DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA

EET229
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING II

Prescribed Book:
B.L. THERAJA and A. K. Theraja, A Textbook Of
Electrical Tech. Vol. 1 Basic Electrical Engineering

Group A Group B
1. Engr. Prof. C.O. Alenoghena 1. Engr. Dr. Henry Ohize
2. Engr. Dr. K. E. Jack 2. Mr. Mike Akogbe
Venue: LT1 Venue: PTDF HALL
 Code of Conduct
• Attendance
• Sign register each week.
• Minimum attendance of 75% is mandatory.
• Classroom behaviour:
• Arrive on time for lectures and be prepared (self study).
• Usage of cell phones in the class is prohibited
• Responsibility of students
• Success of learning in the course. Write all tests and hand in
assignments/practical work as at when due.

2
Course Synopsis (2)
PART-II
• Electrical Machines:
• Transformers (description, operation,
losses, cooling methods,
autotransformers, current
transformers).
• D.C. motors and generators
(characteristic features, operation with
relevant equations, curves, types,
application).
3
 EET229
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING II

PART-II

Electrical Machines:
Transformers

Lecture 5
 Transformers
• Transformers -description,
operation, losses, cooling
methods,
• Autotransformers,
• Instrument Transformers
(current transformers and
Voltage transformers)

5
 Transformer
• An A.C. device used to change high voltage low
current A.C. into low voltage high current A.C.
and vice-versa without changing the frequency
• A transformer is a static electrical machine which
raises or lowers voltage or current at the same
frequency.
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to
another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic
induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other (i.e. It works on
the principle of MUTUAL INDUCTION)
 Principle of operation
It is based on principle
of MUTUAL INDUCTION.
According to which an
emf is induced in a coil
when current in the
neighbouring coil
changes.
 Constructional details
• Main Components of a Transformer
are,
▪ Magnetic core
▪ Primary & Secondary windings
▪ Insulation of windings
▪ Conservator tank & Explosion vent
▪ Bushings
▪ Buchholz relay
▪ Breather
▪ Cooling arrangements
 Conservator and Explosion Vent
• Conservator is used to provide adequate
space for the expansion of oil when
transformer is loaded or when ambient
temperature changes.

• Explosion Vent is used to discharge excess

pressure developed inside the transformer
during loading, to the atmosphere.
 Breather

It sucks the moisture from

the air which is taken by
transformer so that dry
air is taken by
transformer.
 Bushings
• Transformers are connected to high
voltage lines.
• Extreme care should be taken to
prevent the conductors touching the
transformer tank.
• So the connections in and out of the
transformer are made by the use of
bushings. Made of
Porcelain
• Bushings are normally porcelain Insulators
insulators.
Buchholz Relay
• It is a safety device connected
between main tank and conservator
tank.
• In case of slow developing faults, it
sounds an alarm to alert the
operator.
• If serious fault occur in the
transformer, it disconnects the
transformer to protect it.
 Magnetic Core
• Magnetic circuit consists of an
iron core.
• Core is made up of stacks of thin
laminations (0.35mm thickness)
of Cold Rolled Grain Oriented
(CRGO) silicon steel.
• These laminations are lightly
insulated with varnish.
• Two types of magnetic circuit are
core type and shell type.
Magnetic Core
 Constructional detail : Shell type

Windings are
wrapped around the
center leg of a
laminated core.
 Core type

Windings are
wrapped around two
sides of a laminated
square core.
 Sectional view of transformers

Note:
High voltage conductors are smaller cross section conductors than the low voltage coils
Construction of transformer from stampings
Core type

Fig1: Coil and laminations of Fig2: Various types of cores

core type transformer
Shell type

• The HV and LV windings

are split into no. of
sections
• Where HV winding lies
between two LV
windings
• In sandwich coils
leakage can be
controlled
Fig: Sandwich windings
Cut view of transformer
Types of Transformers

22
Types of Transformers

23
Transformer with conservator and breather
 Working of a transformer
1. When current in the primary coil
changes being alternating in
nature, a changing magnetic field
is produced

2. This changing magnetic field gets

associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core

3. Hence magnetic flux linked with

the secondary coil changes.

