Verbs

Verbal base + verbal terminations = verb

Verbal bases
● Verbal base ending in a: dhāva (to run)
● _______________ in ā: kiṇā (to buy)
● _______________ in o: karo (to do)
● _______________ in e: dese (to expound)

Verbal terminations
● Present tense
● Future tense
● Past
● Imperative
● Optative

Present verbal terminations

Verbal bases sl pl per
dhāva, kiṇā, karo, dese mi ma 1st
si tha 2nd
ti (a)nti 3rd
dhāvāmi (I run, I do run, I am running)
 Future verbal bases
Verbal bases sl pl per
dhāva (i)ssāi = dhāvissāmi (i)ssāmi (i)ssāma 1st
(i)ssasi (i)ssatha 2nd
dese (-) ssāmi (i)ssati (i)ssanti 3rd
Translation: dhāvissāmi (I will run)

Pat verbal terminations

Verbal bases sl pl per
dhāva + (i)ṃ = dhāviṃ (i)ṃ (i)mhā,(i)mha 1st
o, i (i)ttha 2nd
dese + (s) + iṃ i (i)ṃsu, uṃ 3rd
Translation: dhāviṃ (I ran)

Imperative verbal terminations

Verbal bases sl pl per
dhāvāhi (dhāva), kiṇāhi (kiṇa) mi ma 1st
hi tha 2nd
tu (a)ntu 3rd
Translation: dhāvāmi (I may run, May I run, Let me run). Run ,
 Optative verbal terminations
Verbal bases sl pl per
Eyyāmi (emi) Eyyāma (ema) 1st
Eyyāsi (esi) Eyyātha (etha) 2nd
Eyya (e) Eyyuṃ 3rd
translation : dhāveyyāmi (dhāvemi) (I may, might, should, would run)

Lesson 1 to 4 = present tense

Lesson 5 = future tense
Lesson 6 = imperative
Lesson 7 = optative
Lesson 8 = past

● Nouns
● Three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter
● Two number: singular & plural
● Eight cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental,
ablative, dative, genitive and locative

Masculine nouns (stem + case ending = noun)

1. The stem ending in ‘a’: Buddha
2. _______________ ‘i’: muni
3. _____________ ‘ī’: senānṣī
4. _____________ ‘u’: garu
5. ______________ ‘ū’: vidū
6. ______________ ‘o’: go
Feminine nouns
1. Stem ending in ‘ā’: kaññā
2. _____________ ‘i’: ratti
3. _____________ ‘ī’: nadī
4. ___________ ‘u’: yāgu
5. _______________ ‘ū’: vadhū

Neuter nouns
1. Stem ending ‘a’: citta
2. _________ ‘i’: aṭṭhi
3. ________ ‘ī’: sudhī
4. __________ ‘u’: cakkhu
5. ____________ ‘ū’: gotrabhū

Lesson 10 to 17 = masculine nouns

Lesson 18 = neuter nouns
Lesson 19 - 20 = feminine nouns

● Two stems
(a) Stem ending in vowel
(b) Stem ending in consonant

Lesson 10 - 20 = stem ending in vowel

21 + = stem ending in consonant

Dhanavant / dhanavat (masculine)

Dhanavant (ī) / dhanavat (ī) (feminine)
1) Verb
a) Present tense
b) Future tense
c) Past tense
d) Imperative mood
e) Optative mood

2) Verbal forms; gerund, infinitive and past participle

3) Nouns
a) Three genders, two numbers and eight cases
Three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter
Two numbers: singular and plural
Eight cases:
1) Nominative
It is used to express the subject.
(a)Buddho dhammaṃ deseti.
The Buddha expounds the Dhamma.
2) Vocative
It is used to call or to address
(a)Ahaṃ, amma, nagaraṃ gacchissāmi.
Oh mother, I will go to the city.
3) Accusative
It is used to indicate direct object and goal of motion.
(a) Puriso rukkhaṃ chindati.
The man cuts the tree. (direct object)
(b) Ahaṃ gāmaṃ gacchissāmi.
I will go to the village. (goal of motion: thing)
(c) So buddhaṃ upasaṅkamati.
He approaches the Buddha. (goal of motion:
person)
 4) Instrumental & ablative
It is used to express the instrument or helper of the
subject.
Puriso parasunā rukkhaṃ chindati.
The man cuts the tree with a hatchet.
Buddhena: by the Buddha, with the Buddha, by means
of buddha, because of Buddha.
(a) Mayaṃ dhammena jīvāma, na tu adhammena.
We live with Dhamma but not Adhamma.

Ablative: buddhasmā (from the Buddha, out of the Buddha)

5) Dative & genitive

Dative is used to express indirective object or receiver.
(a)Puriso yācakassa annaṃ deti.
The man gives food to the bagger.
(b) Puriso bodhirukkhassa udakaṃ deti.
The man gives water to the Bodhi-tree.
Genitive:
Buddhassa putto: Buddha’s alms bowl or an alms of the Buddha.

6) Locative
It is used to express locus.
Bhikkhu āsane nisīdati.
A monk sits on the seat.

In, at, on, among

 Lesson = 21

● Possessive adjective: vant, mant, in > ī

❖ vant
a/ā + vant
(a)dhana (wealth) + vant = dhanavant (wealthy)
(b) paññā (wisdom) + vant = paññavant (wise)
❖ mant
- Other stems apart from a/ā + mant
(a)sati + mant = satimant
(b) dhī (intelligence) + mant = dhīmant (intelligent)
(c) cakkhu + mant = cakkhumant (having eyes)
(d) bhū (earth) + mant = bhūmant (having earth or king)
(e) go + mant = gomant (having cow)
❖ in
(a) phala + in = phalin (fruitful)
(b) mālā + in = mālin (having flower)
Dhanavant (long form)
Dhanavat (short form)

ins&abl dhanavat (ā)

dat&gen dhanavat (o) dhanavat (aṃ)
Lac dhanavat (i)

Dhanavant (ī)
Dhanavat (ī)

Masculine noun
 1) Stem ending in ‘a’: buddha
2) _________ ‘i’: muni
3) _________ ‘ī’: senānī
4) ________ ‘u’: garu
5) ________ ‘ū’: vidū
6) ________ ‘o’: go

Feminine noun
1) Stem ending in ‘ā’: kaññā
2) ____________ ‘i’ : ratti
3) ____________ ‘ī’ : nadī
4) ___________ ‘u’: yāgu
5) ____________ ‘ū’: vadhū

Neuter noun
1) Stem ending in ‘a’: phala
2) ___________ ‘i’: aṭṭhi
3) ___________ ‘ī’: sudhī
4) ___________ ‘u’: cakkhu
5) ___________’ ū’: gotrabhū

Dhana + in = dhanin > dhanī

Dhanin + ī = dhaninī
Dhanavant
 Lesson – 22
Active present participle
❖ Active verbal base + nt
❖ Active verbal base + māna
❖ Active verbal base + āna

Examples:
❖ gaccha + nt = gacchant (gacchat-ā/o/i) = gacchant (ī)
❖ gaccha + māna = gacchamāna
❖ gaccha + āna = gacchāna
❖ vada + nt = vadant
❖ vada + māna = vadamāna
❖ vada + āna = vadāna

Note:
● Final ‘ā’ of the verbal base before ‘nt’ and ‘māna’ becomes
short.
❖ dadā + nt = dadant
❖ dadā + māna = dadamāna
❖ kiṇā + nt = kiṇant
● Final ‘e’ of the verbal base before ‘māna’ and ‘āna’ is
changed into ‘aya’.
❖ dese (e> aya) + māna = desayamāna
❖ dese (e> aya) + āna = desayāna
❖ viheṭhe + māna = viheṭhayamāna
❖ veheṭhe + āna
The use of the present participle
1. To express the action happening at the same time
2. As a noun
3. As an adjective
4. To express the idea of “should one” or “if one should”
Examples:
1. To express an action happening at the same time
(a)So sallapati. He talks.
(b) So hasati. He laughs.
(c) So sallapati hasati.
(d) so sallapanto hasati.
While talking, he laughs.
____________
(a) Sā sallapati. She talks.
(b) Sā hasati. She laughs.
(c) Sā sallapati hasati.
Sallapa + nt = sallapant
Sallapa + māna = sallapamāna
(d) Sā sallapantī /sallapamānā hasati.
While talking, she laughs.
________________
(a) Sissā pāḷibhāsaṃ uggaṇhanti. Students study the Pali
language.
(b) Sissā āsane sayanti. Students sleep on the seat.
(c) Sissā pāḷibhāsaṃ uggaṇhanti āsane sayanti.
Uggaṇhā +nt = uggaṇhant
(d) Sissā pāḷibhāsaṃ uggaṇhantā āsane sayanti.
While studying the Pali language, students are sleeping on
the seat.
2. as an adjective
(a) Bhikkhu dhammaṃ anussarati. The monk calls to mind the
Dhamma.
(b) Bhikkhu saddhammā na parihāyati. The monk does not
fall away from the True Dhamma.
(c) Bhikkhu dhammaṃ anussarati saddhammā na parihāyati.
Anussara + nt = anussarant
(d) bhikkhu dhammaṃ anussaranto saddhammā na
parihāyati.
The monk who calls to mind the dhamma does not fall away
from the True Dhamma.

3. as a noun
(a) Paraṃ viheṭhayati. One hurts another.
(b) na samaṇo hoti. He is not a recluse.
(c) Paraṃ viheṭhayanto na samaṇo hoti.
One who hurts another is not a recluse.

4. To express the idea of “should one” or “if one should”

(a) Tathāgato, Ānanda, ākaṅkhati. The Buddha wishes.
(b) Tathāgato kappaṃ tiṭṭheyya. The Buddha would stand for
kappa.
(c) ākaṅkhamāno ĀnandaTathāgato kappaṃ tiṭṭheyya.
Should the Tathāgata wish, ________
If the the Tathāgata should wish ________
 Verbs
(a)sallapati (to converse, to talk)
Saṃ √lap + a + ti = sallapati (ṃl> ll)
sallapitvā
sallapituṃ
sallapita
sallapant/sallapamāna

(b) apakkamati (to go away)

apa √kam + a + ti = apakkamati (Sk.√kram >kkam)
apakkamitvā
apakkamituṃ
apakkanta
apakkamant/apakkamamāna

(c)Saṅkaḍḍhati (to collect)

saṃ √kaḍḍh + a + ti =saṅkaḍḍhati
saṅkaḍḍhitvā
saṅkaḍḍhituṃ
saṅkaḍḍhita
saṅkaḍḍhant/ saṅkaḍḍhamāna

(d) gāyati (to sing)

√gā + ya + ti = gāyati
gāyitvā
gāyituṃ
gāyita/gita
gāyant / gāyamāna
(e)uddharati (to pick up)
ud √dhar + a + ti = udddharati
uddharitvā
uddharituṃ
uddhaṭa
uddharant/ uddharamāna

(f) vissamati (to take rest)

vi √sam + a + ti = vissamati
vissamitvā
vissamituṃ
vissanta
vi √sam > n+ ta =vissanta
√sam + ta = santa
√dam + ta = danta
√vam + ta = vanta
pa √kam + ta = pakkanta

(g) dakkhati (to see)

√dis > dakkh + a + ti = dakkhati
passitvā or disvā
passituṃ or daṭṭhuṃ
passita or diṭṭha
dakkhant/ dakkhamāna

(h) pasīdati (to be delighted in)

pa √sad + a + ti = pasīdati
pasīditvā
pasīdituṃ
pa √sad + na = pasanna
 ni √sad + na = nisinna
bhid + na = bhinna
chid + na = chinna
dad (ā) + na = dinna

(i) vahati (to carry)

√vah + a + ti =vahati
vahitvā
vahituṃ
vahita/vuḷha
vahant /vahamāna

(j) anugacchati (to follow)

anu √gam + a + ti = anugacchati
anugantvā
anugantuṃ
anugata
anugacchant / anugacchamāna

(k) anussarati (to call to mind)

anu √sar + a + ti = anussarati
anussaritvā
anussarituṃ
anussarita
anussarant / anusssaramāna

(l) vigacchati
vi √gam + a + ti = vigacchati
vigantvā
 vigantuṃ
vigata
vigacchant /vigacchamāna

(m) caṅkamati (to walk up and down)

√kam > kamkam + a + ti = kamkamati > caṅkamati
caṅkamitvā
caṅkamituṃ
caṅkanta
caṅkamant/caṅkamamāna

(n) āpādeti
ā √pad + e + ti = āpādeti
āpādetvā
āpādetuṃ
āpādita
āpādent /āpādayamāna

(o) ārabhati (to begin)

ā √rabh + a + ti = ārabhati
ārabhitvā
ārabhituṃ
āraddha
ārabhant/ ārabhamāna
 a. Translate into English
1.Bhikkhu āsane nisīdanto samīpe tiṭṭhantena upāsakena
saddhiṃ sallapati.
Trans:
The monk who sits on the seat converses together with the lay devotee
who stands near.
While sitting on the seat, the monk converses —
Simple sentences
● nisīdati (to sit) - bhikkhu āsane nisīdati. The monk sits on the seat.
● bhikkhu < āsane nisīdanto = the monk who sits on the seat
● tiṭṭhati - upāsako samīpe tiṭṭhati. Lay devotee stands near.
● upāsako < samīpe tiṭṭhanto = the lay devotee who stands near
● sallapati - bhikkhu upāsakena saddhiṃ sallapati. The monk
converses together with the lay devotee.

2. Bhikkhunī vīthiyaṃ piṇḍāya caramānā āgacchantaṃ rathaṃ disvā

maggato apakkami.

Trans:
While walking in the street for alms-food, the nun saw the coming
chariot and went away from the road.
The nun who walks in the stress for alms-food, having seen the chariot
that is coming, went away from the road.

● carati (to walk)

bhikkhunī vīthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carati.
The nun walks in the stress for alms-food.
Bhikkhunī vīthiyaṃ piṇḍāya caramānā
The nun who walks in the stress for alms-food
 ● āgacchati (to come)
Ratho āgacchati. The chariot comes.
Ratho āgacchanto = the chariot that is coming / coming chariot
● passati (to see)
Bhikkunī rathaṃ passati. The nun sees the chariot.
Bhikkunī rathaṃ passitvā (disvā) = having seen or after seeing the
chariot
● apakkamati (to go away)
Bhikkhunī maggato apakkami.
The nun went away from the road

3. Arahato sammāsambuddhassa pātubhāvo dullabho lokasmiṃ.

The appearance of the Buddha, holy one, is rare in the world.

4. Tumhe idha kiṃ kurumānā viharatha.

= what are you staying here while doing? (saddattha)
= what are you doing while staying here? (adhippāyattha)

= tumhe idha kiṃ karotha? What /You are doing here. Kuru + māna
= tumhe viharatha. You stay (here)

5. Rukkhehi patantāni phalāni samīpe nisīdantiyā gahapatāniyā sevakā

saṅkaḍḍhanti.
= patant-āni = pata-nt = patanti (to fall down)
Phalāni rukkhehi patanti. The fruits fall down from the trees.
rukkhehi patantāni phalāni
= nisīdant-iyā = nisīda-nt = nisīdati (to sit)
Gahapatānī samīpe nisīdati. The housewife sits down near.
samīpe nisīdant(ī) gahapatānī
= saṅkaḍḍhanti (to collect)
Samīpe nisīdantiyā gahapatāniyā sevakā rukkhehi patantāni phalāni
saṅkaḍḍhanti. The servants of the housewife who sits near collect the
fruits that fall down from the trees.

6. Khettesu kassakā gītāni gāyanti.

= the farmers sing the songs in the fields.

7. Gītaṃ gāyantiyā dārūni uddharantiyā itthiyā saddaṃ suṇantā te

mahato rukkhassa chāyāyaṃ vissamanti.

While listening to the sound of the woman who sings a song and picks
up fire wood, they take rest under the shadow of the big tree.

** gītaṃ gāyant(ī) dārūni uddharant(ī) = itthī

The woman who sings song and picks up the fire wood
Sound of the woman —
** itthiyā saddaṃ suṇantā te mahato rukkhasa chāyāyaṃ vissamanti.

= gāyant-iyā = gāyati (to sing)

Itthī gītaṃ gāyati. The woman sings a song.
= uddhara-nt-iyā = uddharati (to pick up)
Itthī dārūni uddharati. The woman picks up the stick.
= suṇa-nt-ā = suṇanti (to listen to)
Te itthiyā saddaṃ suṇanti. They listen to the sound of the woman.
= vissamiṃsu = vissamanti.
Te mahato rukkhassa chāyāyaṃ vissamanti. They take rest under the
shadow of the big tree.
8. Siddhattho kumāro rathena uyyānaṃ gacchanto maggassa passe
semānaṃ gilānaṃ purisaṃ addakkhi.

While going to the park by the chariot, the prince Sitthattha saw a sick
man who was lying down at the side of the road.

The prince Siddhattha who went to the park by the chariot and saw —
= gaccha-nt-o
Siddhattho kumāro ratheran uyyānaṃ gacchati. (gaccha + nt =
gacchant = gacchanto)
The prince Siddhattha goes to the park by the chariot.
= se-māna-aṃ
Gilāno puriso maggassa passe seti. / se + māna = semāno /
sayamāno
A sick man lies down at the side of the road.
= passati (past tense= adakkhi)
Siddhattho kumāro gilānaṃ purisaṃ passati.
The prince Siddhattha sees a sick man.

9. Araññe senāsane viharantesu bhikkhūsu manussā bhiyyo pasīdanti.

People are delighted very much in the monks who are living in the forest
temple.
= vihara-nt-esu
Bhikkhū araññe senāsane viharanti.
araññe senāsane viharantā Bhikkhū
Monks live in the forest temple.
= pasīdanti
Manussā bhikkhūsu bhiyyo pasīdanti.
People are delighted in the monks very much.
10. Rathaṃ vahato assassa pāde anugacchantāni cakkāni viya pāpānaṃ
kammānaṃ vipākā tāni karonte anugacchanti.

Just as the wheels follow the feet of the horse that carries the chariot. In
the same way, results of evil deeds follow evil doers.

= vahato - vahati (to carry)

● Asso rathaṃ vahati. The horse carries the chariot.

= anugaccha-nt-āni - aungacchanti.
● Anugacchanti. (to follow)
Cakkāni assassa pāde anugacchanti.
The wheels follow the feet of the horse.

● Karonte - karonti (to make or to do)

(te) tāni karonti.
They commit them

● anugacchanti
Pāpānaṃ kammānaṃ vipākā tāni karonte anugacchanti.
Results of the evil deeds follow doers of them.

b. Translate into Pali.

1. The man [who is living here] is a rich one.
Idha vasanto puriso dhanavā hoti.

(a)The man is a rich one. Idha vasanto puriso dhanavā hoti.

The man - puriso
is - hoti
 a rich one - dhanavā /

2. Wealth does not follow the person who is dying.

Dhanaṃ marantaṃ purisaṃ na anugacchati (nānugacchati).
= wealth - dhana
= does not - na
= follow - anugacchati
= the person - purisa

3. Should you call to mind the Buddha, the Dhamma and the
Saṃgha, it will dispel all your fear. (daw khaing)
● Tvaṃ Buddhaṃ vā dhammaṃ vā saṃghaṃ vā anussaranto,
(tava) sabbaṃ bhayaṃ vinodessati / pajahissati.

