Production of Starch based Bioplastic from

Agricultural Products

First Project Progress Report

Submitted by
Amar Jyoti Goswami (210910010002)
Bikash Deka (210910010009)
Pritam Kalita (210910010041)
Barasha Nath (210910010046)
B.Tech (7th Semester)

Under the supervision of

Mr. Hemantajeet Medhi
Assistant Professor, HOD

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

BINESWAR BRAHMA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KOKRAJHAR, ASSAM–783370
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION AND LITERAUTURE REVIEW

The major sources of land pollution include plastics, metal and glass containers, food wrapping,

worn-out machinery, old furniture, garbage, etc. Plastics have become a large environmental

problem. The daily use of plastics in different sectors have been shown in figure 1.1. The

prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics being economical and durable, which

lends to high levels of plastics used by humans. According to statistical data the world produces

350 million tonnes of plastic each year. Recent high quality suggests that between 1 and 2 million

tonnes of plastic enter the oceans annually . Plastic is slow to degrade and plastic pollution can

unfavourably affect lands, water ways and oceans. Living organisms, particularly marine

organisms which includes both the flora and fauna, can also be affected through entanglement,

direct assimilation of plastic waste, or through contact with chemicals within the plastics and cause

interruptions in bio functions of the living organisms. Even humans are also not free from the

hazardous cause of plastic pollution; they suffer from the disruption of the thyroid hormone levels.

The extensive use of petroleum-based plastics for over a century has caused environmental

damage and raised concerns about future petroleum shortages. This has driven the search for

sustainable alternatives. Synthesizing biopolymers through microbial fermentation is typically

costly due to the need for microbes, nutrient mediums, and carbon substrates. A new approach

involves using agricultural waste to replace these expensive substrates. In countries like Malaysia,

where crops like pineapple, sugarcane, and oil palm are abundant, the waste from these crops can

be recycled to produce poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) , a type of biodegradable plastic. This method

not only reduces costs but also helps manage agricultural waste. The goal is to create

biodegradable plastics that can decompose naturally, thus reducing the environmental impact of

plastic waste. Using agricultural waste to produce bioplastics offers a sustainable solution to the
problem of plastic pollution and helps conserve natural resources by reducing reliance on

petroleum.

Percentage use of plastics in different sectors of daily life

Packaging Textiles Consumer Products

Electronics Building and construction Other
Transportation Industrial Equipments

Figure 1.1. Chart Showing use of plastics in different sectors of daily life

1.1. Bioplastics

1.1.1. Definition

Bioplastics are biodegradable materials that come from renewable sources and can be used to

reduce the problem of plastic waste that is suffocating the planet and contaminating the

environment. Some bioplastics are obtained by processing directly from natural biopolymers

including polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, chitosan, and alginate) and proteins (e.g., soy

protein, gluten, and gelatin), while others are chemically synthesised from sugar derivatives (e.g.,

lactic acid) and lipids (oils and fats) from either plants or animals, or biologically generated by

fermentation of sugars or lipids .

1.1.2. Types of Bioplastics

1. Polylactic Acid

Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable and eco-friendly thermoplastic polyester derived

from renewable resources like corn starch or sugarcane. It offers excellent

biodegradability, making it suitable for single-use items like packaging and cutlery.

However, PLA has limitations in terms of heat resistance and mechanical strength, which

can restrict its applications.

2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a class of biodegradable polyesters produced by

various microorganisms. These polymers offer a sustainable alternative to traditional

plastics, as they can be derived from renewable resources and decompose naturally in the

environment. PHAs exhibit a wide range of properties, including thermoplasticity,

biocompatibility, and biodegradability, making them suitable for various applications such

as packaging, medical devices, and agriculture. However, their higher production cost

compared to conventional plastics remains a challenge, limiting their widespread adoption.

3. Starch-based plastics

Starch-based bioplastics, primarily made from starch and plasticizers, offer a sustainable

alternative to traditional plastics. They can be processed into various forms like films,

capsules, and molded products using conventional techniques. While pure starch is brittle,

blending it with biodegradable polyesters or other polymers enhances its properties and

expands its applications. These bioplastics are widely used in packaging, particularly for

food and consumer goods, and have the potential for various industrial applications.

Additionally, incorporating nanomaterials into starch-based bioplastics further improves

their performance and opens up new possibilities.

 4. Cellulose-based plastics

Cellulose bioplastics are mainly the cellulose esters (including cellulose acetate and

nitrocellulose) and their derivatives, including celluloid.

Cellulose can become thermoplastic when extensively modified. An example of this is

cellulose acetate, which is expensive and therefore rarely used for packaging. However,

cellulosic fibres added to starches can improve mechanical properties, permeability to gas,

and water resistance due to being less hydrophilic than starch.

5. Protein-based plastics

Bioplastics can be made from proteins from different sources. For example, wheat gluten

and casein show promising properties as a raw material for different biodegradable

polymers.

Additionally, soy protein is being considered as another source of bioplastic. Soy proteins

have been used in plastic production for over one hundred years. For example, body panels

of an original Ford automobile were made of soy-based plastic.