4. Which induces e.m.f. in the

secondary.
 Ideal Transformers

• Zero leakage flux:

-Fluxes produced by the primary and
secondary currents are confined within the core
• The windings have no resistance:
- Induced voltages equal applied voltages
• The core has infinite permeability
- Reluctance of the core is zero
- Negligible current is required to establish
magnetic flux
• Loss-less magnetic core
- No hysteresis or eddy currents
Ideal transformer

V1 – supply voltage ; I1- noload input current ;

V2- output voltgae; I2- output current
Im- magnetising current;
E1-self induced emf ; E2- mutually induced emf
Phasor diagram: Transformer on No-load
 Transformer on load assuming no voltage
drop in the winding

Fig shows the Phasor diagram of a

transformer on load by assuming
1. No voltage drop in the winding
2. Equal no. of primary and secondary turns
 Transformer on load

Fig. a: Ideal transformer on load Fig. b: Main flux and leakage flux in a transformer
E. M. F EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER
EMF EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER

32
E. M. F EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER

33
E. M. F EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION RATIO (K)

34
Equivalent circuit of a transformer
No load equivalent circuit:
 Transformer Tests
•The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of equivalent circuit
•The four main parameters of equivalent circuit are:

1 R01 as referred to primary (or secondary R02)

2 the equivalent leakage reactance X01 as referred to primary (or secondary X02)
3 Magnetising susceptance B0 ( or reactance X0)
4 core loss conductance G0 (or resistance R0)

THE ABOVE CONSTANTS CAN BE EASILY

DETERMINED BY TWO TESTS
• Open circuit test (O.C test / No load test)
• Short circuit test (S.C test/Impedance test)

These tests are economical and convenient

- these tests furnish the result without actually loading the transformer
 Types of Losses in a Transformer
• There are various types of
losses in the transformer
such as iron loss, copper
loss, hysteresis loss, eddy
current loss, stray loss, and
dielectric loss.
• The hysteresis losses occur
because of the variation of
the magnetization in the
core of the transformer and
the copper loss occurs
because of the transformer
winding resistance.

37
Losses in a Transformer
• Iron Losses
Iron losses are caused by the alternating flux in the core of the
transformer as this loss occurs in the core it is also known as Core
loss. Iron loss is further divided into hysteresis and eddy current
loss.

38
Losses in a Transformer
• Hysteresis Losses
The core of the transformer is subjected to an alternating magnetizing force, and for each cycle
of emf, a hysteresis loop is traced out. Power is dissipated in the form of heat known as
hysteresis loss and given by the equation shown below:

• Where
• KȠ is a proportionality constant which depends upon the volume and quality of the material
of the core used in the transformer,
• f is the supply frequency,
• Bmax is the maximum or peak value of the flux density.

The iron or core losses can be minimized by using silicon steel material for the construction of the
core of the transformer.

39
Losses in a Transformer
• Eddy Current Losses
• When the flux links with a closed circuit, an emf is induced in the circuit
and the current flows, the value of the current depends upon the
amount of emf around the circuit and the resistance of the circuit.
• Since the core is made of conducting material, these EMFs circulate
currents within the body of the material. These circulating currents are
called Eddy Currents. They will occur when the conductor experiences
a changing magnetic field. As these currents are not responsible for
doing any useful work, and it produces a loss (I2R loss) in the magnetic
material known as an Eddy Current Loss.

40
 Losses in a Transformer
• Eddy Current Losses
• The eddy current loss is minimized by making the core with thin
laminations.
• The equation of the eddy current loss is given as:

Where,
Ke – coefficient of eddy current. Its value depends upon the
nature of magnetic material like volume and resistivity of
core material, the thickness of laminations
Bm – maximum value of flux density in wb/m2
T – thickness of lamination in meters
f – frequency of reversal of the magnetic field in Hz
41
V – the volume of magnetic material in m3
Losses in a Transformer
• Copper Loss Or Ohmic Loss
• These losses occur due to ohmic resistance of the transformer
windings. If I1 and I2 are the primary and the secondary current. R1 and
R2 are the resistance of primary and secondary winding then the
copper losses occurring in the primary and secondary winding will be
I12R1 and I22R2 respectively.
• Therefore, the total copper losses will be

• These losses varied according to the load and known hence it is also
known as variable losses. Copper losses vary as the square of the load
current.

42
Losses in a Transformer
• Stray Loss
➢The occurrence of these stray losses is due to the presence of leakage
field.
➢The percentage of these losses are very small as compared to the iron
and copper losses so they can be neglected.

• Dielectric Loss
➢Dielectric loss occurs in the insulating material of the transformer that
is in the oil of the transformer, or in the solid insulations.
➢When the oil gets deteriorated or the solid insulation gets damaged, or
its quality decreases, and because of this, the efficiency of the
transformer gets affected.

43
 Methods of Cooling of Transformers

• Air natural
• Air Blast
• Oil natural
• Oil blast
• Forced circulation of oil
• Oil and water cooled
• Forced oil and water cooled
Transformers

• Transformers -description, operation,

losses, cooling methods,
• Autotransformers,
• Instrument Transformers (current
transformers and Voltage transformers)

45
 Autotransformers

• Definition

• Uses of auto-transformer

• Advantages and disadvantages

• Rules that will be applied when connecting two

winding transformer as an autotransformer

 Autotransformers
• Auto Transformer is a kind of electrical transformer, where primary and
secondary shares same common single winding.
• Is an electrical transformer with only one winding
 Uses of Autotransformers

Uses of auto-transformer
• Obtaining variable output voltages

• Interconnection of power systems with

different voltages

• To give small boost to a distribution

cable to correct for the voltage drop

• Use in control of equipment for 1-phase

and 3-phase electric locomotives, etc
 Advantages of Autotransformers

Advantages of Auto-transformer
• Ohmic loss and copper loss are lowered

• Better efficiency than normal transformer

•
• Lowered leakage flux, leakage impedance
•
• Superior voltage regulation

• Weighs less

• Copper savings, etc

 Disadvantages of Autotransformers

Disadvantages of auto-transformer
• The main disadvantage is the direct connection between
the low voltage and the high voltage windings.