= should you - tvaṃ /tumhe

= call to mind - anussaranto / anussarantā
= the Buddha - Buddhaṃ
= the Dhamma - dhammaṃ
= the Saṃgha - saṃgha
= it will dispel - vinodessati /pajahissati
= all - sabbaṃ
= (your) fear = bhayaṃ

4. In the mind of the monk Meghiya who was staying in the

mango-grove there arose many evil and unwholesome
thoughts.
● Ambavane vasantassa meghiyassa bhikkhussa citte bahū
pāpakā akusalā ca saṅkappā uppajjiṃsu.
= there arose - uppajjiṃsu
= many- bahū
= evil - pāpakā
= unwholesome - akusalā
= thoughts - saṅkappā
________________
= in the mind - citte
= of the monk Meghiya - meghiyassa bhikkhussa / bhikkhuno
= who was staying = vasa + nt = vasant/ vasantassa
= in the mongo-grove - ambavane

5. While walking up and down he brought many small creatures

to destruction. (Daw saw)
● So caṅkamanto bahū khuddake pāṇe saṅghātaṃ āpādesi.
= while walking up and down - caṅkama + nt = caṅkamanto
= he - so
= brought —to destruction - saṅghātaṃ āpādesi
= many - bahū
= small - khuddake
= creatures - pāṇe

6. She, while remembering (her) dead son, began to weep.

● Sā mataṃ puttaṃ anussarantī (anussaramānā) rodituṃ ārabhi.
= she - sā
= began - ārabhi
= to weep - rodituṃ
= while remembering - anussarant
= dead - marati /√mar + ta = mata
= son - puttaṃ

7. Don’t talk while you eat (while eating).

 Bhuñajanto mā sallapāhi. (sallapa)
Bhuñjanto mā sallapi.
= don’t - mā
= talk - sallapāhi (sallapa)
______________
8. The child beaten by (his) brother came home crying.
● Bhātikena pahaṭo dārako rodanto gehaṃ āgacchi.
= the child - dārako
= beaten - paharati / pa√har + ta = pahaṭa
= by (his) brother - bhātikena
= came - āgacchi
= home - gehaṃ
= crying = roda + nt = rodent / rodanto

9. The man fell from the horse that was running fast.
● Puriso vegena dhāvantamhā assamhā (a)pati.
= the man - puriso
= fell - pati (a)pati
= from the horse - assamhā
= that was running - to run / dhāvantamhā

10. Men doing good deeds will go to (a) happy state after
death.
● Kusalāni kammāni karontā manussā maraṇā paraṃ sugatiṃ
gacchissanti.
● accusative + upapajjissanti / locative + uppajjissanti
= men - manussā
= doing - karo + nt
= good - kusalāni
 = deeds - kammāni
= will go to - gacchissanti
= (a) happy state - sugatiṃ

______________________________________________________

17.6.2024
B.A (A) Group (B)

Bhikkhu āsane nisīdanto samīpe tiṭṭhantena upāsakena saddhiṃ sallapati.

* the monk who sits on the seat converses together with the lay devotee
(who is) stnading near by.
* while sitting on the seat, the monk converses ----------

(a) nisīdati
bhikkhu āsane nisīdati. The monks sits on the seat. Or the monk is
sitting on the seat.
bhikkhu āsane nisīdanto = The monk who sits on the seat or the
monk whot is sitting on the seat

(b) tiṭṭhati
upāsako samīpe tiṭṭhati. The lay devotee stands near.
upāsako samīpe tiṭṭhanto = the lay devotee who stands near or who
is standing near

(c) sallapati
bhikkhu upāsakena saddhiṃ sallapati.
the monk converses together with the lay devotee.

2., Bhikkhunī vīthiyaṃ piṇḍāya caramānā āgacchantaṃ rathaṃ disvā maggato

apakkami.
 ** The nun (who was) walking in the street for alms-food saw the
coming chariot and went away from the road.
While walking in the street …………

(a) Carati (to walk)

Bhikkhunī vīthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carati. The nun walks in the stress for
alms-food.
Bhikkhunī < vīthiyaṃ piṇḍāya caramānā = the nun who walks ---
(b) Āgacchati (to come)
Ratho āgacchati. The chariot comes.
Ratho āgacchanto = rathaṃ āgacchantaṃ = coming chariot or chariot
that is coming
(c) Passati (to see)
Bhikkhunī rathaṃ passati. The nun sees the chariot.
(d) Apakkamati (to go away)
Bhikkhunī maggato apakkamati. The nun goes aways from the road.
Bhikkhunī rathaṃ disvā maggato apakkamati.
§ Cara-māna-ā
Carati
§ Āgaccha-nt-aṃ
Āgacchati
§ Disvā
Passati
§ Apakkamati

1. Arahato sammāsambuddhassa pātubhāvo dullabho lokasmiṃ.

The apperance of the buddha, holy one is rare in the world.

4., Tumhe idha kiṃ kurumānā viharatha.

** while doing what are you staying here?
What are you doing staying here?

* kuru-mānā = karoti (to to)

Kiṃ tumhe karotha. You do or you are doing.
tumhe karo = kurumānā = while doing
 Kiṃ Tumhe idha viharatha. You stay here.
What are you staying here?

1. Rukkhehi patantāni phalāni samīpe nisīdantiyā gahapatāniyā sevakā

saṅkaḍḍhanti.
** patanti (to fall down)
Phalāni rukkhehi patanti. Furits fall down from the trees.
** nisīdati (to sit)
Gahapatānī samīpe nisīdantī
The house-wife sits near. = the house-wife who sits near
** saṅkaḍḍhanti
Samīpe nisīdantiyā gahaptāniyā sevakā rukkhehi patantāni phalāni
saṅkaḍḍhanti.
Servants of the house-wife who sits near collect the fruits that fall down
from the trees.

= nisīdant-i-yā / pata-nt-āni
= saṅkaḍḍhanti
2. Khettesu kassakā gītāni gāyanti.
** The farmers sing songs in the field.

3. Gītaṃ gāyantiyā dārūni uddharantiyā itthiyā saddaṃ suṇantā te mahato

rukkhassa chāyāyaṃ vissamiṃsu.
(a) gāyati (to sing)
itthī gītaṃ gāyati. The woman sings song.
(b) uddharati (to pick up)
itthī dārūni uddharati. The woman picks up the sticks.
(c) Te itthiyā saddaṃ saṇanti. They listen to the sound of the woman.
(d) Te mahato rukkhassa chāyāyaṃ vissamanti. They take rest in the
shaw of the great tree.

Itthiyā saddaṃ saṇantā te mahato rukkhassa chāyāyaṃ vissamanti.

While listening to the sound of the woman who sings song and picks up the sticks
they take reset ------------
 *gāyant-iyā uddharant-iyā suṇa-nt-ā
* gāyati
* uddharati
* suṇāti
* vissamanti
____________________________________
24.6. 2024 lecture note B.A (A) group (A)
. Translate into Pali.
1. The man who is living here is a rich one.
Idha vasanto puriso dhanavā hoti.

(a) the man is a rich one. the man is living here. Puriso vasant
= to live – vasati / vasa + nt
= the man – puriso
= is – hoti
= a rich one – dhanavā
2.. Wealth does not follow the person who is dying.
Dhanaṃ marantaṃ purisaṃ na anugacchati.
= wealth – dhanaṃ
= does not – na
= follow - anugacchati
= the person – purisaṃ / the person is dying – puriso marant

3., Should you call to mind the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Saṃgha, it will
dispel all your fear.
** sace tuhme Buddhaṃ ca Dhammaṃ ca Saghaṃ ca anussareyyātha or ----
anussarantā, sabbaṃ (tumhākaṃ) bhayaṃ pahīyissati.

(a) should you call to mind the Buddha

= you – tumhe
= should call to mind - anussareyyātha
= the buddha – Buddhaṃ
 (b) it will dispel all your fear
it =
will dispel = pahīyissati
all your fear = sabbaṃ (tumhākaṃ) bhayaṃ

4. In the mind of the monk Meghiya who was staying in the

mango-grove there arose many evil and unwholesome thoughts.
= there arose – uppajjiṃsu
= many – bahū
= evil – pāpakā
= unwholesom – akusalā
= thoughts = saṅkappā
= in the mind = cittasmiṃ
= of the monk = bhikkhuno /bhikkhussa
= who was staying – vasant
= in the mango-grove - ambavane
Ambavane vasantassa Meghiyassa bhikkhussa cittasmiṃ bahū pāpakā
akusalā ca saṅkappā uppajjiṃsu.
Lobho ca doso ca
Lobho dosā ca
Pāpakā ca akusalā ca / pāpako ca akusalo ca

5.While walking up and down he brought many small creatures to

destruction…
= while walking up and down – saṅkamant
= he = so
= brought -------to destruction = saṅghātaṃ āpāde (s)i
= small = khudda (ka) – khuddake
= creatures = pāṇe
So saṅkamanto khuddake pāṇe saṅghātaṃ āpādesi.

6.She, while remembering (her) dead son, began to weep…

= she – sā
= while remembering – sarantī/ saramānā
= dead son = putta / marati - √mar + ta = mata
 = began – ārabhi
= to sweep – rodituṃ
Sā mataṃ puttaṃ sarantī / saramānā rodituṃ ārabhi.
7.Don’t talk while you eat (while eating)…
= don’t – mā
= talk – sallapatha / sallapittha
Bhuñjantā / bhuñjamānā mā sallapatha or mā sallapittha.
Bhuñjanto / bhuñjamāno mā sallapa (sallapāhi) or mā sallapi
8.The child beaten by (his) brother came home crying. /
= the child came home
= the child – dārako
= came – āgacchi.
= home – gehaṃ
Bhātikena pahato dārako rodanto gehaṃ āgacchi./ āgato.

9. The man fell from the horse that was running fast.
= the man
= fell
= from
= the horse
= that was running
= fast.
●

10. Men doing good deeds will go to (a) happy state after death.
= Men
= doing
= good deeds
= will go to
= (a) happy state
= after death.
●
__________________________________________________________________

Lesson 23
Consonantal stem ending in; tar
● Nattar / nattār / nattu
● Pitar / pitu
● Mātar / mātu

Agent noun
● verbal base + tar = agent noun
● Root + tar = agent noun

Examples
● hanati (to kill) = √han + tar = hantar (hunter or one who hunts)
● karoti (to do) = √kar + tar = kattar (rt> tt) (doer or one who does)
● vadati (to say) = √vad + tar = vattar (speaker or one who speaks)
● sarati (to call to mind) = sara + tar = saritā (one who calls to mind)
● dāti (to give) = √dā + tar = dātar (giver or one who gives)
● Deseti (to expound) = dese + tar = desetar (preacher or one who preaches)

Example sentences
(a) Migaṃ hanati. One hunts a deer.
migaṃ hantar / migaṃ (migassa) hantā
(one who hunts a deer or hunter of the deer)
(b) Kammaṃ karoti. One does the work.
Kammaṃ kattar / kammaṃ (kammassa) kattā
(one who does the work or doer of the work)
(c) Saccaṃ vadati. One speaks the truth.
Saccaṃ vattar / saccaṃ (saccassa) vattā
(one who speaks the truth or speaker of the truth)
(d) Bhojanaṃ dāti. One gives food.
Bhojanaṃ datar / bhojanaṃ (bhojanassa) dātā
(one who gives food or giver of the food)
Genitive absolute
Subject (genitive case) + participle (genitive case) = genitive absolute

Example
● Putto rudati. The son is crying.
puttassa rudantassa /rudamānassa = while the son is crying
Mātā gehamhā nikkhamati. = the mother departs from the house.
Puttassa rudantassa mātā gehamhā nikkhamati/ nikkhamissati/ nikkhami.

● Gahapati passati. The householder sees.

gahapati passant / gahapatino passantassa = while the householder is seeing
Corā bhaṇḍāni apaharanti. Robbers take aways goods.
Gahapatino passantassa corā bhaṇḍāni apaharanti.

● Akāmakānaṃ mātāpitūnaṃ rudantānaṃ bodhasatto pabbaji.

(a) Akāmakā mātāpitaro rudanti.
Akāmakānaṃ mātāpitūnaṃ rudantānaṃ -
While Unwilling parents was crying.
(b) Bodhisatto pabbajati.
Bodhisatta renounced the world.
● Sivirājassa pekkhato so ākoṭayanto te neti.

Locative absolute
Subject (locative case) + participle (locative case) = locative absolute

Examples:
● Rukkho patati. The tree falls down.
Rukkhe patite = when the tree falls down
Sakuṇā uḍḍenti. The birds fly up.
Rukkhe petite, sakuṇā uḍḍenti.

● Pitā marati. Father dies.

 Pitari mate - when the father dies
Duhitā samīpe nisinnā rodati. The daughter cries sitting near.
Pitari mate duhitā samīpe nisinnā rodati.
● Kassakehi ketthaṃ kasitaṃ. The field is plughed by the farmers
Kassakehi khette kasite =
Gahapatino sevakā āgantvā tilehi vapanti. The householder’s servants come
and sow sesame seeds.
● Vuṭṭhī patati. The rain falls.
Vuṭṭhiyā patantiyā = Rain falling. Or When rain is falling
Te gehaṃ pavisanti. They enter the house.

● Jāti atthi. There is birth.

Jāti √as (a) nt = asant > sant / know/ idāni > dāni / udaka > daka/ idha > iha /
sādhu > sāhu
Jātiyā sati = when there is birth
Jarāmaraṇaṃ hoti.

● Jarāmaraṇaṃ hoti. There is decay and death.

Nominative absolute
Subjective (in moinative) + participle (in nominative) = nominative absolute
● Gacchanto bhāradvājo so addasā ajjhutam isiṃ.
(a) Bhāradvājo gacchati. Bhāradvāja goes.
(b) So ajjhutaṃ isiṃ passati. He sees a sage named Ajjuta.
Bhāradvājo gacchanto - when or while Bhāradvāja is going
So ajjhutaṃ isiṃ passati - he sees —

● Sugato vā bhikkhave loke tiṭṭhamāno sugatavinayo vā tadassa

bahujanahitāya, …sukhāya devamanussānaṃ.
The sugata, brethren, remaining in the world or his Way of Discipline, that
would be for the advantage … for the happiness of gods and men.
● Rājā samāno kiṃ labhati.
 Verb
● pāleti (to govern)
√pāl + e + ti = pāleti
pāletvā
pāletuṃ
pālita
pālent / pālayant / pālayamāna

● Parinibbāyati (to pass away)

pari + nr + √vā + ya + ti = parinibbāyati
parinibbāyitvā
parinibbāyituṃ
parinibbuta

● Kampati (to shake)

√kamp + a + ti
kampitvā
kampituṃ
kampita
Kampant or kampamāna
● māpeti (to creat)
māpetvā
māpetuṃ
māpita
māpent (māpaya) / māpayamāna

● Kandati (to cry or to weep)

√kand + a + ti
kanditvā
kandituṃ
kandita
kandant / kandamāna
● Khanati (to dig)
√khan + a + ti
khanitvā / khantvā
khanituṃ/ khantuṃ
khanita / khata
khanant / khanamāna
● Harati (to take away)
√har + a + ti
haritvā
harituṃ
harita / hata
Harant / haramāna
● Uddharati (to pick up)
Ud √dhar + a + ti = uddharati
uddharitvā
uddharituṃ
uddhata
uddharant/ uddharamāna
● Naccati (to dance)
√nat + ya + ti = naccati (ty>cc)
Naccitvā
naccituṃ
Naccita
Naccant /naccamāna
● Vādeti (to play music)
√vad + e + ti = vādeti
Vādetvā
Vādetuṃ
Vādita
Vādent /vādayamāna
● Paṭiyādeti (to prepare)
Pati √yat + e + ti
 Paṭiyādetvā
Paṭiyādetuṃ
Paṭiyādita /paṭiyatta
paṭiyādant/ paṭiyādayamāna
● Gaṇhāti (to take)
√gah + nā > ṇā + ti = gaṇhāti (hṇ> ṇhā)
√gah + (i) + tvā = gahetvā
√gah + (i) + tuṃ = gahitum
√gah + (i) + ta = gahita
Gaṇhant / gaṇhamāna
● Duhati (to milk)
√duh + a + ti
Duhitvā
Duhituṃ
Duhita /duddha
Duhant / duhamāna
● Sammajjati (to sweep)
Saṃ √majj + a + ti = sammajjati
Sammajjitvā
Sammajjituṃ
Sammajjita
sammajjant/ sammajjamāna

● Palāyati (to run)

Parā √i > e > ay + a + ti = palāyati
Palāyitvā
Palāyituṃ
Palāyita
Palāyant / palāyamāna
● Bhijjati (to be broken)
√bhid + ya + ti = bhijjati
Bhijjitvā
Bhijjituṃ
Bhinna
Bhijjant / bhijjamāna
● Uḍḍeti (to fly up)
Ud √ḍī + ti
Uḍḍetvā
Uḍḍetuṃ
Uḍḍīna
Uḍḍent / uḍḍayamāna
● Vicarati (to walk)
Vi √car + a + ti = vicarati
Vicaritvā
Vicarituṃ
Vicarita
Vicarant / vicaramāna

● Pasaṃsati (to praise)

Pa √saṃs + a + ti
Pasaṃsitvā
Pasaṃsituṃ
Pasaṃsita / pasattha
Pasaṃsant / pasaṃsamāna
● Vaḍḍheti (to grow)
√vaḍḍh + e + ti
Vaḍḍhetvā
Vaḍḍhetuṃ
Vaḍḍhita
Vaḍḍhent / vaḍḍhayamāna

● Viviccati (to get rid of, to separate from)

Vi √vic + ya + ti = viviccati (cy>cc)
Viviccitvā
Viviccituṃ
Vivitta
Viviccant/ viviccamāna
● Apaharati (to take away)
Apa √hara + a + ti
Apaharitvā
 Apaharituṃ
apahata/ apaharita
Apaharant / apaharamāna
● Dadāti (to give)
√dā > dādā + ti = dadāti
Datvā / daditvā
dātuṃ/ dadituṃ
datta/ dinna
dadant/ dadamāna

● Pidahati
Api √dhā > dhādhā + ti = pidahati
Idāni > dāni
Udaka > daka (water)
Idha > iha (here)
Sādhu > sāhu
Know =
Pidahitvā
Pidahituṃ
Pidahita
Pidahant / pidahamāna

(a) Translate into English

1. Bhūpasmiṃ dhammena raṭṭhaṃ pāle-nt-e, janatāpi dhammikā hoti.
(a) bhūpo dhammena raṭṭhaṃ pāleti. pālent
= bhūpo - the king. m. nom. sg . of bhūpa
= dhammena - with the Dhamma. m. ins. sg of dhamma
= raṭṭhaṃ - kingdom. nt. accu. sg of raṭṭha
= pāleti - governs . pre. 3rd. sg
The king governs the kingdom with the Dhamma.
(b) janatāpi dhammikā hoti.
= janatā - people. f. nom. sg. of janatā
= api - also. ind
= dhammikā - righteous. adj. nom. sg of dhammika
= hoti - becomes. Pre. 3rd .sg
 People also become righteous.

2. Gahapissa passa-nt-a-ssa + eva, corā bhaṇḍāni apahariṃsu.

(a) Gahapati passati.
= gahapati - householder. m. nom.sg of gahapati
= passati - sees. Pre. 3rd. Sg √dis + a + ti
● The householder sees.
(b) Corā bhaṇḍāni apaharanti.
= corā - robbers. m. nom.pl of cora
= bhaṇḍāni - good. nt. accu. Pl of bhaṇḍa
= apaharanti - take away. Pre. 3rd. Apa √har + a + ti
● The robbers take away the goods.
3. Mama pitari tahiṃ agaccha-nt-e, ahampi tahiṃ gantuṃ na sakkomi.
(a) Mama pitā tahiṃ na gacchati.
= mama - my. gen. Sg of amha
= pitā - father. m.nom. sg. of pitar
= tahiṃ - there. Dem.adv
= na - not. Ind
= gacchati - goes. Pre. 3rd. √gam + a + ti
● My father does not go there.
(b) Ahampi tahiṃ gantuṃ na sakkomi. (daw khaing)
= ahaṃ - I. 1st. Pro. nom.sg of amha
= pi - also /too. Ind
= tahim - there. Ind
= gantuṃ - to go. inf. Of gacchati
= na - not
= sakkomi - I am able. Pre. 1st .sg √sak + nu > no + ti = sakkoti
● I am not able to go there too.