There are difficulties with using soy protein-based plastics due to their water sensitivity

and relatively high cost. Therefore, producing blends of soy protein with some already-

available biodegradable polyesters improves the water sensitivity and cost.

1.1.2. History of bioplastics

The history of bioplastics dates back over a century, reflecting the evolving understanding and

technology surrounding materials derived from biological sources.

Early Developments:

1. 1862 - Parkesine:

The first synthetic plastic, created by Alexander Parkes, derived from cellulose. It was a

precursor to modern plastics but not widely adopted.

2. 1907 - Bakelite:

Although not a bioplastic, Bakelite, invented by Leo Baekeland, marked the beginning of

synthetic plastics, leading to interest in alternatives.

Mid-20th Century:

3. 1940s - WWII Innovations:

The war effort spurred research into new materials, including natural polymers.

4. 1960s - Modern Bioplastics:

Interest in bioplastics revived with the development of new polymers from renewable sources,

such as starch-based plastics.

1980s - 1990s:

5. PLA Development:

Polylactic acid (PLA) was developed in the 1980s by Cargill and later commercialized. It

became one of the first widely recognized bioplastics.

6. PHA Discovery:

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were discovered as a natural form of bioplastic produced by

microorganisms, attracting interest for their biodegradability.

21st Century:

7. Growth and Adoption:

The early 2000s saw increased consumer awareness and demand for sustainable products,

driving bioplastic development.

Companies began integrating bioplastics into packaging, agriculture, and consumer products.

8. Regulatory Support:

Governments started promoting bioplastics through policies and incentives, further bolstering

the market.
 Recent Developments:

9. Research and Innovation:

Ongoing advancements aim to improve the performance and reduce the costs of bioplastics.

Innovations include bio-based composites and new biodegradable materials.

10. Circular Economy Initiatives:

Bioplastics are increasingly viewed as part of a circular economy, focusing on reducing waste

and enhancing sustainability.

1.1.3. Significant properties of bioplastics

Bioplastics are distinguished by several significant properties that make them an attractive alternative

to conventional petroleum-based plastics.

1. Physical properties: Bioplastics exhibit a range of physical properties that can vary

i. Density: Bioplastics generally have densities similar to conventional plastics, but this

significantly depending on their chemical composition and intended application. can

vary depending on the type of bioplastic. For instance, PLA (polylactic acid) typically

has a density of about 1.24 g/cm³, similar to PET (polyethylene terephthalate),

whereas PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates) has a density of around 1.25 g/cm³ .

ii. Mechanical strength: Polylactic acid has a tensile strength of approximately 50-70

MPa, comparable to some conventional plastics like polyethylene terephthalate.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates, depending on their composition, can exhibit tensile

strengths similar to polypropylene. Bioplastics such as PLA have good flexural

strength, making them suitable for applications requiring rigidity and form stability.

iii. Elasticity: Polylactic acid has a Young's modulus of about 3.5-4 GPa, indicating its

relatively high stiffness. Polyhydroxyalkanoates can be more flexible with lower

modulus values, closer to those of polyethylene and polypropylene. Bioplastics such

 as polylactic acid have good flexural strength, making them suitable for applications

requiring rigidity and form stability .

2. Chemical properties: Bioplastics are characterized by several notable chemical properties

that differentiate them from conventional plastics. These properties influence their

performance, degradation behaviour, and suitability for various applications.

i. Polymer composition: Bioplastics are composed of polymers derived from

renewable sources. The two most common types are:

(a) Polylactic Acid (PLA): Derived from lactic acid, which is obtained through the

fermentation of carbohydrates such as corn starch or sugarcane. PLA is a linear

aliphatic polyester with the repeating unit –[–O–CH(CH3)–CO–]– .

(b) Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): Produced by microbial fermentation, these are a

family of polyesters with varying side chains. The general structure is –[–O–

CHR–CH2–CO–]–, where R varies depending on the specific type of PHA .

ii. Chemical reactivity: PLA is sensitive to hydrolysis when exposed to bases and

nucleophiles, which can break down the ester bonds. It is relatively stable under acidic

conditions. PLA can also be chemically modified to improve properties such as flexibility

and impact resistance. PHAs are more chemically stable but can undergo hydrolysis

under alkaline conditions. They are resistant to many solvents but can be dissolved by

chlorinated solvents [12].

1.1.4. Applications of bioplastics

Bioplastics have a wide range of applications across various industries due to their environmentally

friendly properties and versatility. Here are some key applications of bioplastics:
1. Packaging

i. Food Packaging: Bioplastics like PLA and PHAs are commonly used in food

packaging due to their ability to provide a good barrier against gases and moisture.

They are used in containers, bottles, trays, and wraps .

ii. Flexible Packaging: Bioplastics are used in flexible packaging applications such as

bags, pouches, and films. They offer benefits like biodegradability and

compostability, reducing plastic waste.

2. Agriculture

i. Mulch Films: Biodegradable mulch films made from bioplastics are used to cover

soil, helping to retain moisture, control weeds, and improve crop yield. These films

degrade naturally, eliminating the need for removal and disposal .

ii. Plant Pots and Seedling Trays: Bioplastic pots and trays are used in horticulture and

agriculture. They can be planted directly into the soil, where they decompose and

add organic matter.

