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Week-1 Module-1 What Is Geographic Information System(s)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computer-based systems designed to manage and analyze spatial data from various sources, enabling users to visualize and interpret this information. GIS transforms raw data into meaningful information, facilitating applications across multiple fields such as transportation, hydrology, and demographics. The technology has evolved from digital cartography and database management systems, making it unique in handling spatial information and connections based on location.

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Bohar singh Brar Brar
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14 views19 pages

Week-1 Module-1 What Is Geographic Information System(s)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computer-based systems designed to manage and analyze spatial data from various sources, enabling users to visualize and interpret this information. GIS transforms raw data into meaningful information, facilitating applications across multiple fields such as transportation, hydrology, and demographics. The technology has evolved from digital cartography and database management systems, making it unique in handling spatial information and connections based on location.

Uploaded by

Bohar singh Brar Brar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Geographic Information Systems

What is Geographic Information Systems?


Dr. Arun K. Saraf,
Professor
Department of Earth Sciences

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Geographic Information Systems

Roger Tomlinson (“The Father of GIS")

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(a)

(b)

Source: Anderson 1988

3
What is Geographic Information System?
• Geographic
– Relates to places on the Earth's surface where
something is?
– What is at a given location?
• Information System
– Manipulate, summarize, query, edit, visualize
– Work with information stored in computer
databases

4
Definition of Geographic Information Systems

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer


based information system designed to accept large
volumes of spatial data derived from variety of sources
and to efficiently store, retrieve, analyze, model and
display (output) these data according to user defined
specifications.

5
Data vs. Information
Data, by itself, generally differs from Information
Data is of little use unless it is transformed into
information
Information is an answer to a question based on raw
data
GIS can transform data into information

6
Data Computer Information GIS Knowledge

7
GIS, GPS & Remote Sensing are
generic, spatial and digital technologies

8
GIS concepts are not new!

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Crop estimation
• GIS is also used satellite and

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/geographic-information-system-gis/
remote-sensing data to explore
patterns and relationships.
• Here, such digital data offers
estimates of average wheat yields
in the Punjab for 2000-2008.
• Red shows areas with highest
yields, blue shows lowest yields,
and white are non-wheat areas
(e.g. towns).
• Black lines show the location of
major surface water canals,
where yields tend to be higher.

10
GIS: historical background

This technology has developed from:


– Digital cartography and CAD
– Data Base Management Systems

ID X,Y ID ATTRIB
1 1 1
2 2
2 3 3
3

CAD System Data Base Management System

11
Overview of GIS

Spatial
data are
organized
into layers

12
13

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/geographic-information-system-gis/
14
15
Why is GIS unique?

• GIS handles Spatial information


- Information referenced by its location in space
• GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial
proximity

16
What is GIS used for?
Who? What:
Transportation
• Government
Hydrology
• Industry Geology
• Academics Demographics
Crime
Health
…

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Define problem

Get software
& hardware

Stages in
Gather & clean
GIS project data

Do analysis

Interpret &
present results

18
THANKS

19

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