4. Mātari ca duhitari ca rasavatiyaṃ odanaṃ paca-nt-īsu, putto

kumārakehi saddhiṃ aṅgaṇe kīḷati.

(a) Mātā ca duhitā ca rasavatiyaṃ odanaṃ pacanti.

= mātā - mother. f. nom.sg. of mātar
= ca - and .ind
 = duhitā - daughter. f. nom.sg of duhitar (dhītar)
= rasavatiyaṃ - in the kitchen. f. loc. sg of rasavatī
= odanaṃ - rice. m. acc. Sg of odana
= pacanti - cook. Pre. 3rd. Pl √pac + a + (a)nti
● Mother and daughter cook rice in the kitchen.
(b) Putto kumārakehi saddhiṃ aṅgaṇe kīḷiti.
= putto - son. m. nom.sg of putta
= kumārakehi - with boys. m. inst. Pl. of kumāraka
= saddhiṃ - together with.ind
= aṅgaṇe - in the open space or yard. nt. loc.sg of aṅgaṇa
= kīḷati - plays. Pre. 3rd. Sl √kīḷ + a + ti
● The son plays together with boys in the yard.

5. Tathāgate parinibbute, bahū devā manussā ca mahatā sokena kampitā

ahesuṃ.
(a) Tathāgato parinibbāyati./ parinibbāyi /pari + nir + vā + ta =
parinibbuta
= tathāgato - the Buddha. m. nom.sg of tathāgata
= parinibbāyati - passes away. Pre. 3rd. Sg pari + ni √vā
● The Buddha passes away.
(b) Bahū—kampitā aheusṃ (Daw saw)
= bahu - many. Adj. nom.pl of bahu
= devā - devas. m. non.pl of deva
= manussā - men. m. nom. Pl of manussa
= ca - and. Ind
= mahatā - with great. Adj. inst. sg . of mahant
= sokena - with sorrow. m. inst. Sg of soka
= kampitā - trampled or shaken. Pp of kampati
= ahesuṃ - were. Past . 3rd. Pl. hoti
● many devas and men were shaken with great sorrow

6. Bhikkhūsu vīthiyaṃ piṇḍāya cara-nt-esu, upāsakā ca upāsikāyo ca

nānāvidhāni khajjāni bhojjāni ca gahetvā maggassa passe aṭṭhaṃsu.
(daw khaing khaning aung)
 (a) Bhikkhū vīthiyaṃ piṇḍāya caranti.
= bhikkhū - monks. m. nom.pl of bhikkhu
= vīthiyaṃ - in the street. f. loc.sg of vīthi
= piṇḍāya - for alms-food. nt. dat.sg of piṇḍa
= caranti - move about or walk. Pre. 3rd . pl of carati. √car
● The monks moved about in the street for alms-food.

(b) Upāsakā ca upāsikāyo ca nānāvidhāni khajjāni bhojjāni ca

gahetvā maggassa passe aṭṭhaṃsu.
= upāsakā - male lay devotees. m. non.pl of upāsa
= upāsikāyo - female lay devotees. f. nom.pl of upāsikā
= ca - and . ind
= nānāvidhāni - various . adj. acc. pl of nānāvidha
= khajjāni - solid food. nt. Acc. pl of khajja
= bhojjāni - soft food . nt . acc . pl of bhojja
= gahetvā - having taken. Gerund of gaṇhāti
= maggassa - of the road. m. gen. Sg. of magga
= passe - at the side . nt. loc . sg . of passa
= aṭṭhaṃsu. Stood. pat . 3rd. Pl. (a) √stā > ṭṭh + aṃsu
● Male lay devotees and female lay devotees, having taken
various solid and soft food, stood at side of the road.

7. Satthari dhammaṃ desent-e, bhikkhū ca bhikkhuniyo ca upāsakā ca

upāsikāyo ca sotaṃ odahantā nisīdiṃsu. (daw cho lwin)
(a) Satthā dhammaṃ deseti.
= satthā - a teacher or master. m. nom. sg of satthar
= dhammaṃ - the Dhamma. m . acc. sg of dhamma
= deseti - expounds. pre . 3rd. sg . √dis + e + ti
● The teacher expounds the dhamma.
(b) Bhikkhū ca bhikkhuniyo ca upāsakā ca upāsikāyo ca sotam
odahantā nisīdiṃsu.
= bhikkhū - monks. m. nom.pl of bhikkhu
= bhikkhuniyo - nuns. f. nom. Pl of bhikkhuṇī
= upāsakāl
= upāsikāyo
 = sotaṃ - ear. nt. acc. Sg of sota
= odahantā - while putting . pre. P of odahati . while listening to
= nisīdimsu - sat. past . 3rd.pl ni√sad + a + iṃsu
● The monks ___________, while listening to, sat.

8. Mātari dhenuṃ duhamānāyaṃ, duhitā gehassa aṅgaṇaṃ sammajji. (daw

san san Htwe)
(a) Mātā dhenuṃ duhi.
= mātā - mother. f. nom. Sg of matar
= dhenuṃ - cow. f. acc. Sg of dhenu
= duhi - milked. Past 3rd. Sg. √duh
● The mother milked the cow.
(b) Duhitā gehassa aṅgaṇam sammajji.
= duhitā - daughter. f. nom. Sg duhitar
= gehassa - of the house . m. gen . sg of geha
= aṅgaṇaṃ - yard. nt . acc . sg .of aṅgaṇa
= sammajji. Swept. Past 3rd .sg of sam √majj + a
● A daughter swept a yard of the house.

9. Dhammaṃ dese-tār-esu bhikkūsu janā pasīdanti. (daw khaing)

(a) Bhikkhū dhammaṃ desenti.
= bhikkhū - monks . m . nom. Of bhikkhu
= dhammaṃ - the dhamma . m. acc. Sg dhamma
= desenti = expound . pre 3rd. Pl √dis + e
(b) Janā bhikkhūsu pasīdanti.
= janā - people - m. nom. Pl of jana
= bhikkhūsu - in the monks - m. loc pl of bhikkhu
= pasīdanti - are delighted in . pre . 3rd pl of pa √sad + a +

10.Rukkhassa sākhāsu bhijja-nt-īsu, pakkhino tato uḍḍetvā palāyiṃsu.

(daw ohn mar zaw)
(a) Rukkhassa sākhāyo bhijjiṃsu
= rukkhassa - of tree . m . gen. Sg of rukkha
 = sākhāyo - branches . f. nom. Pl . sakhā
= bhijjiṃsu - were broken . past . 3rd . pl of √bhid + ya + iṃsu
● The branches of the tree were broken.
(b) Pakkhino tato uḍḍetvā palāyiṃsu.
= pakkhino - birds . m. nom. Pl of pakkhin
= tato - from there. Dem. adv
= uḍḍetvā - having flown up or after flying . gerund. Of uḍḍeti
= palāyiṃsu - ran away . past 3rd pl. Parā √i
● The birds, having flown up from there, ran away.

11.Dīghena maggena gan-tār-ānaṃ bhaṇḍāni corā apahariṃsu. (daw saw)

(a) Dīghena maggena gacchanti. > √gam + tar = gantar
= dīghena - with long . adj. Inst . sg . of dīgha
= maggena - (with ) journey . m. inst . sg of magga
= gacchanti - go . pre. 3re .pl √gam
● They go with a long journey.
(b) Corā tesaṃ bhaṇḍāni apaharanti.
= corā - robbers . m. nom. Pl . cora
= tesaṃ - their . pron. gen. Pl of tad
= bhaṇḍāni - goods . nt . acc. Pl of bhaṇḍa
= apaharanti - take away . pre. 3rd. Pl apa √har
● The robbers take away goods of the travellers who go
with a long journey.

12.Pitari kālaṅkate, mātā ca puttā ca duhitāro ca bhātaro ca samīpe

kandamānā aṭṭhaṃsu. (daw cho lwin)
(a) Pitā kālaṃ karoti.
= pitā - father . m. nom. Sg of pitar
= kālaṃ - time. m . acc. Sg of kāla
= karoti - does . pre . 3rd. Sg √kar + o + ti
● The father dies
(b) Mātā ca puttā ca duhitaro ca bhātaro ca samīpe kandamānā
tiṭṭhanti.
= mātā - mother . f . nom . sg of mātar
= ca - and . ind
 = puttā - sons - m. nom. Pl of putta
= duhitaro - daughters . f. nom. Pl of duhitar
= bhātaro - brothers - m. nom. Pl of bhātar
= samīpe - near / by
= kandamānā - while crying - pre. P of kandati
= tiṭṭhanti - stand . pre . 3rd . pl (ti) stā > ṭṭhā + (a)nti
● The mother —---------stand while crying nearby.

13. Mātari gehamhā nikkhama-nt-iyaṃ, putto ca dhītaro ca dvārāni

pidahitvā pāṭhālayaṃ gacchiṃsu.
● When the mother departed from the house, son —
(a) Mātā gehamhā nikkhamati. Nikkhama + nt
= mātā - mother. f. nom. sg of mātar
= gehamhā - from the house. m. abl. sg of geha
= nikkhamati - departs . pre. 3rd. sg / nis √kam + a + ti =
nikkhamti (sk> kkh)
● The mother departs from the house.
(b) Putto ca dhītaro ca dvārāni pidahitvā pāṭhālayaṃ gacchiṃsu.
= putto - son. m. nom.sg of putta
= dhītaro - daughters . f. nom. pl. Dhītar
= dvārāni - doors . nt . acc. pl of dvāna
= pidahitvā - having closed. Gerund . pidahati / api √dhā >
dhādhā > dhadha > daha + ti
= pāṭhālayaṃ - to the school. nt . acc. sg of pāṭhālaya
= gacchiṃsu - went . past. 3rd. Gacchati √gam + a +ti
● Son and daughters, having closed the doors, went to
school.

14. Gehaṃ māpe-tār-esu janesu bhūmiṃ khana-mān-esu, tatra bilato ahi

uggacchi.
● When the people who built the house dug the ground, a snake came
out from the hole there.
(a) Janā gehaṃ māpenti. Māpe + tar = māpetar
= janā - men. m. nom. Pl of jana
= gehaṃ - the house . m. acc. Of geha
 = māpenti - build . pre. 3rd pl / √mā + āpe + ti
● Men build the house.
(b) janā bhūmiṃ khananti. Khana + māna
= janā
= bhūmiṃ - the ground or earth . f. Acc. sg of bhūmi
= khanati - dig . pre. 3rd. Pl of khanati √khan + a + ti
● Men dig the round.
(c) Tatra bilato ahi uggacchati.
= tatra - there . dem. Ind
= bilato - from the hole . bila
= ahi - a snake . m. nom. Sg of ahi .
= uggacchati . comes out . ud √gam > cch + a + ti
● A snake comes out from the hole there.
15. Namatthu satthuno. [ nam + atthu = namatthu]
= namo - adoration. Ind
= atthu - may be . imper. 3rd. Sg √as + tu = atthu (st> tth)
= satthuno - to the teacher or to the master . m. dat . sg of satthar /
satthu
● May (my) adoration be to the master.

Translate into Pāli

1. When the boys were playing musical instruments, the girls danced.
● Kumāresu tūriyāni vādentesu, kumāriyo nacciṃsu.
(a) The boys were playing musical instruments.
= The boys - kumārā . m. nom. pl of kumāra
= were playing - vādesuṃ. Past . 3rd. Pl of vādeti √vad + e + ti
= musical instruments - tūriyāni. nt. Acc. pl . of tūriya
● Kumārā tūriyā vādesuṃ /vādentesu
(b) The girls danced.
= the girls - kumāriyo . f. Nom. pl of kumārī
= danced . nacciṃsu . past 3rd pl of naccati √nat + ya + ti
● Kumāriyo nacciṃsu.

2. While the farmers were ploughing the field, wives prepared food in
houses.
● Kassakesu khettaṃ kasantesu, bhariyāyo gehesu bhojanaṃ
paṭiyādesuṃ.

(a) The farmers were ploughing the field.

= The farmers - kassakā . m. nom. Pl of kassaka
= were ploughing - kasiṃsu
= the field - khettaṃ - nt. Acc. sg of khetta
● Kassakā khettaṃ kasiṃsu. / kasant
(b) Wives prepared food in houses.
= Wives - bhariyāyo . f. Nom. pl. Bhariyā
= prepared - paṭiyādesuṃ.
= food - bhojanaṃ. Nt . accu. Sg of bhojanaṃ
= in houses - gehesu . m. loc. Pl of geha
● Bharaiyāyo gehesu bhonaṃ paṭiyāsuṃ.

3. When the teacher teaches, the pupils sat down giving ears to him.
● Satthari desente, sissā taṃ sotaṃ odahantā nisīdiṃsu.
(a) The teacher teaches.
= The teacher - satthā. m. nom. Sg of satthar / ācariya
= teaches - deseti. Pre. 3rd sg of deseti √dis + e +ti
● Satthā deseti. Dese + nt = desent
(b) The pupils sat down giving ears to him.
= The pupils - sissā. m. nom. Pl of sissa
= sat down - nisīdiṃsu. Past . 3rd pl. Nisīdati . ni √sad + a +ti
= giving ears - so dahantā. Pre.p of odahati. Ava > o √dhā > dhādhā >
dhadhati > daha
= to him - taṃ
● Sissā taṃ sotaṃ odahantā nisīdiṃsu.

4. The hunters of the deer roamed about in the forest together with
(their) dogs.
 ● Migānaṃ (mige) hantāro araññe sunakhehi saddhiṃ vicariṃsu.
= the hunters - hantāro . m. nom.pl of hantar : hanati √han + a + ti
= of the deer - migassa . m. gen.sg of miga
= roamed about - vicariṃsu .past. 3rd of vicarati / vi √car + a + ti
= in the forest - araññe / vane .nt . loc. Sg of arañña
= together with - saddhiṃ . ind
= dogs - sunakhehi . m. inst. Pl of sunakha
● Migassa hantāro araññe sunakhehi saddhiṃ vicariṃsu.

5. Men who do good deeds will be born into a happy abode after death.
= men - manussā. m. nom. pl of manussa
= who do - kattāro . m. nom. Pl of kattar : karoti √kar + o + ti
= good - kusalāni . adj. Acc. pl of kusala
= deeds - kammāni. Nt. acc. Pl of kamma
= will be born - upapajjissanti . fut. 3rd pl of upapajjati .upa √pad + ya
= into a happy abode . sugatiṃ. F. acc. Sg of sugati
= after death - maraṇā paraṃ
● Kusalāni kammāni kattāro manussā maraṇā paraṃ sugatiṃ
upapajjissanti. (sugatiyaṃ uppajjissanti)

6. The wheels of the chariot follow the feet of the horse that draws (it).
= the wheels - cakkāni .nt. nom. Pl of cakka
= of the chariot. rathassa. m. gen. sg of ratha
= follow - anugacchanti. Pre. 3rd. Pl of anugacchati / anu √gam + a +ti
= the feet - pāde . nt.m . acc. Pl of pāda
= of the horse - assassa . m. gen. sg of assa
= that draws - vahitussa //vaha + tar = vahitar
● Rathassa cakkāni vahitussa assassa pāde anugacchanti.

7. Wise men never praised these who did evil deeds.

= Wise men - paṇḍitā . m. nom. Pl of paṇḍita
= never - na kadāci . ind
= praised - pasaṃsiṃsu . past . 3rd. Pl of pasaṃsati . pa √saṃs + a +ti
= these who did - kattāre . m. acc. Pl of kattar
= evil - pāpāni . adj. Acc. pl of pāpa
= deeds - kammāni . nt. acc. Pl of kamma
● Paṇḍitā na kadāci pāpāni kammāni kattāre pasaṃsiṃsu.

8. We, while going along the road, heard the voice of women who were
singing in a grove.
= We = mayaṃ . 1st . nom. Pl of amha
= while going - gacchantā .
= along the road = maggaṃ
= heard - suṇimhā
= the voice - saddaṃ . m. acc. sg of sadda
= of women - itthīnaṃ . f. gen. pl of itthī
= who were singing - gāyitūnaṃ // gāya + tar = gāyitar
= in a grove - uyyāne . nt. loc. sg of uyyāna
● Mayaṃ maggaṃ gacchantā uyyāne gāyitūnaṃ itthīnaṃ saddaṃ
suṇimhā.

9. One who develops concentration gets rid of sensual pleasure.

= One who develops = bhāvetā . m. nom. Sg of bhāvetar
= concentration - samādhiṃ . m. acc. Sg. samādhi
= gets rid of - viviccati . pre. 3rd sg . vi √vic + ya + ti = viviccati (cy> cc)
= sensual pleasures -kāmehi
● Samādhiṃ bhāvetā kāmehi viviccati.

10. The nun who practiced vipassana attained Arhatship before long.
= The nun = bhikkhunī . f. nom. sg of bhikkhunī
= who practiced = caritā. Agent. f. nom. Sg of caritar / carati
= vipassana - vipassanaṃ. f. Acc. sg of vipassanā
= attained - pāpuṇi . past . 3rd. sg of pāpuṇāti / pa √ap + uṇā + ti
= Arhatship = arattaṃ. nt. acc. sg of aratta
= before long = na cirassaṃ /na cirasseva
● Vipassanaṃ caritā bhikkhunī na cirassaṃ arahattaṃ pāpuṇi.
 ___________________________________________________
Lesson 23 Lecture Note B.A (A) Group (B) 1.7.2024

(a) Vuṭṭhī patati. Rain falls

Vuṭṭhiyaṃ patantiyaṃ = rain falling or when rain is falling
(b) Te gehaṃ pavisanti. They enter into the house.

Jāti atthi. There is birth.

√as (a) + nt = asant > sant idāni > dāni, /udaka > daka/ idha > iha / sādhu > sāhu

Bhāvalakkhaṇa
Bhāva (action) + lakkhaṇa (mark)

Bhāvena (with another action) + bhāva (action) + lakkhaṇa (mark)

One action is marked with another action

Bhukkhūsu bhutthesu, puriso gato

When the monks have eaten,
A man has gone to
The action of going is marked by the action of eating.
Jātiyā sati = when there is birth
Jarāmaraṇaṃ hoti. There is decay and death.
 Nominative absolute
1. Gacchanto bhāradvājo so, addasā ajjhutam isiṃ.
(a) Bhāradvājo gacchati
Gacchanto bhāradvājo, while bhāradvāja is going,
(b) So ajjutaṃ isiṃ passati.
He sees a sage ajjhuta by name.
2. Sugato vā bhikkhave loke tiṭṭhamāno sugatavinayo /vā tadassa
bahujanahitāya, …sukhāya devamanussānaṃ.

Sugato -------sugatavinayo tiṭṭhati.

The sugata nad his discipline is remaining.