3. Medical and healthcare

i. Surgical Implants: Biocompatible bioplastics like PLA are used for temporary

surgical implants, such as screws, pins, and plates, that gradually degrade in the body

as the tissue heals.

ii. Drug Delivery Systems: Bioplastics are used in drug delivery systems to create

biodegradable carriers that release medication over time.

iii. Medical Devices: Bioplastics are used in various medical devices, including sutures,

stents, and tissue engineering scaffolds.

1.2. Status of bioplastics

Bioplastics in the world is rapidly evolving as shown in figure 1.2.1., reflecting significant growth

and innovation driven by increasing environmental concerns and legislative pressures. Globally,

the bioplastics market is experiencing robust expansion, with production capacities expected to

rise substantially over the next decade. Europe and North America are leading in the adoption and

development of bioplastics, propelled by stringent regulations aimed at reducing plastic waste and

promoting sustainable materials. The Asia-Pacific region is also emerging as a significant player

due to its substantial agricultural resources and growing industrial capabilities. Major industries

such as packaging, agriculture, and consumer goods are incorporating bioplastics to address

sustainability goals and meet consumer demand for eco-friendly products. The bioplastic market

is also increasing as shown in figure 1.2.2

Figure 1.2.1. Global production capacities of bioplastics

 Figure 1.2.2. Biodegradable plastic market size report, 2022-2027

1.3. Sources of bioplastic

1. Bioplastic from animal-based sources: Bioplastic can also be produced from animal

parts. For example : One of the derivatives of chitin, which is found in the exoskeletons of

crustaceans like shrimp and crabs that is chitosan can be used to produce biodegradable

films and coatings. A protein found in milk, casein can be used to produce bioplastics.

Historical examples include casein-based plastics like galalith.

2. Bioplastic from microbial sources: There are certain bacteria that can produce

polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) through the fermentation of sugars or lipids. PHAs are a

family of biodegradable polyesters produced by microbial fermentation. Algae can be a

source of polysaccharides and other compounds that can be converted into bioplastics.

Algal bioplastics are still largely in the research and development stage but hold promise

for sustainable production.

3. Bioplastic from cellulose based sources: Cellulose from wood pulp is used to produce

cellophane and other cellulose-based plastics. These materials are biodegradable and

derived from sustainable forestry practices. Cellulosic materials from agricultural residues,
 such as straw or husks, can be used to produce bioplastics. These residues are an abundant

and low-cost source of cellulose.

4. Bioplastic from agro-waste based sources: Bioplastics made from agricultural waste

represent a promising and sustainable approach to reducing plastic pollution and enhancing

resource efficiency. Agricultural waste, such as crop residues, fruit peels, and other

byproducts, provides an abundant and renewable source of raw materials for bioplastic

production .

Our project focuses on production of bioplastics from agro-waste. We have used wheat powder,

curry banana peel, water lily bulb, vinegar, glycerol, sorbitol for this purpose.

1.4. Literature Review

Author Year Work

Jayachandra Yaradoddi, 2016 Major land pollution sources include

Vinay Patil, Sharanabasava plastics, metals, and glass, with America

Ganachari,Nagaraj producing 25 billion plastic bottles

Banapurmath,Anand annually, harming the environment, water,

Hunashyal, Ashok Shettar oceans, and living organisms. Researchers

explored biodegradable plastics from

banana peels as a solution. The

methodology involved drying and blending

banana peels, synthesizing bioplastics in a

two-phase process, and testing

 biodegradability through soil burial and

weight loss measurement. Results showed

minimal integrity change, water

absorption, stability, and high crystallinity,

with heat treatment reducing crystallinity.

Nur Athirah Huzaisham and 2020 Over 114 million metric tons of banana

Noraini Marsi peels are discarded annually, sparking

environmental concerns. Researchers

created biodegradable plastics using

banana peel extract and tapioca starch

composites, testing eight concentrations

for FTIR analysis, SEM, biodegradability,

and tear resistance. The 10 wt.% banana

peel concentration showed optimal

mechanical performance and tear

resistance, degrading 65.1% in eight

weeks, outperforming commercial samples

(29.5%). Banana peels' nutrient content

supports microbial growth, enhancing

decomposition, demonstrating potential as

an eco-friendly alternative to traditional

plastics with improved biodegradability

and mechanical properties.

S. Chodijah et al 2019 Researchers produced biodegradable films

from kapok banana peel pectin for food

 packaging, reducing plastic waste

pollution. Pectin extraction yielded 11.55%

moisture, 3.060% ash, and 3.906%

methoxyl content, classified as low

methoxyl. Adding 2% sorbitol created

biodegradable films, characterized for

thickness, solubility, tensile strength, and

elongation. Optimal film properties were

achieved with 5g pectin: 0.00311cm

thickness, 63.63% water resistance,

10.5620MPa tensile strength, and

elongation above 50%, demonstrating

potential for sustainable replacement of

traditional plastics in food packaging.

