Transformers

 It is a static electrical machine which transfers AC electrical power from one circuit to the
other circuit at the constant frequency, but the voltage level can be increased or decreased
according to the requirement.
 Principle - Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction which states that “the
magnitude of voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux.”
 Necessity of a Transformer - Electrical power is generated at 11KV. For economical
reasons AC power is transmitted at very high voltages say 220 kV or 440 kV over long
distances. Therefore a step-up transformer is applied at the generating stations.
 For safety reasons the voltage is stepped down to different levels by step down transformer
at various substations to feed the power to the different locations and thus the utilization of
power is done at 400/230 V.
 If (V1 < V2) the voltage is raised on the output side and is known as
Step-up transformer
 If (V1 > V2) the voltage level is lowered on the output side and is known as
Step-down transformer
Construction of a Transformer - It mainly consists of
 1) Magnetic circuit (consisting of core, limbs, yoke and damping structure).
 2) Electrical circuit (consisting of primary and secondary windings)
 3) Dielectric circuit (consisting of insulations in different forms and used at different
places)
 4) Tanks and accessories (conservator, breather, bushings, cooling tubes, etc.)
 Position of the windings concerning the core
 Core type Shell type
 Transformation ratio or number of turns in the windings
 Step up Step down
 Types of services
 Power transformer, Distribution transformer, Instrument transformer
 Current transformer, Potential transformer, Auto-transformer
 On the basis of the supply
 Single-phase, Three-phase
Parts of Transformers
 Core – it acts as a support to the winding in the transformer. It provides a path to the
flow of magnetic flux.
 made up of a laminated soft iron core in order to reduce the losses in a transformer.
 factors such as operating voltage, current, power etc decide core composition.
 core diameter is directly proportional to copper losses and inversely proportional to
iron losses.
 Windings – the set of copper wires wound over the transformer core
 Primary winding: The set of turns of windings to which supply current is fed.
 Secondary winding: The set of turns of winding from which output is taken.
 Copper - high conductivity & minimizes the loss in a transformer (conductivity
resistance)
 Insulation Agents - Insulation is necessary for transformers to separate windings from
each other and to avoid short circuit.
 Insulation medium in a transformer:
 Insulating oil
 Insulating tape
 Insulating paper
 Wood-based lamination
Working of Transformers
 The working of the transformer is based on the principle of mutual inductance between
two coils which are magnetic coupled.
 It consists of two inductive coils; primary winding and secondary winding.
 the coils are electrically separated but magnetically linked to each other.
 when an alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding of the transformer, an
alternating flux ϕm which is called as the mutual flux is produced around the winding.
 This alternating flux links both the windings magnetically and induces EMFs E1 in the
primary winding and E2 in the secondary winding of the transformer according to
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
 Most of the flux gets linked with the secondary winding which is called as 'useful flux' or
main 'flux', and the flux which does not get linked with secondary winding is called as
'leakage flux'.
 This emf is called 'mutually induced emf', and the frequency of mutually induced emf is
same as that of supplied emf.
 If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then mutually induced current flows through
it, and hence the electrical energy is transferred from one circuit (primary) to another
circuit (secondary).
Losses in Transformers
 Resistive loss, or I2R loss, or copper loss, is the power loss in a transformer caused by the
resistance of the copper wire used to make the windings.
 Eddy current loss is power loss in a transformer or motor due to currents induced in the
metal parts of the system from the changing magnetic field.
 Hysteresis loss is loss caused by the magnetism that remains (lags) in a material after
the magnetizing force has been removed.
 Flux loss occurs in a transformer when some of the flux lines from the primary do not
pass through the core to the secondary, resulting in a power loss.
EMF Equation of Transformers
 When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the primary of the transformer it draws magnetizing
current to set up flux in the core.
 The flux links to the secondary and produces EMF.
 EMF equation of the transformer by calculating the rate of change of the flux in one cycle
of the AC waveform.
 Induced EMF in the primary and secondary of the transformer also depends on the turn
ratio of the transformer.
 The ratio of secondary EMF to primary EMF is called the voltage transformation ratio
of the transformer.
 The ratio of primary turns to secondary turns is called the transformer turns ratio(TTR)
 The EMF induced in primary =

 The EMF induced in secondary =

 The minus sign indicates that the voltage induced in the primary and secondary opposes the
applied voltage
 The flux in the core changes from + Фm to -Фm in 1/2f seconds.