While the sugata and his discipline was remaining

3. Rājā samāno kiṃ labhati.

Rājā atthi.
Rājā s (a) māno = while being a king

Verb
(a) Pāleti (to gorven)
√pāl + e + ti
Pāletvā
Pāletuṃ
Pālita
Pālayant

(b) Parinibbāyati (to pass away)

Pari + nir √vā + ya + ti = parinibbāyati (rv> bb)
Parinibbāyitvā
Parinibbāyituṃ
Parinibbūta
Parinibbāyant

(c) Kampati (to shake)

√kamp + a + ti
 Kampitvā
Kampituṃ
Kampita
Kampant /kampamāna

(d) Māpeti (to build)

√mā + āpe + ti
Māpetvā
Māpetuṃ
Māpita
Māpayant

(e) Kandati (to wee)

√kand + a + ti
Kanditvā
Kandituṃ
Kandita
Kandant

(f) Khanati (to dig)

√khan + a + ti
Khanitvā / khantvā
Khanituṃ / khantuṃ
Khanita / khata
Khanant / khanamāna

(g) Harati (to carry)

√har
Haritvā
Harituṃ
Hata / harita
Harant

(h) Uddharati (to pick up)

Ud √dhar + a + ti
 Uddharitvā
Uddharituṃ
Uddhata / udddhaṭa
Uddharant

(i) Naccati (to dance)

√nat + ya + ti = naccati
Naccitvā
Naccituṃ
Naccita / naṭa
Naccanto

(j) Vādeti (to play music)

Vādetvā
Vādetuṃ
Vādita
Vādayant

(k) Paṭiyādeti (to prepare)

Pati √yād + e + ti
Paṭiyādetvā
Paṭiyādetuṃ
Paṭiyādita
Paṭiyadant

(l) Gaṇhāti (to take)

√gah + nā + ti = gaṇhāti (h + n > ṇ, hṇ > ṇh)

_________________________________________________
 Verb
(a) Pāleti (to gorven)
√pāl + e + ti
Pāletvā
Pāletuṃ
Pālita
Pālayant /pālayamāna

(b) Parinibbāyati (to pass away)

Pari + nir √vā + ya + ti = parinibbāyati (rv> bb)
Parinibbāyitvā
Parinibbāyituṃ
Parinibbūta
Parinibbāyant

(c) Kampati (to shake)

√kamp + a + ti
Kampitvā
Kampituṃ
Kampita
Kampant /kampamāna

(d) Māpeti (to build)

√mā + āpe + ti
Māpetvā
Māpetuṃ
Māpita
Māpayant

(e) Kandati (to weep)

√kand + a + ti
Kanditvā
Kandituṃ
 Kandita
Kandant

(f) Khanati (to dig)

√khan + a + ti
Khanitvā / khantvā
Khanituṃ / khantuṃ
Khanita / khata
Khanant / khanamāna

(g) Harati (to carry)

√har
Haritvā
Harituṃ
Hata / harita
Harant

(h) Uddharati (to pick up)

Ud √dhar + a + ti
Uddharitvā
Uddharituṃ
Uddhata / udddhaṭa
Uddharant

(i) Naccati (to dance)

√nat + ya + ti = naccati
Naccitvā
Naccituṃ
Naccita / naṭa
Naccant

(j) Vādeti (to play music)

Vādetvā
Vādetuṃ
Vādita
 Vādayant

(k) Paṭiyādeti (to prepare)

Pati √yād + e + ti
Paṭiyādetvā
Paṭiyādetuṃ
Paṭiyādita
Paṭiydāant

(l) Gaṇhāti (to take)

√gah + nā + ti = gaṇhāti (h + n > ṇ, hṇ > ṇh)
√gah + tvā = gahetvā
√gah + tuṃ = gaṇhituṃ / gahetuṃ
√gahita
Gaṇhant /gaṇhamāna

(m) Duhati (to milk)

√duh + a + ti
Duhitvā
Duhituṃ
Duhita / duḍḍha
Duhant / duhamāna

(n) Sammajjati (to sweep)

Saṃ √majj + a + ti
Sammajjitvā
Sammajjituṃ
Sammajjita
Sammajjant/ sammajjamāna

(o) Palāyati (to run aways)

Parā √i > e > ay + a + ti = palāyati
 Palāyitvā
Palāyituṃ
Palāyita
Palāyant / palāyamāna

(p) Bhijjati (to be broken)

Pv of bhindati
√bhid + ya + ti = bhijjati (dy> jj)
Bhijjitvā
Bhijjituṃ
Bhijjita
Bhijjant /bhijjamāna

(q) Uḍḍeti (to fly up)

Ud √ḍī + ti = uḍḍeti
Uḍḍetvā
Uḍḍetuṃ
Duḍḍīna
Hīna = √hā + na
Uḍḍent / uḍḍayamāna
(r) Vicarati (to move about)
Vi √car + a + ti
Vicaritvā
Vicarituṃ
Vicarita
Vacarant/ vicaramāna

(s) Pasaṃsati (to prase)

Pa √saṃs + a + ti
Pasaṃsitvā
Pasaṃsituṃ
Pasaṃsita / pasaṭṭha /sattha
Pasaṃsant / pasaṃsamāna

(t) Vaḍḍheti (to grow, develop)

 √vaḍḍh + e + ti
Vaḍḍhetvā
Vaḍḍhetuṃ
Vaḍḍhita / vuḍḍha
Vaḍḍhent / vaḍḍhayamāna

(u) Viviccati (to depart)

Vi √vic + ya + ti
Viviccitvā
Viviccutuṃ
Vivitta
Viviccant / viviccamāna
(v) Apaharati (to take away)
Apa √har + a + ti
Apaharitvā
Apaharituṃ
Apahata
Apahant / apaharamāna

(w) Dadāti
√dā > dādā > dadā + ti
Datvā
Dātuṃ
Dinna/ datta
Dadant / dadamāna
(x) Pidahati (to shut)
Api > pi √dhā > dhā dhā + ti = pidahati
Pidahitvā
Pidahitu

(a) Translate into English

1. Bhūpasmiṃ dhammena raṭṭhaṃ pālente, janatāpi dhammikā hoti.
(a) Bhūpo dhammena raṭṭhaṃ pāleti. Bhūpo ________Pālent
= bhūpo – the kind. m. nom.sg of bhūpa
= dhammena – with the Dhamma. m. ins. sg of dhamma
= raṭṭhaṃ - kingdom. nt. acc.sg of raṭṭha
= pāleti – gorvens. Pre. 3rd. sg. √pāl + e + ti
● The king gorvens the kingdom with the Dhamma.
(b) Janatā api dhammikā hoti.
= janatā – people. f. nom.sg. of janatā
= api – too, also. Ind
= dhammikā – righteous. adj. nom.sg of dhammikā
= hoti – becomes. Pre. 3rd. √bhū > bho > ho + ti
● People also becomes righteous.

2. Gahapissa core passantassa + eva, corā bhaṇḍāni apahariṃsu.

(a) Gahapati core passati. Passant
= gahapati – householder. m. nom.sg of gahapati
= passati – sees . pre. 3rd. sg √dis + a + ti
● The householder sees robbers.
(b) Corā bhaṇḍāni apaharanti.
= corā – robbers. m. nom.pl. cora
= bhaṇḍāni – goods. nt. acc. pl. of bhaṇḍa
= apaharanti – take away. Pre. 3rd. pl. apa √har + a + (a)nti
● The robbers take away goods.

3. Mama pitari tahiṃ agacchante, ahampi tahiṃ gantuṃ na sakkomi.

(a) Mama pitā tahiṃ na gacchati. gacchant
= mama – my . gne.sg of amah
= pitā – father. m. nom.sg of patar
= tahiṃ - there. dem. adv
= na – not . ind
= gacchati – goes. Pre. 3rd.sg √gam + a + ti
● My father does not there.
(b) Ahaṃ pi tahim gantuṃ na sakkomi.
= ahaṃ - I. nom. sg of amha
 = api – also / too. Ind
= tahiṃ - there. deom.adv
= gantuṃ - to go. inf of gacchati
= na – not. Ind
= sakkomi – am able to . pre. 1st. sg. √sak + nu > no + ti = sakkoti
● I am also not able to go there.

4. Mātari ca duhitari ca rasavatiyaṃ odanaṃ pacant-īsu, putto kumārehi

saddhiṃ aṅgaṇe kīḷati.
(a) Mātā ca duhitā ca rasavatiyaṃ odanaṃ pacanti. Pacantī
= mātā – mother. f. nom. sg of matar
= ca – and. ind
= duhitā – daughter. f. nom. sg of duhitar
= rasavatiyaṃ - in the kitchen. f. loc. sg of rasavati
= odanaṃ - rice. m. acc. sg. of odana
= pacanti – cook. Pre. 3rd. pl √pac + a + (a)nti

● Mother and dauther cook rice in the kitchen.

(b) Putto kumārekehi saddhiṃ aṅgaṇe kīḷati.
= putto – son. m. nom. sg of putta
= kumārakehi – with boys. m. ins. pl of kumāraka
= saddhim – together with. Ind
= aṅgaṇe – in the open space or yard. nt. loc. sg of aṅgana
= kīḷati – plays. Pre. 3rd. sg √kīḷ + a + ti
● The son plays together with the boys in the yard.

5. Tathāgate parinibbūte, bahū devā manussā ca mahatā sokena kampitā

ahesuṃ.
(a) Tathāgato parinibbāyi. Pari + nir √vā > vu+ ta = parinibbuta
= tathāgato – the Buuddha. m. nom. sg of tathāgata
= parinibbāyi – passed away. Past. 3rd.sg

● The Buddha passed away.

 (b) Bahū devā manussā ca mahatā sokena kampitā ahesuṃ.
= bahū – many – adj. nom.pl of bahu
= devā – devas. m. nom.pl of deva
= manussā – men. m. nom pl of manussa
= ca – and. ind
= mahatā – with great. Ins.sg of mahant
= sokena – sorrow. ins. sg of soka
= kampitā – (were) shaken. Pp of kampati
= ahesuṃ - were. Past. 3rd. pl. (a)√bhū > bho > ho + (s) + uṃ
● Many devas and men were shaken with great sorrow.

6. Bhikkhūsu vīthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carantesu, upāsakā ca upāsikāyo ca

nānāvidhāni khajjāni bhojjāni ca gahetvā maggassa passe aṭṭhaṃsu.
(a) Bhikkhū vithiyaṃ piṇḍāya caranti.
= bhikkhū – monks. m. nom.pl of bhikkhu
= vīthiyaṃ - in the stree. f. loc. sg of vīthi
= piṇḍāya – for alms food. Dat. sg of piṇḍa
= caranti – walk or move about. Pre. 3rd. pl √car + a + ti
● Monks move about for alms food in the strees.

(b) Upāsakā ca upāsikāyo ca nānāvidhāni khajjāni bhojjāni ca gahetvā

maggassa passe tiṭṭhanti.
= upāsakā – lay devotees
= ca – and. ind
= upāsikāyo female devotees
= nānāvidhāni – various. Adj. acc. pl of nānāvidha
= khajjāni – sold food. nt. acc. pl of khajja
= bhojjāni – sof food. nt. acc. pl of bhojja
= gahetvā – having taken /ater taking. Gerund of gaṇhāti
= maggassa – of road. m. gen.sg of magga
= passe – at side. nt. loc.sg of passa.
= tiṭṭhanti. Stand /
● The lay devotees and female devotees, having taken various sold and
soft food, stand at the sid of the road.
 ● Upāsakā ca ………….gahetvā tiṭṭhanti.

7. Satthari dhammaṃ dese-nt-e, bhikkhū ca bhikkhuniyo ca upāsakā ca

upāsikāyo ca sotaṃ odahantā nisīdiṃsu.
(a) Satthā dhammaṃ desesi.
= satthā – master . m. nom. sg of satthar
= dhammaṃ - The dhamma . m. acc. sg of dhamma
= desesi – expounded
● The master expounded the Dhamma.

(b) Bhikkhū ca …….. sotaṃ odahantā nisīdiṃsu.

= bhikkhū – monks . m. nom. pl of bhikkhu
= ca – and . ind
= bhikkhunī – nuns. f. nom. pl of bhikkhunī
= upāsakā – male lay devotees. m. nom. pl of upāsaka
= upāsikāyo – female lay devotees . f. nom. pl of upāsikā
= sotaṃ - ear . nt. acc. sg of sota
= odaha-nt-ā – while listening to pre. p of odahati
= nisīdiṃsu. Sat dwon. Past. 3rd. pl . ni √sad
● The monks and nuns, male lay devotees and female lay devotees sat
down listening to.

8. Mātari dhenuṃ duhamānāyaṃ, duhitā gehassa aṅgaṇaṃ sammajji.

● When /while the mother milked a cow, the daughter swept the yard of
the house.
(a) Mātā dhenuṃ duhi.
= mātā – mother . f. nom. sg of mātar
= dhenuṃ - cow. f. acc. sg. dhenu
= duhi – milked . past . 3rd sg. √duh
● Mother milked a cow.
(b) Duhitā gehassa aṅgaṇaṃ sammajji.
= duhitā – dauther . f. nom. sg of duhitar
= gehassa – of the house . m. gen . sg of geha
= aṅgaṇaṃ - yard . open space. nt. acc. sg of aṅgana
= sammajji – swept. Past . 3rd. sg saṃ √majj
 ● Dauther wept the yard of the house.

9. Dhammaṃ dese-tār-esu bhikkūsu janā pasīdanti.

● People are delighted in the monks who expound the Dhamma.
(a) Bhikkhū dhammaṃ desenti.
= Bhikkhū – monks . m. nom. pl of bhikkhu
= dhammaṃ - the dhamma. m. acc. sg of dhamma
= desenti – expound . √dis + e +
● the monks expund the Dhamma

(b) Janā bhikkhūsu pasīdanti.

= Janā – people . m. nom. pl of jana
= bhikkhusu – in / with the monks. m. loc pl of bhikkhu
= pasīdanti – are delighted in or are bleased with
● People are delighted in the monks or are pleased with the monks.

10. Rukkhassa sākhāsu bhijja-nt-ī-su, pakkhino tato uḍḍetvā palāyiṃsu.

● When the branches of the tree were broken, the birds, having flowen up from
there ran away.
(a) Rukkhassa sākhāyo bhijjanti.
= Rukkhassa – of the tree. m. gen. sg of rukkha
= sākhāyo – branches . f. nom. pl of sākhā
= bhijjanti – are broken
· The branches of the tree are broken.
(b) Pakkino tato uḍḍetvā palāyanti.
= Pakkino – birds. m. nom.pl of pakkhin / senānin
= tato – from there. dem. adv
= uḍḍetvā – haivng flowen up or after flying. Ger. Of uḍḍeti
= palāyanti – run away. Pre. 3rd . pl . parā √i > e > ay + (a)nti
● The birds, having fowen from there, run away.

11. Dīghena maggena gan-tār-ānaṃ bhaṇḍāni corā apahariṃsu.

● The robbers took away goods of the travellers who went with a long journey.
(a) Dīghena maggena gacchanti. √gam + tar = gantar
= (te)
 = dīghena – with long . adj. inst. sg of dīgha
= maggena – (with) journey. m. inst .sg of magga
= gacchanti – go
· They go with a long journey.

(b) bhaṇḍāni corā apaharanti.

= (tesaṃ gantārānaṃ)
= bhṇḍāni – goods. nt. acc. pl of bhaṇda
= corā – robbers. m. nom. pl of cora
= aparahanti – take away . pre. 3rd. pl . apa √har
· the robbers take away goods

12. Pitari kālaṅkate, mātā ca puttā ca duhitaro ca bhātaro ca samīpe

kandamānā aṭṭhaṃsu.
● When the father died, the mother ------stood while crying nearby.
(a) Pitā kālaṃkaroti.
= pitā – father. m. nom. sg of pitar
= kālaṃ - time . m. acc. sg of kāla
= karoti – does
· The father dies or passes away.

(b) mātā ca puttā ca duhitaro ca bhātaro ca samīpe kandamānā tiṭṭhanti

= mātā – mother . f. nom. sg of mātar
= puttā – sons. m. nom. pl of putta
= duhitaro – daughters . f. nom. pl of duhitar
= bhātaro – brothers. m. nom. pl of bhātar
= samīpe – nearby. Ind
= kandamānā – while crying . pre. p. of kandati (to cry)
= tiṭṭhanti – stand . (past: stood) (ti) √stā > ṭṭhā + (a)nti /(a) √stā > ṭṭhā +
aṃ
● The mother, sons----------stand while crying nearby.
 13. Mātari gehamhā nikkhama-nt-iyaṃ, putto ca dhītaro ca dvārāni
pidahitvā pāṭhālayaṃ gacchiṃsu.
(a) Mātā gehamhā nikkhami.
= Mātā – mother . f. nom. sg of mātar
= gehamhā – from the house. m. abl . sg of geha
= nikkhami – departed . past . 3rd. sg nis √kam + a + ti = nikkhamati
· The mother departed from the house.
(b) putto ca dhītaro ca dvārāni pidahitvā pāṭhālayaṃ gacchiṃsu.
= putto – son . m. nom. sg of putta
= ca – and . ind
= dhītaro – daughters . f. nom. pl of dhītar
= dvārāni – doors . nt. acc. pl of dvāra
= pidahitvā – having closed. Gerund of pidahati . api √dhā > dhā dhā +
= pāṭhālayaṃ - school. m. nt. acc. sg of pāṭhālaya
= gacchiṃsu. Went. past .3rd. pl √gam + a + ti = gacchati
● The son and daughters, having closed the doors, went to the school.