Baru Debtera 2019 Plastics, derived from petroleum,

contribute significantly to environmental

pollution, prompting the development of

eco-friendly bioplastics from renewable

biomass like starch. This study focuses on

producing bioplastics from banana peels,

abundant in Ethiopia, utilizing starch

extraction and characterization. The

research involves mixing starch with HCl

and glycerol, adjusting pH for flexibility,

and testing mechanical properties, yielding

 optimal conditions for bioplastic synthesis.

Results show promise for sustainable

replacement of traditional plastics, with

recommendations for future research on

lignin removal, cellulose optimization, and

biodegradability testing to enhance

bioplastic performance and environmental

benefits.

Shady Essam Ramzy 2019 The plastic industry faces pollution and

Taodharos recycling challenges, prompting

exploration of alternatives. Bio-plastic

from banana peels offers a low-cost

solution, utilizing waste peels rich in starch

and cellulose. A prototype was developed

by boiling, drying, and pureeing peels, then

combining with HCl, glycerol, and NaOH.

Tests showed optimal film formation and

flexibility with added sodium

metabisulfite. This bio-plastic costs half of

petroleum-based plastic, enhancing

industrial efficiency and economic

applications, and recommends sodium

bicarbonate preservation and centralized

factory production for scalable, sustainable

plastic alternatives.
Prof. Dr. M.U. Charaya 2022 Research explores sustainable solutions

(Rtd), across various fields, including

photosynthetic pigments, essential oils,

bioplastics, and medicinal plants.

Chlorophyll extraction from algae and

plants utilizes solvents like acetone,

methanol, and ethanol. Essential oils

enhance silkworm growth, while

bioplastics from banana peels offer eco-

friendly plastic alternatives. Studies in

Algeria and Kabylia document traditional

medicinal plant uses and soil-vegetation

interactions, revealing potential for

environmental protection, improved

healthcare, and economic development in

rural communities, contributing to a more

sustainable future.

Muhammad Ilham, 2024 This study investigates bioplastics from

Mamauod1Mohd Hafiz Abu banana peel starch, addressing mechanical

Hassan ,and Siti Nur Liyana and degradation issues. Banana peels

Mamauod (18.5% starch) were extracted and mixed

with glycerol, calcium carbonate, and

sodium hydroxide. Tests showed higher

glycerol concentrations increased

biodegradation and solubility, while 1%

 glycerol optimized tensile strength. The

bioplastics demonstrated potential as

sustainable plastic alternatives, with future

research directions including co-

biopolymers and performance tests to

enhance industrial applications, offering a

promising solution to environmental

pollution.

N A Razak, NA Yahaya, R N 2020 This study explores bioplastics from

A Rohmadi, N S Nordin banana peel starch, addressing mechanical

and degradation issues, finding that higher

glycerol concentrations increase

biodegradation and solubility, while 1%

glycerol optimizes tensile strength,

demonstrating potential as sustainable

plastic alternatives to mitigate

environmental pollution.

Aster Taddtle 2019 This study synthesizes bioplastic from

banana peels, analyzing HCl, glycerol,

temperature, and hydrolysis effects using

Box-Behnken design. Optimal conditions

yield bioplastic with 9.348 MPa tensile

strength and 48.388% biodegradability.

Drying temperature and HCl concentration

impact tensile strength, while glycerol and

 hydrolysis time affect elongation. Adding

calcium carbonate improves water

resistance, supporting sustainable solutions

to reduce plastic pollution, with

recommendations to extract starch from

banana peels, explore component

interactions, and utilize alternative waste

fillers.

Khadiga Mohammed 2021 Environmental pollution prompts a shift

from petro-plastics to bio-based products,

with bioplastics derived from renewable

sources like vegetable oils and agricultural

waste offering a solution. Using banana

peels, rich in starch, this study produced

bioplastics by mixing banana paste with

HCl and U-POX oil, analyzing the product

through FTIR spectroscopy and GC-MS.

The results yielded a fuel-like top layer

(naphtha light fuel) and a water-based

bottom layer, with thermal degradation

analysis revealing ash formation,

demonstrating banana peel bioplastics'

potential as an eco-friendly alternative to

traditional plastics.
Gnanendra Kiran V, Kavi 2021 This study develops biodegradable

Varsha A, Vijayalaksmi M, intravenous tubes using banana peel starch-

Anisha M, Vigneshwari N, based bioplastics, offering an eco-friendly

Gokul M, Vishnuvarthanan alternative to traditional plastics.

Characterization studies evaluate water

Govindaraj, Ezhil E Nithila,
swelling, moisture content, solubility, soil
M.Bebin, T.Arun Prasath
degradation, and tensile strength, with

sample BPS-II exhibiting high tensile

strength and stiffness. FTIR analysis

reveals functional group variations and

molecular interactions, confirming

biodegradability. The bioplastic

demonstrates potential for medical

applications, including 3D printing of

intravenous tubes, with benefits of faster

degradation and reduced environmental

impact.