• Open circuit in the common winding would cause a

dangerously high voltage on the low side.

• If the value of [a] differs greatly from unity, the economic

advantages over a two winding transformer decreases, etc
 Autotransformers Contd…
Question
• A single-phase-auto transformer has a voltage ratio 220-V:110-V and supplies a load of 1-
kVA at 110-V. Assuming an ideal transformer, determine the current in each section of the
winding and draw a labelled diagram indicating the directions of current flow
 Autotransformers Connection Rules
Rules that will be applied when connecting two winding transformer as an
autotransformer
• The current in any winding should not exceed its nominal current rating
• The voltage across any winding should not exceed its nominal voltage rating
• If rated current flows in one winding, rated current will automatically flow in the other
winding ( reason: the ampere-turns of the of the winding are always equal)
• If the rated voltage exists across one winding, rated voltage automatically exists across
the other winding (reason: the same mutual flux links both windings).
• The voltages add when terminals of opposite polarity are connected together by
means of a jumper. The Voltages subtract when terminal of same polarity are
connected together.
 Autotransformers Contd…
Question
A 0.1 kVA, 230/15.6 V, 50 Hz transformer is to be connected so as to form a
step-up autotransformer with additive polarity, compute
a. The current capacity of both winding of conventional transformer
b. The secondary voltage of the autotransformer
c. The secondary apparent power of the auto-transformer
d. The percentage increase in apparent power rating of this transformer
over the transformer ratings in the conventional 230/15.6, 50 Hz
transformer.
 Autotransformers Contd…
Question
A 100 kVA two-winding transformer supplied with 2.2kV having a primary
to secondary turns ratio of 400 to 80 is connected as an auto-transformer
with additive polarity,
a. Compute the original current capacity of the HV and LV winding of the
two-winding transformer

b. With the secondary current of the transformer calculated in (a),

calculate kVA rating of the auto-transformer, the input current I1, the
common winding current Ic.

c. Comment on your findings of the kVA rating and current capacities of

the auto-transformer
Autotransformers Contd…
Autotransformers Contd…

Power transformed Stransformed =V2I2

Power conducted=Srated – Stransformed

 Autotransformers Contd…
• A single-phase, 2400/240-V, 120-kVA two-winding transformer is
connected as an auto-transformer with additive polarity.

• Determine the kVA rating of the auto-transformer and also the power
transformed and the power conducted.

• Draw the circuit diagram and show the current distribution.

• If the efficiency of the two-winding transformer is 98 percent on full-load

at unity power factor, find the efficiency of the auto-transformer on full-
load at unity power factor.
 Autotransformers Contd…
For the two-winding transformer:

Or
Contd…
Transformers

• Transformers -description, operation,

losses, cooling methods,
• Autotransformers,
• Instrument Transformers (current
transformers and Voltage transformers)

60
 Instrument Transformers
Current Transformer

• Current transformers reduce line current to a proportionally lower current (e.g.

5 A) for metering or relaying
 Contd…

Instrument Transformers
Current Transformer

Applications of Current Transformers

• To measure or monitor current in line, and

• To isolate the metering and relay equipment connected to the secondary side
 Contd…
Instrument Transformers
Current Transformer

• Why you should never open the secondary circuit of a current transformer
while current is flowing in the primary circuit.
• If the secondary is accidentally opened, the primary current I1 continues
to flow unchanged because the impedance of the primary is negligible
compared to that of electrical load.
• The line current thus becomes the exciting current of the transformer
because there is no further bucking effect due to the secondary ampere-turns.
• Because the line current may be 100 to 200 times greater than the normal
exciting current, the flux in the core reaches peaks much higher than normal.
 Contd…

Instrument Transformers
Potential/Voltage transformers

• Devices that reduce line voltage to a proportionally lower and safer voltage (110

V) for metering and relaying.

• its primary winding connected in shunt with a power supply circuit, the voltage of

which is to be measured or controlled.

 Contd…

Instrument Transformers
Voltage transformer

Applications of Voltage Transformers.

• To measure or monitor voltage on transmission lines, and √

• To isolate the metering equipment from these lines

Contd…
Self-Assessment Exercise
Self-Assessment Exercise
Self-Assessment Exercise
Self-Assessment Exercise