important task of IoT is to collect the data from
the various hardware using different protocols to send it to remote device. The general
block diagram of IoT based system architecture is shown

Fig. General bloc diagram of IoT based system architecture

Fig. Block diagram of IoT based battery monitoring system

As well as to remote location via wireless communication.

Wireless technology is a broad term. It includes necessary procedures and formats of
communication between two or more devices. There are different types of wireless
technologies that are used for monitoring the battery system. They are
1. Zigbee Communication
2. Bluetooth communication
3. Wi-Fi Communication (wireless fidelity)
4. GSM (Global system for mobile communication)
5. GPRS (General packet radio service communication)
6. GPS (Global positioning system)

14. Discuss the various wireless technologies used for BMS

1. Zigbee Communication: Zigbee is a wireless communication based on IEEE standard
802.15.4 physical layer and used for connectivity & networking. All the devices
available near the vicinity are connected via Zigbee (10-100m). They are suitable
for mesh network where several devices [>2 lakh] can be connected independently
through intermediate devices. Data transfer is 250 kbps and meant for least power
consumption battery operated applications [smart energy meters]
Advantages
i. Flexible in networking structure resulting in higher no. of devices connectivity
ii. Cost effectiveness
Disadvantages
i. Less coverage area
ii. Not secured network

2. Bluetooth communication: is widely used in mobile phone communication for

transferring data between multiple devices (30 feet or 100 mts). They are suitable
for star network where source is connected to several devices. Data transfer rate is
1-3 Mbps and Consumes less power.
Advantages
i. It is interference free when used to transfer both data & voice for short distances
Disadvantages
i. Bluetooth is highly unsecure & have limited connectivity range

3. Wi-Fi Communication (wireless fidelity, fidelity-degree of exact reproduce): One of

the most popular wireless communication used to connect the multiple devices in
lesser coverage area [150 feet (46 mts.) indoor & 300 feet (92 mts.) outdoor. They
are suitable for star network where source is connected to several devices. Data
transfer rate is more than 1 Gbps and power consumption is very high in this
communication system.
Advantage
 i. Mobility & convenient transfer of data
Disadvantages
i. Connectivity range
ii. Security issue

4. GSM (Global system for mobile communication) (2G technology): GSM was one of
the first advancements in this field as it enabled the transfer of messages but it
didn’t work on the transfer of packets and therefore the role of GPRS came into the
view. The frequency band for GSM communication is either 900 MHz or 1800 MHz
for data transfer.
Advantages
i. No roaming issue & it can be easy to implement
Disadvantages
i. License to be obtained everywhere for usage of this technology
ii. A single user is given a single time slot & it cannot directly access the internet

5. GPRS (General packet radio service communication) [2G, 3G, 4G, 5G]: is one of the
wireless communication technology widely used across the world particularly in
mobile phones.
Advantages
i. GPRS provides option to transfer the package of data
ii. It provides high bandwidth & has a large variety of bands to work such as 1900
MHz, 1800 MHz, 900 MHz & 850 MHz, and 115.2 kbps is a range of data transfer.
iii. A single user can access multiple slots & the technology can access the internet
directly
iv. Communication via GPRS is cheap as compared with GSM
v. The primary purpose of GPRS is to provide voice & data facility
vi. GPRS facilitates Email access, multimedia messages, video calling. It
communicates with terrestrial towers
Disadvantages
i. Small delay in transfer
ii. Not possible to use the GPRS outside the network coverage area. The range is
limited & utilized on the land

6. GPS (Global positioning system): GPS technology is satellite based wireless

communication technology to transfer the data to GPS receiver across the world. It
transfers the signal at speed of light & GPS receives the signal with slightly small
delay because of the distance between the satellite and receiving station. The GPS
based system has an accuracy range of ±10 m.
Advantages
i. GPS provides position of service such as surveying, mapping & precision
agriculture
ii. GPS technology works with 24 Satellite & 8 additional satellite for maintenance.
These satellite lasts for 10 years.
iii. GPS is accurate on land, air & water
Disadvantages
i. GPS system is expensive than other technologies.

Thank you!