M O Ramadhan and M N 2020 This study explores transforming food

Handayani waste into biodegradable bioplastics for

food packaging, tackling plastic waste and

greenhouse gas emissions. Food waste (1.3

billion tons/year) contributes to

environmental pollution and economic

losses but can be converted into bioplastics

using renewable resources like cassava

 peel, banana peel, pineapple peel, durian

seed, jackfruit seed, avocado seed, and

chicken feathers. These bioplastics offer

superior material properties, reduced

carbon footprint, and lower energy costs,

promoting environmental sustainability

and reducing waste and pollution through

optimal production methods and

component ratios.

Izzah Aqilah Arifin, Noraini 2024 This study explores transforming food

Marsi,, Anika Zafiah Mohd waste into biodegradable bioplastics for

Rus, Iylia Izzati Jamal, food packaging, tackling plastic waste and

Asmadi Md Said greenhouse gas emissions. Food waste (1.3

billion tons/year) contributes to

environmental pollution and economic

losses, but can be converted into bioplastics

using renewable resources like cassava

peel, banana peel, pineapple peel, durian

seed, jackfruit seed, avocado seed, and

chicken feathers. These bioplastics offer

superior material properties, reduced

carbon footprint, and lower energy costs,

promoting environmental sustainability

and reducing waste and pollution through

 optimal production methods and

component ratios.

Manali Shah , Sanjukta 2021 Petrochemical-based plastics contribute to

Rajhans, Himanshu A. environmental pollution and health risks,

Pandya and Archana U. prompting a shift towards bioplastics

Mankad derived from renewable sources like starch,

cellulose, biomass, and waste materials

(e.g., orange peels). Bioplastics, such as

polylactide acid (PLA) and chitin/chitosan,

offer advantages including

biodegradability, compostability, and

reduced carbon footprint. Despite

limitations, the global bioplastic market is

growing, driven by increasing demand for

sustainable alternatives. Transitioning to

bioplastics is essential for environmental

protection and sustainability, necessitating

continued research and development to

overcome existing disadvantages and

harness their full potential.

Htun Htun Naing, Htay Htay 2019 Petrochemical-based plastics contribute to

Shwe, Ni Ni Pe, Yazar Tun environmental pollution and health risks,

prompting a shift towards bioplastics

derived from renewable sources like starch,

cellulose, biomass, and waste materials.

 Bioplastics, such as PLA and

chitin/chitosan, offer advantages including

biodegradability, compostability, and

reduced carbon footprint. The global

bioplastic market is growing, driven by

demand for sustainable alternatives,

making transitioning to bioplastics

essential for environmental protection and

sustainability, necessitating continued

research and development.

Risti Ragadhita, Meli 2022 Researchers developed bioplastics from

Fiandini1, Risa Nofiani, cassava starch and banana peel powder to

Obie Farobie, Asep Bayu address plastic waste and support

Dani Nandiyanto, Achmad sustainable development. Varying ratios of

Hufad, Ahmad Mudzakir, cassava starch and banana peel were

Willy Cahya Nugraha, I. evaluated, revealing optimal properties at a

Istadi 15:1 ratio, with improved elasticity and

sturdiness. However, higher banana peel

content led to brittleness and stiffness.

Biodegradability tests showed 89% weight

loss in the 15:1 ratio sample, driven by

water immersion and microbial activity,

demonstrating potential for these

bioplastics to replace traditional plastics

and promote environmental sustainability.

Fauziah Rismawati, 2023 This study addresses plastic pollution by

Feronika Heppy Sriherfyna, developing starch bioplastics reinforced

Firda Aulya Syaman with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from

water hyacinth, an invasive aquatic weed.

CNC isolation involved alkalization, acid

hydrolysis, and sonication, followed by

bioplastic production combining starch,

glycerol, and acetic acid with CNC. Results

showed improved mechanical properties

with optimal tensile strength at 6% CNC

concentration, biodegradability in soil

burial tests, and unique CNC structures.

This sustainable approach reduces plastic

waste, utilizes an invasive species, and

enhances bioplastic properties for potential

applications in replacing traditional

plastics.

Mary Jane Tolentino, 2024 Growing concerns over plastic pollution

Kathryn Jean Crisostomo, drive the development of bioplastics, with

Sarah Grace Cabug, Ruth water lilies identified as a promising

Ann Bitos, source. Research on water lily-derived

bioplastics reveals their biodegradability,

Andrea Jan Manaloto,
varying tensile strengths, and
Krystle Marie Compuesto,
decomposition times based on glycerin
Krishia Alleyson Peralta,
content. These bioplastics offer a
Franchesca Angel Marie M. renewable, sustainable alternative to fossil

Tus, fuel-based plastics, reducing greenhouse

gas emissions and supporting a circular

Mary Criss M. Tus, Jhoselle
economy. With further development, water
Tus, & Francis Rayo
hyacinth bioplastics can significantly

mitigate plastic waste and promote

environmentally friendly practices,

aligning with global efforts to address

plastic pollution and climate change.

Apzelia Angel Duruin, 2022 Researchers developed biodegradable

Xylthea Faith Lalantacon, bioplastics using water hyacinth,

Jorge Gabriel Leysa, Rogelio addressing environmental challenges

Lucero lll,Ralph Adrian posed by non-biodegradable plastics.