14. Gehaṃ māpetāresu janesu bhūmiṃ khana-mān-esu, tatra bilato ahi uggacchi.
● When the people who built the house dug the ground, a snake came
out from the hole there.
(a) Janā gehaṃ māpenti. Māpetar
= Janā – people . m. nom. pl of jana
= gehaṃ - house . m. nt. acc. sg of geha
= māpenti – build. Pre. 3rd pl √māp + e + ti
· People build a house.
(b) Janā bhūmiṃ khananti. Khana + māna
= Janā –
= bhūmiṃ - ground or earth. f. acc. sg of bhūmi
= khananti – dig . √khan + a + ti
· People dig the ground.
(c) Tatra bilato ahi ucchati.
=Tatra – there. dem. adv
= bilato – from th hole. ‘to’ suffix in the sense of ablative after bila.
= ahi – snake . m. nom. sg of ahi
= ucchati – comes out. Ud √gam + a + ti
 ● A snake comes out from the hole there.
15. Namatthu satthuno. (namo + atthu)
= namo – adoration
= atthu – imperative. 3rd. sg. may be
= satthuno – to the master. m. dat. sg of satthar
● May (my) adoration be to the master.
_________________________________________________________________

Lesson 24
● Vowel stem
Three genders: m. fem. nt
Masculine:
Buddha
Muni
Senānī
Garu
Vidū
Go
Feminine:
Kaññā
Ratti
Nadī
Yāgu
Vadhū
Neuter:
Citta
Aṭṭhi
Sudhī
Cakkhu
gotrabhū
● Consonantal stem
 ● Consonantal stem
~dhanavant/dhanavat (lesson 21): dhanavat-ā, o, i, aṃ
~ gacchant/gacchat (lesson 22): gacchat-ā, o, i, aṃ
~nattar (lesson 23): sattār-ā, nattuno, nattari
~pitar: pitar -ā, pituno, pitari
~mātar: mātari
~manas (lesson - 24): manasā, -o, -i
~jājan (lesson- 25)
~Brahaman
~attan
~sakhin

Sl pl
Ins & abl (-ā)
Dat & gen (-o) (a)ṃ
Loc (-i)
Tad Sk. ta (that/ he)
Etad

Verbs
(a) samuṭṭhāti - samuṭṭhahati
~ saṃ + ud + √ṭhā + ti = samuṭṭhāti
~ samuṭṭhāya (having arisen)
~ samuṭṭhātuṃ (to arise)
~ samuṭṭhita (arisen)

(b) khādati
~ √khād + a +ti = khādati
~ khāditvā / √khād + ya = khajja (having eaten)
~ khādituṃ (to eat)
~ khādita (eaten)

(c) tapati
~ √tap + a + ti = tapati
~ tapitvā
~tapituṃ
~ tap + ta = tatta

(d) namati
~ √nam + a + ti (to bow down)
~namitvā
~namituṃ
~namita /nata

(e) adhigacchati
~ adhi √gam + a + ti
~adhigantvā
~adhigantuṃ
~adhigata

(f) upapajjati
~ upa √pad + ya + ti = upapajjati (dy> jj)
~upapajjitvā / upapajja
~upapajjituṃ
~upapanna

(h) vandati
~ √vand + a + ti = vandati (to adore)
~ vanditvā
~ vandituṃ
~vandita

(i) pūjayati
~ √pūj + aya + ti = pūjayati (to pay respect)
~pūjayitvā
~pūjayituṃ
~pūjayita / pūjita
(j) carati
~ √car + a +ti = carati (to walk up)
~ caritvā
~carituṃ
~carita / ciṇṇa

(k) parikirati
~ pari √kir + a + ti (to scatter)
~parikiritvā
~parikirituṃ
~parikirita / parikiṇṇa

(l) kilissati (to become unclean)

~ √kilis + ya + ti
~ kilisitvā
~ kilisituṃ
~ kiliṭṭha / kilisita
~ kilissant / kilissamāna

(m) jāyati (to be born)

~ √jan + ya + ti = jāyati
~ jāyitvā
~ jāyituṃ
~ jāta
~ jāyant / jāyamāna

(n) sappati (to move about)

~ √sapp + a + ti = sappati
~ sappitvā
~ sappituṃ
~ sappita
~ sappant /sappamāna
(o) antaradhāyati (to disappear)
~ antara √dhā + ya + ti
~ antaradhāyitvā
~antaradhāyituṃ
~antarahita
~ antaradhāyant

(p) vikasati (to full bloom)

~ vi √kas + a + ti
~ vikasitvā
~ vikasituṃ
~ vikasita
~ vikaṭṭha
~vikasant / vikasamāna

(q) sammajjati (to sweep)

~ saṃ √majj + a + ti
~ sammajjitvā
~ sammajjituṃ
~ sammajjita
~ sammaṭṭha
~ sammajjant / sammajjamāna

(r) milāyati (to fade away)

~ √milā + ya + ti
~ milāyitvā
~ milāyituṃ
~ milāyita
~ milāyant / milāyamāna

(s) pīḷeti (to oppress)

~ √pīḷ + e + ti
~ pīḷetvāl
~ pīḷetuṃ
~ pīḷita
~ pīḷent / pīḷayamāna

(t) vaḍḍhati (to grow)

~ √vaḍḍh + a + ti
~ vaḍḍhitvā
~ vaḍḍhituṃ
~ vuḍḍha
~ vaḍḍhant / vaḍḍhamāna

(u) abhibhavati (to overcome)

~ abhi √bhū + a + ti
~ abhibhavitvā
~ abhibhavituṃ
~ abhibhūta
~ abhibhavant
(v) sikkhati
~ √sikkh
~ sikkhitvā
~ sikkhituṃ
~ sikkhita
~ sikkhant
(w) tussati (to be delighted in)
~ √tus + ya + ti = tussati
~ tussitvā
~ tussituṃ
~ tussita / tuṭṭha / tusita
~ tussanta / tussamāna
 a. Translate into English
1. Ayasā samuṭṭhitaṃ malaṃ tato uṭṭhāya tameva khādati.
The dust that has arisen from that iron, having got up from that iron, eats up
itself.
~ ayasā samuṭṭhita malaṃ = the dust arisen from that iron
= malaṃ - dust. nt. nom. sg of mala
= ayasā - from the iron. m.nt. abl. sg of ayas
= samuṭṭhāti - arises . pre. 3rd. sg. Saṃ + ud + √ṭhā + ti
● The dust arises from the iron.
~ tato uṭṭhāya = having got up from that iron
= malaṃ - dust. nt. nom. sg of mala
= tato - from that .
= uṭṭhāti - gets up. Pre. 3rd sg . ud √ṭhā
● The dust gets up from that.
~ tameva khādati
= taṃ + eva = itself. demo .pro . acc. Sg of ta (sk.tad)
= khādati - eats up. Pre. 3rd. Sg √khād + a + ti
● The dust eats up itself.

2. Buddho tejasā tapati.

~ Buddho - the Buddha. m. nom. Sg of buddha
~ tejasā - glory. Ins. sg of tejas
~ tapati. shines . Prs. 3rd. sg √tap + a + ti
● The buddha shines with glory.

3. Mayaṃ taṃ bhagavantaṃ buddhaṃ sirasā namāma.

~ Mayaṃ - we . 1st. Pl of amha
~ taṃ bhagavantaṃ - the glorious . adj. acc. sg of bhagavant
~ buddhaṃ - buddha . m. acc. sg of buddha
~ sirasā - with head . m.nt. Ins. sg of siras
~ namāma - bow down. Pre. 1st. Pl of namati √nam
● We bow down the glorious buddha with (our) head.
4. Sāvithī chandaso mukhaṃ (hoti).
~ Sāvittī - verse Sāvittī. f. nom. sg of sāvittī
~ chandaso - of the metric (chanda). m.nt. gen. sg of chandas
~ mukhaṃ - gate or entrance . nt. nom. sg of mukha
● The verse Sāvittī is the entrance of the metric.

5. Tasmiṃ sarasi udakaṃ parittaṃ (hoti).

~ Tasmiṃ - in that . demo.pro. Loc. sg of ta
~ sarasi - lake . m.nt. loc. sg of saras
~ udakaṃ - water .nt. nom. sg of udaka
~ parittaṃ - little . adj. nom. sg of paritta
● Water is a little in that lake.

6. Tā bhikkhuniyo mahatā thāmasā vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā arahattaṃ

pāpuṇiṃsu.
~ Tā - those. Demn. pro. nom. pl of ta
~ bhikkhuniyo - nuns . f. nom. pl of bhikkhunī
~ mahatā - great. Adj. ins. sg of mahant
~ thāmasā - effort. m.nt. Ins. sg of thāmas
~ vipassanaṃ - inside meditation. f. acc. sg of vipassanā
~ vaḍḍhetvā - having practiced. Gerund of vaḍḍheti
~ arahattaṃ -arahship . nt. Acc. sg of arahatta
~ pāpuṇiṃsu - attained. Past . 3rd. Pl of pāpūṇāti

7. Te manussā kāyena vacasā manasā ca duccaritaṃ caritvā maraṇā paraṃ

apāyaṃ upapajjiṃsu.
● Those people, having committed evil deed by the body, word and mind,
were reborn in a unhappy state after death.
~ Te - those . demon. Pro. m. nom. Pl of ta
~ manussā - men. m. nom.pl of manussa
~ kāyena - by body. m. ins.sg of kāya
~ vacasā - by word. nt.m.ins.sg of vacas
~ manasā - by mind.nt.m.ins.sg of manas
~ ca - and . ind
~ duccaritaṃ - evil deed .nt. acc.sg of duccarita
~ caritvā - having committed . gerund od carati
~ maraṇā paraṃ - after death
~ apāyaṃ - unhappy state. m. acc. sg of apāya
~ upapajjiṃsu - were born into . past. 3rd. pl of upapajjati

8. Mayaṃ piṇḍapāya āgataṃ theraṃ disvā tuṭṭhena manasā sirasā vandimhā,

bhattena ca pūjayiṃmhā.
● We paid respect with alms-food and adored with pleased mind and head after
seeing the elderly monk who has come for alms food.
~ Mayaṃ - we . 1st. pl of amha
~ piṇḍāya - for alams-food. m. dat. sg of piṇḍa
~ āgataṃ - who has come . pp of āgacchati
~ theraṃ - the elderly monk. m. acc. sg of thera
~ disvā - having seen. Gerund of passati
~ tuṭṭhena - happy. Pp of tussati. adj . ins. sg of tuṭṭha
~ manasā - with mind . m. nt. ins. sg of manas
~ sirasā - with head . m. nt. ins. sg of siras
~ vandimhā - worshiped. Past. 1.st pl of vandati √vnad
~ bhattena - with food . nt. inst. sg of bhatta
~ ca - and
~ pūjayiṃmhā - offered . past . 1st. Pl of pūjayati. √pūj + aya + ti
● We

9. Saraso avidūre araññasmiṃ tapassino tapaṃ caranti.

~ Saraso - of the lake . m.nt. gen. sg of saras
~ avidūre - near or vicinity. nt. Loc. sg of avidura
~ araññasmiṃ -in the forest. nt. loc. sg of arañña
~ tapassino - ascetics . m. nom. pl . tapassin / tapassī
~ tapaṃ - asceticism. m. nt. acc. sg of tapa
~ caranti - practise . pre. 3rd pl . of capati √car + a + ti
● The ascetics practice asceticism near the lake in the forest .
●
10. Rathesu dhāvantesu uṭṭhitena rajasā gehānaṃ bhittiyo parikiṇṇā kiliṭṭhā jātā
(honti/ ahesuṃ).
~ Rathesu - the chariots . m. loc. pl of ratha
~ dhāvantesu - when (---) ran . pre.p. Of dhāvati. Loc. pl of dhāvant
~ uṭṭhitena - arisen . pp of uṭṭhāti. Adj. ins. sg of uṭṭhita
~ rajasā - because of or with the dust. m. nt. ins. sg of rajas
~ gehānaṃ - of the houses. gen pl of geha
~ bhittiyo - walls . f. nom. pl of bhitti
~ parikiṇṇā - were covered . pp of parikirati . pari √kir
~ kiliṭṭhā - unclean / dirty. pp of kilissati . √kilis
~ jātā - become . pp of jāyati √jan
● The walls of the houses were covered and became unclean with the arisen
dust when the chariots ran.

12.Ahi urasā sappati.

~ ahi - a snake . m. nom. sg of ahi
~ urasā - with or by chest . ins. sg of uras
~ sappati - moves slowly. Pre. 3rd. sg . √sapp + a + ti
● A snake moves about by the chest.

13.Kathaṃ tumhe padīpena vā ukkāya vinā rattiyaṃ tamasi idha vicaratha?

~ Kathaṃ - How. interrogative adv.
~ tumhe - you . 2nd. Pl. of tumha
~ padīpena - lamp. m. ins. sg of padīpa
~ vā - or . ind
~ ukkāya - torch - f. ins. sg of ukkā
~ vinā - without. Ind
~ rattiyaṃ - at night. f. loc. sg of ratti
~ tamasi - in the darkness. m.nt. loc. sg of tamas
~ idha - here. Demo. adv
~ vicaratha - move about or walk. Pre. 2nd. pl of vicarati
● How do you move about without a lamp or torch here in the darkness at
night.
 14.Corā rattiyaṃ gehassāvidūre rahasā sallapantā nisīdiṃsu.
~ Corā - robbers . m. nom. pl of cora
~ rattiyaṃ - at night. f. loc. sg of ratti
~ gehassa - of the house . m. gen. sg of geha
~ avidūre - near or vicinity . nt. loc. Sg of avidura
~ rahasā - secretly . m.nt. ins.sg of rahas
~ sallapantā - while talking. Pre.p of sallapati. nom. pl of sallapant
~ nisīdiṃsu - sat. past. 3rd pl of nisīdati / ni √sad + a + ti
● The robbers, having talked secretly, sat near the house at night.
● The robbers, while talking secretly, sat near the house at night.

(b) Translate into Pāḷi

1. The monks and nuns, seeing the Lord that had come over there, got up
from their seats and paid homage bowing their heads to his feet. (daw
ohnmar zaw)
● Bhikkhū ca bhikkhuniyo ca tatra āgataṃ bhagavantaṃ passantā
āsanehi uṭṭhāya sirasā pādesu namiṃsu.
~ The monks - bhikkhū
~ and - ca
~ nuns - bhikkhuṇīyo ca
~ seeing - passant ā
~ the Lord - bhagavantaṃ
~ that had come over - āgataṃ
~ there - tatra / tattha
~ got up - uṭṭhahiṃsu
~ from their seats - āsanehi
~ and
~ paid homage - namiṃsu.
~ bowing their heads - sirasā
~ to his feet - pādesu
2. When the sun rises, the darkness disappears. (daw cho lwin)
● Sūriye samuṭṭhite tamo antradhāyati.
~ When
~ the sun - sūriye
~ rises - samuṭṭhante / uggacchante
~ the darkness - tamo
~ disappears - antaradhāyati

3. Now lotuses in the lake are in full bloom. (daw khaing)

● Idāni sarasmiṃ padumāni vikasitāni honti.
~ Now - idāni
~ lotuses - padumāni
~ in the lake - sarasmiṃ
~ are - honti
~ in full bloom - vikasitāni

4. With much effort do we learn Pali language. (daw saw)

● Mayaṃ mahatā thāmasā pālibhāsaṃ uggaṇhāma.
~ With much effort - mahatā (mahantena) thāmasā
~ do we - mayaṃ
~ (do) learn - uggaṇhāma
~ Pali language - pāḷibhāsaṃ

5. When the nun sweeps the yard with a broom, much dust rises up from the
ground. (daw san san htwe)
● Bhikkhuniyā sammuñjaniyā aṅgaṇaṃ sammajjantiyā, bahu rajo
bhūmiyā uṭṭhahati.
~ When
~ the nun - bhikkhunīyā
~ sweeps - sammajjantīyā
~ the yard - aṅgaṇaṃ
~ with a broom - sammuñjaniyā
~ much dust - babu rajo
~ rises up - uṭṭhahati
~ from the ground - bhūmiyā

6. Because of the nutritive essence of food does the body grows. (mie mie
htwe)
● Āhārassa ojasā kāyo vaḍḍhati.
~ Because of the nutritive essence - ojasā
~ of food - āhārassa
~ does
~ the body - kāyo
~ grows - vaḍḍhati

7. The brother gave a blow on the chest of enemy with (his) hands. (daw
khin win yi)
● Bhātiko hatthehi arino urasi pahāraṃ adāsi.
~ The brother - bhātiko
~ gave - adāsi
~ a blow - pahāraṃ
~ on the chest - urasi
~ of enemy - arino
~ with (his) hands - hatthehi /pāṇīhi

8. The lotuses that have been brought from the lake are fading now. (daw
aye aye thein)
● Sarasā ānītāni padumāni idāni milāyanti (milāyantāni) honti.
~ The lotuses - padumāni
~ that have been brought - ānītāni
~ from the lake - sarasā
~ are fading - milāyanti / milāyantāni honti
~ now - idāni
9. If you do not learn arts or sience or dhamma in (your) prime age and do
not earn either in (your) middle age, you will certainly be afflicted by
poverty. (daw ohnmar zaw)
● Sace or yadi tvaṃ paṭhame vayasi sippaṃ vā vijjaṃ vā dhammaṃ vā
neva sikkheyyāsi, majjhime vayasi na pariyeseyyāsi, tvaṃ pacchime
vayasi nissaṃsayaṃ dāliddiyena pīḷito bhavissasi.
~ If - sace or yadi
~ you - tvaṃ
~ do not learn - na sikkheyyāsi
~ arts - sippaṃ
~ or - vā
~ sience - vijjaṃ
~ or - vā
~ dhamma - dhammaṃ vā
~ in (your) prime age - paṭhame vayasi
~ and
~ do not earn - na pariyeseyyāsi
~ either
~ in (your) middle age - majjhime vayasi
~ you - tvaṃ
~ will (certainly) be - bhavissasi
~ afflicted - pīḷito
~ by poverty - dāliddiyena
~ during the last day - pacchime vayasi

10. Men who are generous and well disciplined grow in fame. (daw khaing)
● Vadaññuno susikkhitā ca manussā yasasā vaḍḍhanti.
~ Men - manussā
~ who are generous - vadaññū
~ and
~ well disciplined -susikkhitā
~ grow - vaḍḍhanti
~ in fame - yasasi / yasasā
Consonantal stems
Attan (sol, self)
Brahaman
Rājana (king)
Sakhin (friend)

Sg Pl
Ins & abl -ā
Dat & gen -o
Loc -i

Attan + ā = attanā /-o = attano / - attani

Brahaman + ā = brahmunā / - brahmuno / -brahamani
Rājan - ā = rājanā > rājnā = raññā, rājinā, rājunā
- o = rājano > rājuno, rājino , rañño

Lesson – 25

(a) Pātubhavati (to appear)

Patu (r) √bhū > o > av + a + ti = pātubhavati / pātubbhati
Pātubhavitvā
Pātubhavituṃ
pātubhavita/ pātubhuta
Pātubhavant / pātubhavamāna

(b) Paṭivedeti (to inform)

Pati > paṭi + √vid + e + ti = paṭivedeti
Paṭivedetvā
Paṭivedetuṃ
Paṭivedita
Paṭivedant /paṭivedamāna
(c) Pamodati (is glad)
Pa √mud + a + ti = pamodati
Pamoditvā
Pamodituṃ
pamoditu/ pamudita
Pamodant / pamodamāna

(d) Pattheti (to hope)

Pa √atth + e + ti = pattheti
Patthetvā
Patthetuṃ
Patthita
Patthent / patthayamāna

(e) Pasaṃsati (to praise)

Pa √saṃs + a + ti = pasaṃsati
Pasaṃsitvā
Pasaṃsituṃ
Pasaṃsita / pasattha
Pasaṃsant / pasaṃsamāna
(f) Palāpeti caus of palāyati
Parā > palā √i > e > ay+ a + ti = palāyati
Parā > palā + √i + āpe + ti = palāpeti (ā + i > ā + ā = ā )
Rājā āgacchati = rājāgacchati
Palāpetvā
Pālāpetuṃ
Palāpita
Palāpent / palāpayamāna

Eti (to go) = gacchati (to go)

√i + ti = eti
Eti (to come) = āgacchati
Ā √i + ti = eti (āi > e)
(g) Kujjhati (to get angry)
√kudh + ya + ti = kujjhati
Kujjhitvā
Kujjituṃ
kujjhita/ kuddha =
√kudh + ta = kuddha/ √budh + ta = buddha/ yudh + ta = yuddha
√sudh + ta = suddha /vidh + ta = viddha
Kujjhanti
Kujjhant / kujjhamāna

(h) Dubbhati
√dubh + ya + ti = dubbhati
Dubbhita /
√dubh + ta = duddha
√labh + ta = laddha
Ā + rabh + ta = āraddha
Exercises
a. Translate into English
1. Bālā dummedhā pāpakāni kammāni karontā amittena attanā iva caranti.
● The unwise foolish move bout, while doing evil deeds, by themself as
an enemy.
~ Bālā – the foolish. m. nom. pl
~ dummedhā – unwise
~ pāpakāni – evil. Adj. acc. Pl of pāpaka
~ kammāni – deeds. nt. Acc. pl of kamma
~ karontā – while doing . pre.p of karoti. Karontā . nom. Pl of karont
~ amittena – enemy. Ins . sg of amitta
~ attanā – by himself . ins. sg. Of attan
~ iva – as
~ caranti – move about. Pre. 3rd. Pl of carati √car + a + ti