Obena, Alisha Sapal, Merlyn Mixing extracted water hyacinth with

Leysa,Anamarie Valdez, cornstarch and glycerin, they tested tensile

Hassanal Abusama strength and biodegradability. Results

showed increased glycerin enhanced

weight capacity, with biodegradability

ranging from 8-22.6 days, outperforming

commercial plastics (150+ days). Optimal

weight capacity was achieved with 30g of

water hyacinth, demonstrating potential for

sustainable, renewable bioplastics to

reduce plastic waste and promote

environmental conservation.
Neegam Nain, Katoch 2019 Researchers developed biodegradable

Gunjan Kumar, Renu bioplastics from water hyacinth,

Sharma, Marpu Adi addressing plastic waste and environmental

Lakshmi, Anmol Singh concerns. By mixing extracted water

hyacinth with cornstarch and glycerin, they

, Shiwani Guleria Sharma
created bioplastics with enhanced weight

capacity and biodegradability, ranging

from 8-22.6 days, significantly

outperforming commercial plastics which

take over 150 days to decompose,

showcasing potential for sustainable,

renewable bioplastics.

Saiful , H Helwati, S Saleha, 2019 Researchers developed biodegradable

T M Iqbalsyah bioplastics from janeng starch, derived

from Dioscorea spp., for food packaging.

The starch was isolated, processed, and

combined with glycerol to create

transparent films with optimal tensile

strength (20.95 kgf/mm²), high water

interaction, and good oxygen permeability.

FTIR analysis revealed hydrogen bonding

and functional groups, while organoleptic

tests demonstrated effective preservation

of fruit color and vitamin C content over

seven days, enhancing shelf life. These

 bioplastics offer an eco-friendly alternative

to petroleum-based plastics, reducing

waste and pollution, and are suitable for

packaging fruits and vegetables.

Faiza Rasheed 2011 Researchers propose replacing petroleum-

based products with renewable bioplastics

derived from wheat gluten proteins,

offering a sustainable, biodegradable, and

environmentally friendly alternative.

Wheat gluten, a bio-ethanol by-product,

boasts favorable viscoelastic and

thermoplastic properties. Genetic

engineering, processing methods, and

biocomposites enhance gluten-based

bioplastics. This shift mitigates

environmental threats, reduces fossil fuel

reliance, and promotes socio-economic

benefits, including cost-effectiveness and

rural economic growth, addressing petro-

based plastics' significant environmental

concerns and supporting sustainability.

Md Abdullah-Al-Rahim 2021 Wheat gluten-based bioplastics offer a

sustainable, biodegradable alternative to

traditional plastics, leveraging gluten's

unique viscoelastic and thermoplastic

 properties. Various processing techniques,

such as casting, extrusion, and

thermoforming, enhance gluten's

properties, while additives like plasticizers,

fillers, and crosslinkers improve

mechanical properties and thermal

stability. Applications include food

packaging, cosmetics, and biomedical

uses, with blending options like PLA

enhancing performance. Despite mass

production challenges, wheat gluten

bioplastics show potential for replacing

petroleum-based plastics, reducing

environmental concerns and promoting

sustainability, warranting further research

to fully exploit gluten's properties.

S Hemsri et al 2015 Researchers blended wheat gluten (WG)

with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) to

create biodegradable plastics, improving

flexibility, impact strength, and water

resistance. Glycerol plasticization

enhanced mechanical properties but

compromised water resistance. ENR

incorporation boosted elongation, impact

strength, and water resistance due to its

 hydrophobic nature. The optimal WG/ENR

blend showed superior tensile and impact

properties, with significant tensile strength

and elongation gains, and homogeneous

morphologies, demonstrating potential for

sustainable, biodegradable plastics to

replace petroleum-based materials.

Lim, Jae-Kag 1989 Researchers investigated bioplastics from

wheat starch and gluten at temperatures

Fujio, Yusaku
above 120°C, using the Koka Flow Tester

and differential scanning calorimetry.

Wheat starch crystallinity was destroyed at

160°C, transitioning to an amorphous

structure, while wheat gluten bioplastics

exhibited thermoplastic properties and a

non-crystalline structure. Density

variations showed heterogeneous, porous

starch bioplastics and smoother,

homogeneous gluten bioplastics. Stress

pressure influenced density below 120°C,

and higher temperatures increased

randomness in starch arrangements,

demonstrating potential applications in

food processing technologies.

Neha Patni, Pujita Yadava, 2014 Wheat gluten (WG) is a promising

Anisha Agarwal and Vyoma biodegradable polymer alternative to

Maroo nondegradable plastics, driven by India's

projected sixfold plastic consumption

growth by 2030. WG's unique

composition, disulfide bonds, and

viscoelastic network make it suitable for

film production, enhanced by plasticizers,

reinforcing materials, and cross-linking

agents. Biodegradable WG composites

exhibit good gas barrier properties, thermal

susceptibility, and mechanical

performance, with glycerol content

affecting water absorption and processing

conditions influencing thermal behavior.

Fully biodegradable within 36 days and

non-toxic to microorganisms, WG can

approach commercial polymer properties

with optimization, making it an ideal

sustainable material for packaging

applications.

Zuo Min , Yihu Song , Qiang 2008 Wheat gluten's cohesive and elastic

Zheng properties make it suitable for

biodegradable films and bioplastics.

Reducing agents (sodium sulfite, bisulfite,

 thioglycolic acid) decreased Young's

modulus, improved strain hardening, and

enhanced elastic recovery, particularly

sodium bisulfite, in thermo-molded gluten

bioplastics. Thermo-molding created a

permanent crosslinked network resistant to

water, with no significant differences in

moisture absorption or weight loss. SEM

micrographs showed coarse fracture

surfaces with microfibrils, indicating

reducing agents didn't inhibit crosslinking.

This study demonstrates the potential for

tailoring gluten bioplastics' properties

using reducing agents, making them

suitable alternatives to synthetic

thermoplastics.

Janet Taylor,Joseph O. 2015 Zein, kafirin, and wheat prolamins have

Anyango, unique structures and properties

influencing bioplastic functionality, with

and John R. N. Taylor
composition and extraction methods

affecting properties. They self-assemble

into nanostructures via β-sheet orientation,

driven by hydrophobic interactions.

Various methods form bioplastics,

including microparticles, films, coatings,

 sponges, hydrogels, fibers, and

thermoplastics. Enhancements come from

solvation, plasticization, cross-linking, and

chemical derivatization, while blending

with synthetic or natural polymers

improves mechanical strength and water

barrier properties. Understanding prolamin

interactions is crucial for improving

functionality, with potential applications in

biomedicine, packaging, and sustainable

materials, though ensuring safety and

nonimmunogenicity remains a challenge.

Lidia S Zarate-Ram ´ırez, 2010 Global plastic consumption grows 5%

annually, with bioplastics comprising 5-

Inmaculada Mart´ınez,
10% of the EU market. Wheat gluten-based
Alberto Romero,Pedro Partal
bioplastics were studied, blending gluten,
and Antonio Guerrero
glycerol, and water, then thermomolded

into probes. Higher mixing temperatures

lowered specific mechanical energy and

improved processability, but excessive heat

caused drying and cross-linking.

Thermomolding at 130°C optimized

network structure, while high shear and

temperature promoted cross-linking,

reducing solubility. Moderate mixing

 temperatures enhanced water absorption,

showing potential for sustainable

packaging applications, offering an eco-

friendly alternative to petroleum-based

plastics.

Garima Goswami ,Manisha 2015 Research explores various topics, including

Giri Goswami ,Priyanka bioplastics made from potato peel starch

Purohit and glycerol for biodegradable

applications. Textile effluents containing

heavy metals threaten water quality and

human health, with ozonation and

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)

offering treatment solutions. Additionally,

studies investigate PVC degradation

reduction, non-Newtonian fluids,

electrically conducting fluids, and image

compression using RVM and RLE

encoding. Physics and engineering projects

include measuring a simple pendulum's

time period and designing timers and

seven-segment displays. Literature review

techniques, such as OPINE, extract product

features from text, while experiments

examine the effects of pH and metal ions

on wastewater treatment and solar heat

 collection systems with flat plate

collectors.

Nurul Aina Ismaila, Syuhada 2015 Research explores diverse topics:

Mohd Tahirb, Norihan
Yahyac, bioplastics from potato peel starch and
Muhamad Firdaus Abdul
Wahidd, Nur Ezzati glycerol for biodegradable applications,
Khairuddine, Ibtihah
Hashimf, textile effluent treatment using ozonation
Nurfarhana Roslig, Maryam
and Advanced Oxidation Processes, PVC
Aqilah Abdullahh
degradation reduction, non-Newtonian

fluids, image compression via RVM and

RLE encoding, pendulum motion

measurement, timer design, and literature

review techniques. Studies also investigate

effects of pH and metal ions on wastewater

treatment, solar heat collection with flat

plate collectors, and harmful impacts of

metal ions like cadmium on human health,

highlighting the importance of sustainable

solutions and innovative technologies.

Esen Gökçe Özdamara , 2018 The shift towards a circular economy

Murat Ateşb necessitates reconsidering production and

consumption patterns, particularly in food

packaging, driving research into

bioplastics derived from renewable starch

sources like corn, potato, wheat, and

tapioca, offering fossil resource savings

 and potential carbon neutrality. Bioplastics

show promise in architectural applications,

with experiments blending starch with

natural and synthetic fibers to improve

moisture resistance and strength, despite

challenges like moisture susceptibility, low

strength, and recycling complexities.

Collaboration between architects,

engineers, and material scientists is crucial

for developing sustainable, cost-effective

bioplastic solutions to replace traditional

construction materials and mitigate

environmental issues related to fossil

resource consumption.

Hangbo YUE, Yingde CUI, 2011 Concerns over synthetic plastic pollution
Guoqiang YIN, Zhenyu JIA
and Liewen LIAO have led to research on biodegradable

bioplastics from low-cost natural proteins,

with cottonseed protein, abundant in

China, being underutilized due to thermal

processing issues. This study develops

cottonseed protein-based bioplastic sheets

using cross-linking agents (formaldehyde,

glyoxal, glutaraldehyde) and glycerol,

enhancing thermal stability, mechanical

strength, and water resistance.