2. Bhagavā brahmunā yācito isipatanaṃ gantvā dhammaṃ desesi.

~ Bhagavā – the Blessed one. m. nom. sg of bhagavant
~ brahmunā – by the Brahma. m. ins. Sg of brahman
~ yācito – begged. Asked . pp of yācati
~ isipatanaṃ - Isipatana . nt. Acc. sg of -na
~ gantvā – having gone. Gerund of gacchati
~ dhammaṃ - the Dhamma. m. acc. Sg of dhamma
~ desesi – expounded. Past. 3rd. Sg of deseti. √dis
● The Blessed One asked by the Brahma, having gone to the Isipatana,
expounded the Dhamma.
● The Blessed One asked by the Brahma went to the Isipatana and
expounded the Dhamma.
3. Na jaccā vasalo hoti, na jaccā hoti brāhmaṇo kammunā eva vasalopi
brāhmaṇo pi hoti.
● One is not an outcast by birth, one is not a noble one by birth, he is an
outcast and noble one only by an action.
~ Na – not . ind
~ jaccā – by birth. f. ins.sg of jāti. Jātiyā > jātyā > jaccā
~ vasalo – an outcast . m. nom.sg of vasala
~ hoti – is. Pre.3rd. √bhū > bho + ti = bhoti > hoti
~ na
~ jaccā
~ hoti
~ brāhmaṇo
~ kammunā eva
~ vasalo
~ pi
~ brāhmaṇo pi
~ hoti.
4. Attano sakhāraṃ jetā mitto na hoti.
● Conqueror of his own friend is not a friend.
● Or one who conquers his own friend is not a friend.
~ Attano – one’s . m. gen. Sg of attan
~ sakhāraṃ - friend . m. acc. sg of sakhin
~ jetā – conqueror . m. nom.sg of jetar √ji + tar
~ mitto – friend . m.nt . nom. Sg of mitta
~ na – not
~ hoti – is
5. Dūto āgamma rañño saṅgāmassa pavattiṃ paṭivedesi.
● The messenger came and informed the news of battlefield to the king.
~ Dūto – the messenger . m. nom. Sg of dūta
~ āgamma - having come. Gerund of āgacchati
~ rañño – to the king . m. dat. Sg of rājan
~ saṅgāmassa – of battlefield. m. nt. gen. Sg of -ma
~ pavattiṃ - news. f. acc. sg. Of pavatti
~ paṭivedesi – informed . past . 3rd. Sg of paṭivedeti . pati √vid

6. Coresu balavantesu jātesu, rājāno dubbālā honti.

● Corā balavantā jāyanti.
● When the robbers become powerful, the kings become weak.
~ Coresu - robbers. m.loc.pl.of cora
~ balavantesu. Powerful. Adj. loc.pl.of balavant
~ jātesu - become. Pp of jāyati.
~ rājāno - king. m. nom. Pl of rājan
~ dubbālā - weak . adj. nom. Pl of dubbala
~ honti - become . pre. 3rd. Pl of hoti

7. Sakhā cirassam āgataṃ sakhāraṃ (disvā pamudito ahosi) iva /sā gharaṃ
āgataṃ patiṃ disvā pamuditā ahosi.
● She was glad, having seen the husband who has come to the house.
● She saw her husband who returned to the house and was glad.
● Just as a friend, having seen his friend, who has come for a long time.
~ Sakhā - a friend. m. nom.sg of sakhin
~ cirassam - for long time. ind
~ āgataṃ - who has come
~ sakhāraṃ - a friend . acc. sg of -n
~ iva - just as / like
~ sā - she
~ gharam - house . nt. Acc. sg of agāra
~ āgataṃ - who has come. Pp of āgacchati
~ patiṃ - husband . m. acc. Sg of pati
~ disvā - having seen. Gerun . passati (to see)
~ pamuditā - glad. Pp of pamodati. Pa √mud + a + ti
~ ahosi - was . past . 3rd. Sg of hoti (a) bhū> bho > ho (s) i = ahosi

8. Attā hi attano nātho.

● One is one’s refuge, indeed.
~ Attā - one . nom.sg of attan
~ hi - indeed
~ attano - one’s . gen. Sg of attan
~ nātho - refuge. M. Nom. sg. Of nātha

9. Tadā bārāṇasiyaṃ rajjaṃ apatthento rājā nāma nāhosi.

~ Tadā - at that time. Dem. adv
~ bārāṇasiyaṃ - in Bārāṇasī. f. loc. Sg of bārāṇasī
~ rajjaṃ - kinghood / - nt . acc. Sg of rajja
~ apatthento - who does not hope. Prep. of (a) pattheti. m.nom.sg. Apatthent
~ rājā - king - m. nom. Sg of rājan
~ nāhosi - (na + ahisi) = there is no
 ● At the time, there was no king who did not hope the kinghood in
Bārāṇasī.

10. Sakkosi nu kho tvaṃ tāta pacchāmittena rājinā saddhiṃ yuddhaṃ

kātuṃ?
● Oh dear, are you able to do battle (to fight) together with the enemy
king?
~ Sakkosi - are able . 2nd. Sg of sakkoti √sak + nu > no +ti = sakkoti
~ nu kho - ?
~ tvaṃ - you
~ tāta - Oh dear - voc. sg
~ pacchāmittena - enemy . m. ins. Sg of paccāmitta
~ rājinā - with the king. m. ins.sg of rājan
~ saddhiṃ - together with . ind
~ yuddhaṃ - battle . nt. Acc. sg of yuddha
~ kātuṃ - to do. Inf. karoti

11.Etaṃ hi pubbanimittaṃ bramhmuno pātubhāvāya.

~ Etaṃ - this - dem. Pro. nt. nom.sg. Of etad
~ hi - indeed. Ind
~ pubbanimittaṃ - foregoing sign. Nt. nom.sg of -tta
~ bramhmuno - of the Brahma . gen.sg of Brahman
~ pātubhāvāya - for appearance . dat. Sg of pātubhāva
● Indeed, this is forgoing sign for the appearance of the Brahama.

12.Ahaṃ pitarā ca mātuyā ca bhātarehi ca sakhārehi ca saddhim cetiyāni

vandamāno jambudīpe tatra tatra vicariṃ.
● I moved about here and there in India worshiping the shrines together
with father, mother, brothers and friends.
~ Ahaṃ - I
~ pitarā - father . ins.sg of patar
~ ca
~ mātuyā ca - mother . f. Ins. sg of mātar
~ bhātarehi ca - brothers. Ins. pl of bhātar
~ sakhārehi - friends .ins. Pl of sakhin
 ~ saddhim - together with . ind
~ cetiyāni - shrines . nt.acc. Pl of cetiya
~ vandamāno - while worshiping. Prep. of vandati.
~ jambudīpe - in India. m.loc.sgof .jambudīpa
~ tatra tatra - here and there. Adve. dem.
~ vicariṃ - moved about . past . 1st. Sg of vicarati

Translate into Pāli

1. Don’t associate with bad companions. (daw cho lwin)
~ Don’t - mā
~ associate - seva (sevāhi)
~ with bad companions - pāpakehi sakhārehi
● Tvaṃ pāpakehi sakhārehi mā seva (sevāhi).

2. The king’s son went to the pleasure grove together with his friends. (daw
kining)
● Rājaputto sakhārehi saddhim uyyānaṃ gacchi (agacchi).
~ The king’s son - rājaputto
~ went to - gacchi
~ the pleasure grove - uyyānaṃ
~ together with - saddhiṃ
~ his friends - sakhārehi
3. Due to their good deeds, beings are reborn into happy states after death.
(daw ohmmar zaw)
● Sattā kusalānaṃ kammānaṃ hetu maraṇā paraṃ sugatiṃ upapajjanti.
~ Due to - hetu
~ their good deeds - kusalānaṃ kammānaṃ
~ beings - sattā
~ are reborn - upapajjanti
~ into happy states - sugatiṃ
~ after death - maraṇā paraṃ

4. Many people in India worship Brahma. (daw san san htwe)

~ Many - bahū / bahavo
~ people - manussā
~ in India - jambudīpe
~ worship - vandanti.
~ Brahma - brahmānaṃ / brahmaṃ
● Jambudīpe bahū manussā brahmaṃ vandanti.

5. Men who did good deeds were praised even by Brahman. (daw saw)
● Kusalānaṃ kammānaṃ katā (kattāro) manussā brahmunāpi pasaṃsitā
(ahesuṃ).
● Brahmā kusalāni kammāni kattāre manusse pasaṃsito (ahosti)
~ Men - manussā
~ who did - kattāro
~ good deeds - kusalānaṃ kammānaṃ
~ were praised - pasaṃsitā / satthā
~ even by Brahman.

6. The minister was expelled from the country by the king who had got
angry with him. (daw san san htwe)
● Mantī (amacco) tassa kuddhena rājinā raṭṭhato palāpito (ahosi).
~ The minister - mantī, amacco. Nom. sg
~ was expelled - palāpito
~ from the country - raṭṭhato
~ by the king - rājinā (raññā) , rājunā
~ who had got angry - kuddhena
~ with him - tassa

7. He attended his father and mother by himself. (daw cho lwin)

● So attanā pitaraṃ ca mātaraṃ ca upaṭṭhāsi.
● So attanā pitussa ca mātuyā ca upaṭṭhāsi.
~ He - so
~ attended - upaṭṭhāsi
~ his father - pitaraṃ
~ and - ca
~ mother - mātaraṃ
~ by himself. Attanā

8. The good deeds done by beings follow them as the shadow a man. (daw
khaing)
● Sattehi katāni kusalāni kammāni te (satte) anugacchanti, chāyā
purisaṃ (anugacchati) iva.
~ The good deeds - kusalāni kammāni
~ done - katāni
~ by beings - sattehi
~ follow - anugacchanti
~ them - te
~ as - viya /iva
~ the shadow - chāyā
~ a man. Purisaṃ (anugacchati)

9. One would blame oneself for one’s own evil deeds. (daw ohmmar zaw)
● So attano pāpakānaṃ kammānaṃ hetu attānaṃ upavadeyya.
~ One -
~ would blame - upavadati
~ oneself - attan
~ for - hetu
~ one’s own - attan
~ evil deeds - kusala kamma

10.The subjects were pleased with the king who was kind and just. (daw
saw)
● Kāruṇike dhammike rājini pajāyo pasannā ahusuṃ.
● Kāruṇikena dhammikena raññā —------
~ The subjects - pajā
~ were pleased - pasanna
~ with the king - rājan
~ who was kind - kāruṇika
~ and
~ just - dhammika

11.If he plots against the king, /all his property will be confiscated. (daw san
san htwe)
● Sace so rañño dubbheyya, sabbaṃ (tassa) dhanaṃ rājasantakaṃ
bhavissati.
~ If - sace
~ he - so
~ plots against - dubbhati
~ the king - rājan
~ all his property - sabba dhana
~ will be - bhavati
~ confiscated. santaka

12. Loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity are the

qualities.
/that are found in Brahmas. (daw saw)
● Mettā karuṇā muditā upekkhā ca brahmesu dissamāmānā guṇā honti.
Lesson - 24
Consonantal stem:
1) manas = mind
2) ta (tad) = he, she, that
3) eta (etad) = this
Sl pl
Ins & abl ~ā = manasā
Dat & gen ~o = manaso
Loc ~i = manasi
***************************************

Lesson - 25
**********
Lesson - 26
(a) Interrogative pronoun: Kiṃ (who, what, which)?
(b) Relative pronoun: Ya (yad)
(c) Indefinite pronoun: kiṃ
Ko + ci = koci
Ko + cana = kocana
Ko + pi/api = kopi

(a) ṃ > ṅ + k, kh, g, gh, - : saraṇaṃ > ṅ+ gato = saraṇaṅgato

Taṃ > ṅ+ kāruṇikaṃ = taṅkāruṇikaṃ
(b) ṃ > ñ + c, ch, j, jh, ñ = kiṃ + ci = kiñci
Dhammaṃ > ñ + care = dhammañcare
(c) ṃ > ṇ+ ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ = saṃ + ṭhāti = saṇṭhāti
(d) ṃ > n + t, th, d, dh, n = saṃ > n + tiṭṭhati = santiṭṭhati
Taṃ + niccutaṃ = tanniccutaṃ
(e) ṃ > m + p, ph, b, bh, m = kaṃ + pi = kampi
(a) ye āsavā , pahīnā te tathāgatassa.
~ye - whatever
~ āsavā - mental defilements (there are)
~ pahīnā - have been given up
~ te - they
~ tathāgatassa - by the Buddha
● Whatever mental defilements there are, they have been given up by the
Buddha.
● They, all mental defilements have been given up ……..

(b) yo appaduṭṭhassa narassa dussati, tameva bālaṃ pacceti pāpaṃ.

● Whoever offends against a harmless person, the evil returns to the very
foolish fellow.
● The evil returns to the very foolish fellow who offends against a harmless
person.
~ yo - whoever
~ appaduṭṭhassa - harmless
~ narassa - person
~ dussati - offends against . √dus + ya + ti (sy>ss)
~ tameva bālaṃ - (taṃ > m + eva) the very foolish fellow
~ pacceti - returns . pati > ty> cc √i > e + ti
~ pāpaṃ - the evil

● Ye cittaṃ saññamessanti, mokkhanti māra-bandhanā.

● Whoever will control (their) mind, (they) will free from the clutches of the
Māra.
~ Ye - whoever
~ cittaṃ - mind
~ saññamessanti - will control . saṃ √yam + (i> e) + ssanti (ṃy > ññ), they
~ mokkhanti - will free. √muc + ssanti = (ss> kh, c > k)
~ māra-bandhanā.
Saṃ + yojana = saññojana
Saṃ + yutta = saññutta
Ko + ci = koci, kocana, kopi
Ke + ci = keci, kecan, kepi
Kaṃ + ci = kañci, kañcana/ kaṃ + pi = kampi, / kaṃ > m+ api = kamapi
Ke
Kena + ci = kenaci, kenacana, kenapi, kenāpi
Kehi + ci = kehici, kehicana, kehipi
Kassa + ci = kassaci, kassacana, kassapi
Kesaṃ + ci = kesañci, kesañcana, kesampi
Kesānaṃ + kesānañci, kesānañca, kesānampi
Kasmā + ci = kasmāci, kasmācana, kasmāpi
Kamhā
Kasmiṃ + ci = kasmiñci, kasmiñcana, kasmiṃ > mpi
Kamhi + ci = kamhici, kamhicana, kamhipi
Kesu + ci = kesuci, kesucana, kesupi

Kiṃ + ci = kiñci (appa - little)

Yaṃ + kiñci = yaṃkiñci > yañkiñci (sakala - all)
Kiṃ = ?

ကိံ သဒ္ဒါနောက် စိ လျှင်ရောက်က အပ္ပဝါစက။

ရှေ့မှာ တဖန် ‘ယ’ ဝင်ပြန်က သကလဝါစက။
ဝင်လာ မဖက် ကိံ သက်သက်ကား ပုစ္ဆာဝါစက မှတ်ကုနကြ
် ။
(a) Rathesu dhāva-nt-esu uṭṭhita-ena rajasā gehānaṃ bhittiyo parikiṇṇā kiliṭṭhā
jātā.
(b) Ayasā samuṭṭhitaṃ malaṃ tato uṭṭhāya tameva khādati.
(c) Mayaṃ piṇḍāya āgataṃ theraṃ disvā tuṭṭhena manasā sirasā vandimhā,
bhattena ca pūjayiṃmhā.
(d) Attano sakhāraṃ jetā mitto na hoti.
(e) Bhagavā brahmunā yācito isipatanaṃ gantvā desesi.
(f) Na jaccā vasalo hoti.
(g) Attā hi attano nātho.
(h) Coresu balavantesu jātesu rājāno dubbalā honti.
(i) Corā rattiyaṃ gehassāvidure rahasā sallapantā nisīdiṃsu.
(j) Mayaṃ taṃ buddhaṃ bhagavantaṃ sirasā namāma.

1. Give the formation of the verb and verbal forms from the sentences given
above.
2. Decline the words ‘ayasā’ with dative and able, the words ‘jetā’ with
genitive and instrumental, and the word ‘sakhāraṃ’ with instrumental
locative, and the word ‘rājāno’ with instrumental and dative.
3. Analyze the sentences (a) to (e) given above and translate them into English.
4. Analyze the sentences (f) to (j) given above and translate them into English.
5. Translate the following sentences into Pāḷi.
(a) Men who are generous, and disciplined grow in fame.
(b) With much great effort do I learn Pāḷi.
(c) A snack moves about with the chest.
(d) One should blame oneself for one’s own evil deeds.
(e) There is a little water in the lake.
(f) Because of the nutritive essence of food, the body grows.
(g) He attended his father and mother by himself.
(h) The subjects were pleased with the king who was kind and just.
(i) The good deeds gone by beings follow them as the shadow a man.
(j) The king’s son will go to the pleasure grove together with his friends.
 Lesson - 26
1. Interrogative ‘kiṃ’
2. Relative ‘yad’
3. Indefinite ‘koci + ci cana, api, pi’
Yo yo puriso
Yaṃ yaṃ phalaṃ
(a) Gāme gāme jalaṃ atthi.
(b) Rukkhaṃ rukkhaṃ abhivijjotate cando. (vicchā)
Sappo sappo (āmeḍita)
Sādhu sādhu

Some example for the use of the relative ‘yad’

1. Ye āsavā, pahīnā te tathāgatassa.
Whatever mental defilements there may be, they have been got rid of by the
Tathāgata.
~ Ye – whatever. Rel. Pro. m. nom. pl of ya (sk. yad)
~ āsavā – mental defilements. m. nom.pl of āsava
~ (santi) – there are
~ pahīnā – have been given up . pp of pajahati
~ te – they
~ tathāgatassa (tathāgatena) – by the Buddha
2. Yo appaduṭṭhassa narassa dussati, taṃ eva bālaṃ pacceti pāpaṃ.
Whosoever offends against a harmless one, the evil rebounds upon the very
foolish fellow.
~ Yo – whoever . rel. pro. m. nom. sg of ya
~ appaduṭṭhassa – harmless. Pp of appadussati
~ narassa – person
~ dussati – offends against. Pre. 3rd. √dus + ya + ti = dussati (sy> ss)
~ taṃ eva – the
~ bālaṃ - very foolish fellow
~ pacceti – pati > y > cc √i > e + ti = pacceti (to return)
~ pāpaṃ - the evil
· Whoever offends aganst a harmless person, the evil returns to the very
foolish fellow.
 · The evil returns to the very foolish fellow who offends against a
harmless person.
3. Ye cittaṃ saññamessanti, (te) mokkhanti māra-bandhanā.
Whoever restrain their mind, they will liberate themselfves from the clutch
of the Mara (tempter).
~ Ye – whoever. Rel. pro. m. nom. pl of ya
~ cittaṃ - (their) mind
~ saññamessanti – will control. Saṃ √yam + (i > e) + ssanti (ṃy > ññ)
~ (te) - they
~ mokkhanti – will liberrate - √muc > k+ ssanti > khanti = mokkhanti
~ māra-bandhanā – for the clutch of the Māra
· They who will contro their mind will liberate from the clutch of the
māra.

Iti: The particle “iti” is pleased after a statement quoted or thought out and stands
in the place of or instead of inverted commas in English. It involves the senses of
“thinking, considering, supposing, knowing, saying, or calling”. The followings are
the examples:

1. Bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi ‘bhikkhavo’ti.

The lord addressed the monks saying ‘O monks’.
ဘဂဝါ၊ မြတ်စွာဘုရားသည်။ ဘိ က္ခူ၊ ရဟန်းတို့ ကို။ အာမန္တေသိ၊
မိ နတော်
့် မူပြီ။ (ကိံ၊ အဘယ်သို့။ အာမန္တေသိ၊ မိ နတော်
့် မူသနည်း။)
ဘိ က္ခဝေါ၊ ရဟန်းတို့ ။ ဣတိ ဝတွာ၊ ဤသို့ ပြော၍၊ အာမန္တေသိ၊
မိ နတော်
့် မူပြီ။
(ဝါ) ဘဂဝါ၊ သည်။ ဘိ က္ခူ၊ တို့ ကို။ ဘိ က္ခဝေါ၊ ရဟန်းတို့ ။ ဣတိ ဝတွာ၊
ဤသိုပြော၍၊ အာမန္တေသိ။ မိ နတော်
့် မူပြီ။
 2. Taṃ jaññā “vasalo” ti.
One should know him ‘an outcast’.

3. Bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi “anujānāmi bhikkhave ārāman”ti.

The Lord addressed the monks saying ‘I allow you, monk, to accept a
grove’.
4. Bhavampi no gotamo “anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ
abhisambuddho”[ti] paṭijānāti?
Does the master also claim that “I have attained to the Supreme
Enlightenment?”
5. Kattiyaṃ “daharo”ti na avamaññeyya. (avamaññati
One should not despise a princely youth thinking ‘this is a boy’.
Yad = yo yo / yaṃ yaṃ / yā yā = whatever (every / all)
Gāme gāme jalaṃ atthi.
Rukkhaṃ rukkhaṃ abhivijjote cando. (vicchā)
Sappo sappo = āmeḍita

Verbs
(a) vañceti (to deceive)
~ vañce + tvā =
~ vañce + tuṃ =
~ vañce + (i) + ta =
~vañce + nt / māna =
(b) jaññā = jāneyya / √ñā > jā + nā + eyya = jāneyya
√ñā > jā + nā + yāt = jaññā (ny> ññ)
(c) vijānāti (to know)
~ vi √ñā + nā + ti
~ vijānā + (i) + tvā =
~ vijānā + (i) + tuṃ =
~ vijānā + (i) + ta =
~ vi √ñā + ya = viññāya
~ vi √ñā + tuṃ = viññātuṃ
~ vi √ñā (Sk. jñā) + ta = viññata

(d) udīrayati (to say, utter)

ud + √īr + aya + ti
udīraya + (i) + tvā
udīraya + (i) + tuṃ =
udīraya + (i) + ta =
udīraya + nt / māna =
(e) abhininnāmeti (to stretch out)
~ abhi + nir + √nam + e + ti = abhinnāmeti
~ abhininnāme + tvā
~ abhininnāme + tuṃ
~abhinnāme + (i) + ta =
(f) sañchindati (to break off)
~ saṃ √chi (ṃ> n) d + a +ti
~sañchinda + (i) +tvā
~sañchinda + (i) + tuṃ
~sañchinda + (i) + ta
~ saṃ √chid + na = sañchinna
~sañchinda + nt / māna
(g) Dajjā (dadeyya) = √dā > dādā + eyya = dadeyya
√dā > dādā + yāt = dajjā (dy> jj0
(h) Ganthati (to bind)
√ganth + a + ti = ganthati
~ gantha + (i) +tvā =
~gantha + (i) +tuṃ =
~gantha + (i) + ta =

(i) Parihāyati (falls away)

~ pari √hā + ya + ti = parihāyati
~ parihāya + (i) +tvā = --------/parihāya
~parihāya + (i) + tuṃ =
~parihāya + (i) + ta =
~ pari √hā > hī + na = parihīna

(j) Bhāyati (fears, is afraid of)

~ bhī > bhe > bhay > bhāy + a + ti = bhāyati
~ bhāya + (i) + tvā =
~bhāya + (i) + tuṃ =
~bhāya + (i) + ta =
~ √bhī + ta = bhīta

(k) visīdati (falters)

vi √sad + a + ti = visīdati
~ visīda + (i) + tvā
~ visīda + (i) + tuṃ =
~visīda + (i) + ta =
~ vi √sad + na = visanna

(l) Nimanteti (to invite)

Ni √mant + e + ti
~ nimante + tvā
~nimante + tuṃ =
~nimante + (i) + ta =

(m) Nikkhamati (to go out)

Nis √kam + a + ti = nikkhamati (sk> kkh)
Nikkhama + (i) + tvā
Nis √kam + ya = nikkhamma
Nikkhama + (i) + tuṃ
Nikkhama + (i) + ta =
Nis √kam > n + ta = nikkhanta

(n) Vindati (acquires)

√vi(ṃ)d + a + ti = vindati
~ vinda + (i) + tvā =
~vinda + (i) + tuṃ =
~vinda + (i) + ta =

(o) Abhisajati (curses, gets angry with)

Abhi √saj + a + ti = abhisajati
Abhisaja + (i) + tvā =
Abhisaja + (i) + tuṃ =
Abhisaja + (i) + ta =
(p) Pattheti (to wishe)
Pa √atth + e + ti = pattheti
Patthe + tvā =
Patthe + tuṃ =
Patthe +(i) + ta =

(q) Atirocati (outshiines)

Ati + √ruc + a + ti = atirocati
Atiroca + (i) + tvā
Atiroca + (i) + tuṃ
Atiroca + (i) + ta
Atiroca + nt / māna =
(r) Pariyesati
Pari √is > es + a + ti = pari(y)esati
Pariyesa + (i) + tvā (having serched)
Pariyesa + (i) + tuṃ (to search)
Pariyesa + (i) + ta (serched)
Pariyesa + nt = pariyesant (serching)
Translate into English
1. Yo brahmaṇaṃ vā samaṇaṃ vā aññaṃ vāpi vanibbakaṃ musāvādena
vañceti, taṃ jaññā vasalo iti.
~ Yo brahmaṇaṃ vā samaṇaṃ vā aññaṃ vāpi vanibbakaṃ musāvādena
vañceti – whoever deceives a brahmin or a recluse or other paupor with
falsehood, one should know him ‘an outcast’.
~ Yo – whoever
~ brahmaṇaṃ
~ vā
~ samaṇaṃ
~ vā
~ aññaṃ vāpi – other
~ vanibbakaṃ - pauper
~ musāvādena – with falsehood
~ vañceti – deceives
~ taṃ jaññā vasalo iti
~ taṃ - him
~(so) jaññā (jāneyya) = one should know
~ vasalo – an outcast
~ iti ‘---------‘
· One should know him “an outcast”.

2. Yamhā dhammaṃ vijāneyya, sakkaccaṃ taṃ namasseyya.

· One should know the Dhamma from whoever, one should worship
him respectfully.
· One should worship him from whom one may know the Dhamma.
~ Yamhā – from whoever . rel. pro. m. abl sg
~ dhammaṃ - the dhamma. m. acc. sg of dhamma
~ vijāneyya – vijānāti (to know): one should know
~ sakkaccaṃ - repectfully
~ taṃ - him.
~ namasseyya – namassati (to worship): one should worship
3. Akakkasaṃ viññāviniṃ giraṃ saccaṃ udīraye, yāya (girāya) nābhisaje
kiñci, tamahaṃ brūmi brahmaṇaṃ.
 · One should say the polite, instructive and true word by which one
should not get angry with any one, I say him as a brahmin
~ A-kakkasaṃ - polite
~ viññāviniṃ - instrucitve
~ giraṃ - word. f. acc. sg of girā
~ saccaṃ - true
~ udīraye – udīrayati. (to say, speech, utter). One should say
~ yāya (girāya) – by whatever /
~ na + abhisaje – abhisajati (gets angry with): one should not get angry with
~ kiñci – any one
~ tam – him
~ ahaṃ - I
~ brūmi – say. Pre.1st. sg
~ brahmaṇaṃ - as a brhm
4. Yasmiṃ samaye samaṇo gotamo dhammaṃ deseti, neva [tasmiṃ
samaye] samaṇassa gotamassa sāvakānaṃ khipita-saddo vā hoti
ukkāsita-saddo vā.
● Whenever the recluse Gotama expounds the Dhamma, at that time there is
no sound of sneezing or noise of clearing one’s throat among the desciples of
the recluse Gatama.
~ Yasmiṃ samaye – whenever
~ samaṇo gotamo – the reclus Gotama
~ dhammaṃ - the Dhamma
~ deseti – expounds. √dis + e + ti
~ neva – no / not
~ tasmiṃ samaye – at that time
~ samaṇassa gotamassa – of the recluse Goatama
~ sāvakānaṃ - among the desciples
~ khipita-saddo – sound of sneezing
~ vā – or
~ hoti – there is no
~ ukkāsita-saddo – noise of clearing one’s throat
~ vā.
5. Yaññadeva so kakkaṭako alaṃ abhininnāmeyya, [taṃ dadeva] te kumārā
vā (tā) kumārikā vā kaṭṭhena vā kathalena vā sañchindeyyuṃ.
● Yaṃ + yaṃ + eva = yaññadeva (ṃy > ññ, ṃ > d)
● The crab should stretch out whatever claw, those boys or girls should
break off it with the stick or potsherd.

~ Yaññadeva – whatever
~ so kakkaṭako – the crab
~ alaṃ - claw
~ abhininnāmeyya – abhininnāmeti (to strecth out): should strecth out
~ [taṃ dadeva] – it
~ te kumārā – thoese boys
~ vā – or
~ (tā) kumārikā – those girls
~ vā
~ kaṭṭhena – with the stick
~ vā – or
~ kathalena – pot-sherd
~ sañchindeyyuṃ - sañcchindati (to breaks off): should break off

6. Kiñca bhikkhave vedanānaṃ nissaraṇaṃ (hoti)? Yo bhikkhave

chandarāgavinayo chandarāgapahānaṃ. Idaṃ vedanānaṃ nissaraṇaṃ.
● Oh monks, what is escape from feeling? Oh monks, there is whatever
removal of lust for feelings, destruction of craving for feelings. This is
escape from feeling.
~ Yo – whatever. Relative pro
~ bhikkhave - Oh monks. M. voc. Pl of bhikkhu
~ vedanānaṃ - of feelings . f. gen. Pl of vedanā
~ chanda-rāgavinayo – removal of lust
~ chanda-rāgappahānaṃ - destruction of craving
~ Idaṃ vedanānaṃ nissaraṇaṃ (hoti).
7. Te bhikkhave sattā suparihīnā, ye ariyāya paññāya parihīnā.
● Whatever beings have fallen away from the noble wisdom, those
beings have greatly fallen away.
~ Te – those . dem. Pro. nom. Pl of ta (tad)
~ bhikkhave – Oh monks. m. voc. Pl. of bhikkhu
~ sattā – beings . m. nom. Pl of satta
~ suparihīnā – have greatly fallen away
~ ye – whoever. Relative pro. m. pl of ya (yad)
~ ariyāya paññāya – noble wisdom. f. abl. sg of paññā
~ parihīnā – pp of parihāyati . pari √hā + ya + ti. Have fallen away
Pari √hā + na. have fallen away

8. Yesaṃ natthi piyaṃ, natthi tesaṃ dukkhaṃ.

● There is no love to whom (whoever), there is no suffering to them.
~ Yeasaṃ - to whom. Relative pro. Dat. pl of ya (yad)
~ natthi - there is no. na + atthi √as + ti = atthi. Pre. 3rd. Sg
~ piyaṃ - love. Nt. nom. sg of piya
~ Natthi – there is no
~ tesaṃ - to them
~ dukkhaṃ - suffering. Nt. nom.sg of dukkha

9. Saccena kittiṃ pappoti, dadaṃ mittāni ganthati.

● One attains fame by truth, one who gives gathers friends.
~ Saccena – by truth. Nt.inst. sg of sacca
~ kittiṃ - fame. f. acc. sg of kitti
~ pappoti – pa √ap + nu> no + ti = pappoti (np > pp). one attains
~ dadaṃ - prep. of dadāti. Dadā + nt = dadant. One who gives or a giver
~ mittāni – friends. Nt. acc. pl of mitta
~ ganthati – √ganth + a + ti (binds or gathers)

10.Katamena maggena so āgato?

● By which way has he come? By which way did he come?
~ Katamena – which
~ maggena – by way. m. ins. sg. magga
~ so – he. 3rd. Sg of ta (tad) nom.sg.
~ āgato – āgacchati (to come) ā √gam + ta = āgata (has come)

11.Sā kataraṃ upaddavaṃ na kareyya?

 ● Which accident should she not do?
~ Sā – she. 3rd. Sg of tad. f. Nom. sg
~ kataraṃ - which
~ upaddavaṃ - accident
~ na kareyya – should not do. Opt. 3rd sg of karoti. √kar + o + ti

12.Petānaṃ dakkhiṇaṃ dajjā pubbe kataṃ anussaraṃ.

● One should give a gift to the departed one while calling to mind that
which has been done (by him) in the previous time (before).
~ Petānaṃ - peta (departed one). m. dat. Pl of peta
~ dakkhiṇaṃ - a gift. f. acc. sg of dakkhiṇā
~ dajjā (dadeyya) – one should give
~ pubbe – before
~kataṃ - pp of karoti √kar + ta = kata (that which has been done)
~ anussaraṃ - anussarati (to call to mind). anussara + nt. while calling to
mind

13.Aparasmiṃ samaye tasmiṃ padese mahā nidāgho ahosi.

· Once upon a time, in that place there was a great drought.
~ Aparasmiṃ samaye – at other time
~ tasmiṃ padese – in that place
~ mahā nidāgho – great drought. Mahant (adj) m. nom.sg of nidāgha
~ ahosi – (a) √bhū > bho + (s) + I = abhosi > ahosi. There was

14.Te jīvikaṃ kappetuṃ upāyaṃ pariyesamānā aññataraṃ gāmaṃ

pāpuṇiṃsu.
● They reached a certain village searching the way to get their living.
~ Te – they. Dem. pro. m. nom. Pl of ta (tad0
~ jīvikaṃ kappetuṃ - to get their living
~ upāyaṃ - way . m. acc. Sg of upāya
~ pariyesamānā – pariyesati (to search).prep. While searching
~ aññataraṃ - a certain
~ gāmaṃ - village. m. acc. Sg of gāma
~ pāpuṇiṃsu – reached. Past 3rd. Pl of pāpuṇāti. Pa √ap + unā + ti
 15.Katamā ca sā bhikkhave majjhimā paṭipadā? Oh monks, What is the
middle way or path?
Ayameva ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo = this is the noble eightfold path.
seyyathidaṃ = they are
Sammādiṭṭhi = right understanding, right view
Sammāsaṅkappo = right thought
Sammāvācā = right speech
Sammākammanta = right action
Sammāājīva = right livelihood
Sammā vāyama = right effort
Sammāsati = right mindfulness and
Sammāsamādhi = right concentration

(a) Translate into Pāḷi.

1. In the world there is none equal to me.
● Loke natthi me samo.
= in the world – loke.
= equal one – samo /eko
= there is no – natthi
= to me – me
2. Ever is the pure man’s fasting day.
● Suddhassa purisassa uposatho sadā (sabbadā) hoti.
= Ever – sadā, sabbadā
= pure – suddhassa
= man’s – purisassa
= fasting day – uposatho
3. All his riches will gradually diminish.
● Sabbāni tassa dhanāni anukkamena parihāyissanti.
= will diminish – parihāyissanti.
= all – sabbāni
= riches – dhanāni
= his –
= gradually – anukkamena
4. Herein a certain one understands as it really is.
● Idha ekacco yathābhutaṃ pajānāti.
= herein – idha
= a certain one – ekacco
= understands – pajānāti
= as it really is – yathābhutaṃ

5. They attacked one another with their hands.

● Te hatthebhi aññamaññaṃ apahariṃsu.
= they – te
= attacked – apahariṃsu
= one another – aññamaññaṃ
= with hands – hatthehi

6. All are afraid of death.

● Sabbe bhāyanti maccuno.
= all – sabbe
= are afraid of – bhāyanti
= death - muccuno
7. Some insects are born in filth.
● Keci pāṇakā asucismiṃ jāyanti.
= some – ekeci
= insects – pāṇā / pāṇakā
= are born – jāyanti
= in filth – asucimhi
8. Many are the difficulties there, where the fool falters.
● Yattha bālo visīdati, tattha bahū sambādhā honti.
= many – bahū
= are - honti
= difficulties – sambādhā
= there – tattha
= where – yattha
= the fool – bālo
= falters – visīdati
9. To all, life is dear.
● Sabbesaṃ jīvitaṃ piyaṃ hoti.
= all – sabbesaṃ
= life – jīvita
= dear – piya

10.At that time, a certain brahman, having invited the monks, gave them a meal.
● Tadā aññataro brahmaṇo bhikkhū nimantevtā tesaṃ bhattaṃ adāsi.
~ At that time – tadā (tena kho pana samayena)
~ a certain brahman – aññataro brahmaṇo
~ having invited - nimantetvā
~ the monks – bhikkhū
~ gave – adāsi
~ them – tesaṃ
~ a meal – bhattaṃ
11.Some ate and some went out taking the almsfood (with themselves). (daw
khaing)
● Keci bhuñjiṃsu, keci bhikkhaṃ gaṇhāntā nikkhamiṃsu.
~ Some –
~ ate –
~ some –
~ went out –
~
12.Say “how one may acquire wisdom”. (daw ohnmar Zaw)
● Vadehi “kathaṃ so paññaṃ labheyyā”ti.
~ say –
~ how –
~ one –
~ may acquire –
~ wisdom –
13.He outshone the other Devas. (daw saw)
● So aññe deve atiroci.
~ He -
~ outshone –
~ the other –
 ~ Devas –
14.A person is a giver to some, but to others he does not give. (daw khaing)
● Puriso kesañci dātā hoti, so tu aparesaṃ na deti.
~ A person –
~ is a giver –
~ to some –
~ but –
~ to others –
~ he
~ does not give –
15.If a monk should wish, “may I acquire Jhānas” , he should keep precepts
and develop concentration. (Daw Ohnmar Zaw)
● Yadi bhikkhu iccheyya “ahaṃ jhānāni vindeyyāmī”ti, so sīlāni
rakkheyya samādhiṃ ca bhāveyya.
~ If -
~ a monk -
~ should wish –
~ may
~I–
~ acquire -
~ Jhānas –
16.Whatever danger would there be, all that would arise from the foolish and
not from the wise. (Daw Saw)
● Yaṃkiñci bhayaṃ uppajjeyya, sabbaṃ taṃ bālato uppajjeyya, na
paṇḍitato.
~ Whatever danger –
~ would there be =
~ all that –
~ would arise –
~ from the foolish –
~ and not from the wise –
Some ate and some went out taking the almsfood (with themselves). (daw khaing)
● Keci bhuñjiṃsu, keci bhikkhaṃ gaṇhāntā nikkhamiṃsu.
He outshone the other Devas. (daw saw)
Say “how one may acquire wisdom”. (daw ohnmar Zaw)
● Vadehi “kathaṃ so paññaṃ labheyyā”ti.
He outshone the other Devas. (daw saw)
● So aññe deve atiroci.
A person is a giver to some, but to others he does not give. (daw khaing)
● Puriso kesañci dātā hoti, so tu aparesaṃ na deti.
If a monk should wish, “may I acquire Jhānas” , he should keep precepts and
develop concentration. (Daw Ohnmar Zaw)
● Yadi bhikkhu iccheyya “ahaṃ jhānāni vindeyyāmī”ti, so sīlāni
rakkheyya samādhiṃ ca bhāveyya.
Whatever danger would there be, all that would arise from the foolish and not from
the wise. (Daw Saw)
● Yaṃkiñci bhayaṃ uppajjeyya, sabbaṃ taṃ bālato uppajjeyya, na paṇḍitato.

Tvaṃ > t(a)vaṃ

Tvaṃ > ttaṃ > taṃ

Lesson 27
Conditional mood
Endings
Ajjaya-
Singular plural
First (i) ssaṃ (i)ssamhā
Second (i) sse (i) ssatha
Third (i) ssā (i) ssaṃsu

(a) Akkosati – (to abuse)

Ā + √kus (sk. kruś > kko) + a + ti = akkosati
Akkositvā
Akkosituṃ
Ā √kus + ta = akuṭṭha, akkostia
Akkosant, akkosamāna
(b) Pāleti (to maintain)
√pāl + e + ti = pāleti
Pāletvā
Pāletuṃ
Pālita
Pālent, pālayamāna
(c) Rakkhati (to protect)
√rakkh + a + ti = rakkhati
Rakkhitvā
Rakkhituṃ
Rakkhita
Rakkhant, rakkhamāna
(d) Labhati (to obtain)
√labh + a + ti =
Labhitvā = laddhā (√labh + tvā (ttā >) tā = laddhā
Labhituṃ = laddhuṃ
Labhita = laddha
Labhant, labhamāna
(e) Vadhati (to kill)
√vadh + a + ti = vadhati
Hata, ghāta, vadhita

(f) Jāleti (to khandle)

√jāl + e + ti = jāleti
(g) Ajjayat (to earn)
√ajj + aya + ti
(h) Pīḷeti (to paress)
√pīḷ + e + ti = pīḷeti

(a) If past + would verb – 1

(b) If past perfect + would have verb 3
(c) If would verb 1 + would verb 1
 Antecedent clause consequent clause
(a) Conditional mood conditional mood
1. Sace asuko puriso idha āgacchissā, mayaṃ idha na āgacchissamhā.
· If that man had come here, we would not have come here.
~ Sace – if
~ asuko – that
~ puriso – man
~ idha – here
~ āgacchissā _ had come - √gam > cch + a + ti
~ mayaṃ - we
~ idha – here
~ na – not
~ āgacchissamhā – would have come

2. Yadi te hiyyo khettaṃ kasissaṃsu, mayaṃ ajja taṃ dhaññena

vapeyyāma.
· If they had ploughed the field yesterday, we would have sown it
with the grain today. (------sown the grain in the field).
~ Yadi – if
~ te – they
~ hiyyo – yesterday
~ khettaṃ - field
~ kasissaṃsu – had ploughed = √kas + a + ti = kasati
~ mayaṃ - we
~ ajja – today
~ taṃ - it
~ dhaññena – with grain. Nt. ins. sg of dhañña
~ paveyyāma – whould had sown = vapati (to sow)

3. Sace te bhattaṃ apacissaṃsu, nissaṃsayaṃ amhākaṃ sevakā idha

āgamma bhuñjissanti.
· If they had cooked the rice, certainly our servants, having come
here, would have eaten.
~ Sace – if
~ te – they
~ bhattaṃ - rice
~ apacissaṃsu – had cooked
~ nissaṃsayaṃ - certainly
~ amhākaṃ - our . gen .pl of amha
~ sevakā – servants
~ idha - here
~ āgamma – having come
~ bhuñjissanti – would eat

4. Sace tumhe pāpāni kammāni akarissatha, maraṇā paraṃ manussattaṃ

neva labhissatha.
· If you had committed evil deeds, you would not have attained
human life after death.
~ Sace – if
~ tumhe – you
~ pāpāni – evil. Adj of kammāni
~ kammāni – deeds . nt.acce.pl of kamma
~ akarissatha – had done or had comitted
~ maraṇā paraṃ - after death
~ manussattaṃ - human life . nt . acc. sg of -tta
~ neva – not
~ labhissatha – would obtain

5. Yadi corā tara gantvā amussa gahapatino gehaṃ pavisissaṃsu,

rājapurisā sabbe te agaṇhissaṃsu.
· If the theieves, having gone there, entered into the house of that
householder, the police men would take all of them.
~ Yadi – if
~ corā – robbers. m. nom.pl of cora
~ tara – there
~ gantvā – having gone
~ amussa – that
~ gahapatino – of the householder
~ gehaṃ - house
~ pavisissaṃsu – had entered into
~ rājapurisā – police men
~ sabbe te – all of them
~ agaṇhissaṃsu – would have taken or arrested

6. Asukiyā duhitari nahāyituṃ nadiṃ gacchantiyaṃ yadi tvaṃ pharusāya

vācāya taṃ na akkhosisse, na hi tava pitā tvaṃ evaṃ paharissā.
· When that daughter was going to the river to take bath, if you had
not abused her by the coarse word, certainly your father would not
have beaten you thus.
~ Asukiyā – that woman
~ dudhitari – daughter
~ nahāyituṃ - to take bath
~ nadiṃ - the river
~ gacchantiyaṃ - when or while ------was going to
~ yadi – if
~ tvaṃ - you
~ pharusāya – coarse or rough
~ vācāya – by or with word
~ taṃ - her
~ na – not
~ akkhosisse – had abused
~ na – not
~ hi – certainly
~ tava pitā – your father
~ tvaṃ - you
~ evaṃ - thus
~ paharissā – would have bitten

7. Sace ayaṃ rājā attano pitaram dhammikaṃ rājānaṃ na avadhissā, ajja

idheva sotāpatti-phalaṃ pāpunissā.
· If this king had not killed the king who is his father and righteous,
today he would have attained the fruit of the stream-winner here.
~ Sace – if
~ ayaṃ - this
~ rājā – king
~ attano pitaram
~ dhammikaṃ
~ rājānaṃ - the king
~ na – not
~ avadhissā – had killed
~ ajja – today
~ idheva – only here, here itself
~ sotāpatti-phalaṃ - the fruit of the stream-winter
~ pāpunissā – would attain

8. Sace tvaṃ amuni bhaṇḍāni amuyā itthiyā na adadisse, kathaṃ sā tāva

dubbalā duggatā itthī tāni attano gehaṃ pati aharissā?
If you had not given that goods to that woman, how would the woman, so
weak and poor carry them to her house?
~ Sace – if
~ tvaṃ - you
~ amuni – that
~ bhaṇḍāni – goods
~ amuyā – to that
~ itthiyā – woman
~ na – not
~ adadisse, had given
~ kathaṃ
~ sā -
~ tāva bubbalā – so weak
~ duggatā – so poor
~ itthī – the woman
~ tāni – them
~ attano – her
~ gehaṃ - house
~ pati – to / toward
~aharissā – would carry or bring
9. Sace asukā purisā amūni dārūni atra ānayissaṃsu, idāniyeva mayaṃ
atra aggiṃ jālayissamhā.
· If those men had brought those fire woods here, now we would
have kindled fire here.
~ Sace – if
~ asukā – that
~ purisā – men
~ amūni – that
~ dārūni – fire woods
~ atra – here
~ ānayissaṃsu – āneti, ānayati (to bring, to lead)
~ idāniyeva – now
~ mayaṃ - we
~ atra – here
~ aggiṃ - fire
~ jālayissamhā – kindlej. Jāleti, jālayati √jāl + e + ti

10.Sace tumhe majjhime vayasi dhanaṃ ajjayissatha, na hi evaṃ idāni

pacchime vayasi dāliddiyena pīḷitā abhavissatha.
· If you had earned wealth at the middle age, certainly you would
not be oppressed by poverty at the last age.

~ Sace – if
~ tumhe – you
~ majjhime vayasi – at the middle age
~ dhanaṃ - wealth
~ ajjayissatha – had earned
~ na – not
~ hi – certainly
~ evaṃ - thus
~ idāni – now
~ pacchime vayasi – at the last age
~ dāliddiyean – by poverty
~ pīḷitā – oppressed
~ abhavissatha – would be
b. translate into pāḷi.
1. Had you been here yesterday, I also would have come here.
● yadi tvam hiyyo idha abhavisse, ahampi idha āgacchissaṃ.
~ Had
~ you – tvaṃ
~ been – abhavisse
~ here – ihda
~ yesterday –hiyyo
~ I also – ahampi
~ would have come – āgacchissam
~ here – idha

2. Had he been so poor, how could he maintain so large family?

● Yadi so tāva duggato abhavissā, kathaṃ so tāva mahantaṃ kulaṃ
arakkhissā.
~ Had
~ he – so
~ been – abhavissā
~ so poor – tāva duggato
~ how – kathaṃ
~ could
~ he – so
~ maintain – arakkhissā
~ so large family? – tāva mahantaṃ kulaṃ
 3. Had they learned neither art nor science, how could we call them
“learned”.
· Sace they vijjaṃ vā sippaṃ vā na uggaṇhissaṃsu (sikkhissaṃsu),
kathaṃ mayaṃ te “paṇḍitā”ti avadissamhā (bruveyyāma,
brūvissamhā).
~ Had
~ they – te
~ learned – uggaṇhissaṃsu
~ neither – neva vā
~ art – vijjaṃ
~ nor
~ science – sippaṃ
~ how – kathaṃ
~ could
~ we – mayaṃ
~ call – vadissamhā
~ them – te
~ “learned” – “paṇḍitā”ti

4. Had you wanted to sell your house, we would have bought it.
● Sace tvaṃ tava gehaṃ vikkiṇituṃ icchisse, mayaṃ taṃ akiṇissamhā.
~ Had
~ you – tvaṃ
~ wanted – icchisse
~ to sell - vikkiṇituṃ, vikketuṃ
~ your house – tava gehaṃ
~ we – mayaṃ
~ would have bought – kiṇissamhā
~ it –taṃ
 5. I saw yesterday such and such persons conversing secretly with this man
near that big tree.
· Ahaṃ asukassa mahantassa rukkhassa avidure (samīpe) iminā
(anena) purisena rahasā sallapante asuke ca asuke ca purise hiyyo
apassiṃ.
~ I – ahaṃ
~ saw – passiṃ
~ yesterday – hiyyo
~ such and such persons – asuke ca asuke ca purise
~ conversing – sallapante
~ secretly – rahasā
~ with this man – iminā (anena) purisena
~ near – samīpe / avidure
~ that big tree – tassa mahantassa rukkhassa

6. Give these clothes to such and such boys and girls.

· Imāni vatthāni asukānaṃ asukānaṃ kumārānaṃ kumārikānaṃ ca
dehi.
~ Give – dehi / dadāhi
~ these clothes – imāni vatthāni
~ to such and such boys – asukānaṃ asukānaṃ kumārānaṃ
~ and girls – kumārikānaṃ ca

7. Where is the man coming from, while it rains so heavily?

● Vuṭṭhiyaṃ tāva bāḷhaṃ patantiyaṃ (deve —vassante), so puriso kuto
āgacchati?
~ Where – kuto
~ is
~ the man – puriso
~ coming from, - āgacchati
~ while
~ it rains – vuṭṭhyaṃ tāva bāḷham patantiyaṃ
~ so heavily?
8. had I not gone there earlier, there would have been a great quarreal
among our relatives.
· Sace ahaṃ kālasseva tatra nāgcchissaṃ, amhākaṃ ñātīnaṃ antare
mahākalaho abhavissā.
~ had
~ I – ahaṃ
~ not gone – na agacchissaṃ
~ there – tatra
~ earlier – kālasseva
~ there would have been – abhavissā,
~ a great quarreal – mahākalaho
~ among our relatives, amhākaṃ ñātīntaṃ antare
9. Had you advised me thus earlier, I would have not done so.
· Sace tvaṃ kālasseva maṃ evaṃ ovadisse, ahaṃ tathā (evaṃ)
nākarissaṃ.
~ Had
~ you – tvaṃ
~ advised – ovadisse
~ me – maṃ
~ thus – evaṃ
~ earlier – kālasseva
~ I – ahaṃ
~would have not done – na karissaṃ
~ so – evaṃ, tathā
1) Verbs (ākhyāta) & Verbal forms
A: verbs = verbal base + verbal termination = verb
Root + conjugational sign (7; lesson-34) + verbal termination = verb
(i) present tense (lesson 1 to 4)
(ii) future tense (lesson 5)
(iii) imperative (lesson 6)
(iv) optative (lesson 7)
(v) past (lesson 8) (ajjatanī)
(vi) conditional mood (lesson 27)
(vii) parokkhā (lesson -28)
(viii) hiyyatanī (lesson-28)

B: verbal forms
(i) gerund & infinitive (lesson - 9)
(ii) past participle (lesson - 15)
(iii) present participle (lesson -22)
(iv) agent noun (lesson - 22)

2) Nouns (nāma)
A: gender
i) masculine gender

ii) neuter gender

iii) feminine gender

B: stem
i) vowel stem
A: masculine gender
Buddha
Muni
Senānī
Garu
Vidū
Go
B: neuter gender
Citta
Aṭṭhi
Sudhī
Āyu
Gotrabhū
C: feminine gender
Kaññā
Ratti
Nadī
Yāgu
Vadhū

ii) consonantal stem

Dhavant
Cakkhumant
Dhanin
Gacchant
Manas
Nattar
Pitar
Mātar
Attan
Rājan
Brahman
Sakhin

Noun (nāma)
i) suddhanāma
ii) sabbanāna (pronoun)
a) Demonstrative; ta (tad), eta, ima, amu asu
b) Relative; ya (yad)
c) Interrogative; kiṃ
d) Indefinitive; koci
 e) Personal pronoun; ta, tumha, amha

3) Prefixes; pa, parā

4) Indeclinable; ca, vā, saha, saddhiṃ, pi, api, iti

1) Verb
(i) verbal base + verbal termination = verb
(a) Dhāva + ti = dhāvati (to run)
(b) Kiṇā + ti = kiṇāti (to buy)
(c) Dese + ti = deseti (to expound)
(d) Karo + ti = karoti (to do)
Verbal termination
1. Present tense
2. Future tense
3. Imperative
4. Optative
5. Past tense
6. Conditional mood

(ii) root + conjugational sign + verbal termination = verb

(a) √dhāv + a + ti = dhāvati
(b) √kī + nā + ti = kiṇāti
(c) √dis + e + ti = deseti
(d) √kar + o + ti = karoti
Conjugational sign
(1) A: √dhāv + a + ti = dhāvati, √pac (to cook) + a + ti = pacati, √rud + a + ti =
rodati (to cry)
(2) (ṃ) a: √bhu(ṃ)j + a + ti = bhuñjati, √bhi(ṃ)d + a + ti = bhindati (to break)
(3) Ya: √ghā + ya + ti = ghāyati (to smell), √jan + ya + ti = jāyati (to be born)
√budh + ya + ti = bujjhati (to know), √nat + ya + ti = nacca (to dance)
(4) Nu> no, nā, unā: √su + nu > ṇo + ti = suṇoti, √su + nā + ti = suṇāti
√sak + nu > no + ti = sakkoti (to be able), √sak + unā + ti = sakkuṇāti
Pa √ap + unā + ti = pāpuṇāti
(5) Nā: √kī + nā + ti = kiṇāti (to buy), √ji + nā + ti = jināti (to conquer), √lu + nā
+ ti = lunāti (to cut)
(6) O : √kar + o + ti = karoti (to do), √tan + o +ti = tanoti (to spread)
(7) E, aya: √dis + e/aya + ti = deseti /desayati (to expound), √cur + e/aya + ti =
coreti /corayati

√dā + (a) + ti = dāti (to give)

√ṭhā + (a) + ti = ṭhāti (to stand)

2) Verbal forms
(i) gerund: tvā, ya
a) Verbal base + (i) + tvā = gerund: dhāva + (i) + tvā = dhāvitvā (having
ran), kiṇā + (i) + tvā = kiṇitvā (having bought), dese + (-) +tvā =
desetvā (having expounded), karo + (i) + tvā = karitvā (having done),
bhuñja + (i) + tvā = bhuñjitvā (having eaten), chinda + (i) + tvā =
chinditvā (having cut), vada + (i) + tvā = viditvā (having said)
b) Root + (i) + tvā = gerund: √kī + tvā = ketvā (having bought), √su +
tvā = sutvā (having listened), √bhuj + tvā = bhutvā (having eaten),
√kar + tvā = katvā (having done), √vad + tvā = vatvā (having said)
c) Root with prefix + ya = gerund: ādā + ya = ādāya (having taken),
uṭṭhā + ya = uṭṭhāya (having stood), ni √sad + ya = nisajja (having
sat),
(ii) infinitive: tuṃ
a) Verbal base + (i) + tuṃ = infinitive: dhāva + (i) + tuṃ =
dhāvituṃ (to run), kiṇā + (i) + tuṃ = kiṇituṃ (to buy), dese +
(-) + tuṃ = desetuṃ (to expound), karo + (i) + tuṃ = karituṃ
(to do)
b) Root + (i) + tuṃ = infinitive: √kī + tuṃ = ketuṃ (to buy), √kar
+ tu = kātuṃ, kattuṃ (to do), √su + tuṃ = sotuṃ (to listen),
√bhuj + tuṃ = bhuttaṃ, bhottuṃ (to eat)
 (iii) past participle: ta, na
a) Verbal base + (i) + ta = past participle: dhāva + (i) + ta = dhāvita (ran),
kiṇā + (i) + ta = kiṇita (brought), dese + (i) + ta = desita (expounded),
karo + (i) + ta = karita (done), bhuñja + (i) + ta = bhuñjita (eaten)
b) Root + (i) + ta = past participle: √kī + ta = kīta, √kar + ta = kata, √ram
+ ta = rata (delighted in), √bhuj + ta = bhutta (eaten)
c) Root in d and r + na = past participle: √bhid + na = bhinna (broken),
√chid + na = chinna (cut), √rud + na = runna (cryed, wept), √tar + na
= tiṇna (crossed over), √pūr + na = puṇṇa (fulfilled), √car + na = ciṇṇa
(praised)

(iv) present participle

Verbal base + nt, māna, āna = present participle: dhāva + nt = dhāvant,
dhāva + māna = dhāvamāna, dāva + āna = dhāvāna, gaccha + nt = gacchant,
gaccha + māna = gacchamāna, gaccha + āna = gacchāna

(v) agent noun

a) Verbal base + tar = sara + tar = saritar (one who remember), paca + tar
= pacitar (one who cooks), dese + tar = desetar (one who expounds)
b) Root + tar = agent noun: √kar + tar = kattar (one who does; doer),
√han + tar = hantar (one who hunts; hunter), √gam + tar = gantar (one
who goes; goer), √vad + tar = vattar (one who speaks; speaker)

The use of the verbal forms

1) Gerund: when two or more actions are the same subject, the previous action
is used with the gerund. E.g
● Sūdo odanaṃ pacati bhuñjati.
Sudo odanaṃ pacitvā bhuñjati.
1) The cook, having cooked rice, eats.
2) The cook, after cooking rice, eats.
3) The cook cooks rice and eats.
 ● Sūdo odanaṃ pacati bhuñjati sayati.
Sudo odanaṃ pacitvā bhutvā sayati.
1) The cook, having cooked rice and eaten, lies down.
2) The cook, after cooking rice and eating, lies down.
3) The cook cooks rice, eats and lies down.

2) Infinitive: the subject of the infinitive is the same with the subject of the
main verb. Eg
● Ahaṃ dhammaṃ sotuṃ icchāmi.
I wish to listen to the Dhamma.
3) Past participle.
● Active
Puriso āgacchati. The man comes.
Puriso āgato. The man came. He has come. He had come.
Āgato puriso. The man who came. The man who has come or who had
come.
● Passive:
Sūdo odanaṃ pacati. The cook cooks rice.
Sūdena odano pacito.
The rice was cooked by the cook.
The rice has been cooked by the cook.
The rice has been cooked by the cook.
● Sūdena pacito odano
The rice which was cooked by the cook
The rice which has been cooked by the cook
The rice which had been cooked by the cook
The rice cooked by the cook.
4) Present participle
a) To express the action happening at the same time
So sallapati. He converses.
So hasati. He laughs.
So sallapanto hasati. While talking he laughs.
 b) As a noun
Paraṃ viheṭhayati. One hurts another.
Paraṃ viheyanto - one who hurts another
Na samaṇo hoti - is not a monk.

c) As an adjective
Dhammaṃ anussaranto bhikkhu saddhammā na parihāyati
The monk who calls to mind the Dhamma does not falls away from
the true doctrine.
d) To express the idea or should one or if one should
Ākaṅkhati - to wish
Tathāgato ākaṅkhati. The Buddha wishes
Tathāgato ākaṅkhamāno, kappaṃ vā tiṭṭheyya kappāvasesaṃ vā.
If the Buddha should wish, he would stand for kappa or kappāvasea.

5) Agent noun
Accusative & genitive + agent noun
a) Kammaṃ kattā (one who does work; maker of the work)
b) Kammassa kattā
c) Attano sakhāraṃ jetā mitto na hoti.
One who conjures his friend is not a friend.