 Crosslinking forms new bonds, reduces

moisture evaporation, and increases tensile

strength and Young's modulus, while

decreasing elongation at break and water

absorption, with CP-GA showing 30%

absorption after 24 hours, compared to

43% for non-crosslinked sheets,

demonstrating potential for sustainable,

biodegradable materials.

Koen J.A. Jansens, Lien 2017 Research on gluten-based bioplastics

Telen, Kevin Bruyninckx, examines gliadin and glutenin fractions'

Nhan Vo Hong, Abrehet mechanical properties, altered by

F.Gebremeskel, Kristof compression molding temperatures and

Brijs, Ignace Verpoest, times, affecting cross-linking degree, water

Mario Smet, Jan A. Delcour, absorption, and strength. Disulfide bonds

Bart Goderis dominate at 130°C, while non-disulfide

bonds contribute at 150°C. Uniaxial

compression and bending tests reveal

correlations between shear yielding and

crazing stresses. Aging impacts mechanical

performance, enhancing order and density

in gliadin-rich materials. The study

develops a protocol to differentiate flexural

strength contributions from interactions

and network features, optimizing gluten-

 based bioplastics for sustainable

applications.

Eman H. Abed, Hind S. 2024 Rice husk, a dehulling by-product, is being

Abdulhay, Adnan H. Abbas recycled due to socioeconomic and

environmental concerns surrounding non-

biodegradable plastic waste. Bioplastics,

made from biological polymers, offer a

sustainable alternative. This study isolates

cellulose from rice husk and synthesizes

bioplastics using sorbitol, glycerol, and

acetic acid, showing highest solubility in

water. Additives like glycerol enhance

solubility and mechanical properties, while

the extraction process affects cellulose's

structure. The study aims to develop

rapidly biodegradable bioplastics for food

packaging, reducing greenhouse gases,

plastic waste, and fossil fuel usage.

Arifa Shafqat, Arifa Tahir, 2020 This study explores converting rice husk, a
Waheed Ullah Khan,Adeel
waste by-product, into biodegradable
Mahmood And Ghulam
bioplastics, tackling socioeconomic and
Hassan Abbasi
environmental concerns related to non-

biodegradable plastic waste. Cellulose is

isolated from rice husk and combined with

sorbitol, glycerol, and acetic acid to

 synthesize eco-friendly bioplastics,

demonstrating highest solubility in water,

enhanced by glycerol, and impacted by

extraction processes affecting cellulose

structure. The resulting bioplastics offer a

promising alternative to conventional

plastics, suitable for food packaging, and

contributing to reduced greenhouse gas

emissions, plastic waste, and fossil fuel

usage, thereby addressing environmental

concerns while utilizing agricultural waste.

Anagha Ashok, R. Abhijith, 2018 This study develops biodegradable

C. R. Rejeesh bioplastics from corn and rice starch, using

glycerol and sorbitol as plasticizers and

agricultural waste as fillers, to reduce

reliance on fossil fuels and plastic

pollution. Results show optimal plasticizer

amounts, varied moisture content, water

absorption, solubility, biodegradability,

and mechanical strength. RTV silicone

coating enhances water resistance and

reduces biodegradability, demonstrating

starch-based bioplastics' potential as

sustainable alternatives to conventional

 plastics, mitigating plastic pollution and

promoting eco-friendly solutions.

Youquan Zhou , Yunqing He, 2022 Chitin bioplastics, derived from arthropod

Xiaoying Lin , Feng Yue , exoskeletons, offer a sustainable

Mingxian Liu alternative to fossil fuel-based plastics,

boasting biodegradability, non-toxicity,

and abundance. Higher chitin

concentrations enhance surface

smoothness, crystallinity, mechanical

strength, and barrier properties, with

excellent light transmittance, UV

shielding, flame retardancy, and thermal

stability. Completely biodegradable in soil

within seven weeks, chitin bioplastic

exhibits negligible cytotoxicity, making it a

promising eco-friendly replacement for

petrochemical plastics in applications like

straws, cups, and protective films,

addressing plastic pollution and reducing

greenhouse gas emissions.

Manali Shah , Sanjukta 2021 Petrochemical plastics' environmental and

Rajhans, Himanshu A. health impacts have led to a shift towards

Pandya and Archana U. bioplastics, derived from renewable

Mankad sources like starch, cellulose, chitin and

lignocellulosic feedstocks. Bioplastics are

 biodegradable, compostable and energy-

efficient, with applications in packaging,

pharmaceuticals and textiles, utilizing

sources such as corn, potatoes, wheat, rice

and orange peels. Plasticizers like glycerol

enhance properties, making bioplastics a

sustainable alternative to traditional

plastics, despite some drawbacks, driving

market growth and encouraging further

research for environmental benefits.

E. Cortés-Triviño, I. 2018 Petrochemical plastics' environmental and

Martínez health impacts have led to a shift towards

bioplastics, derived from renewable

sources like starch, cellulose, chitin, and

lignocellulosic feedstocks, offering a

biodegradable, compostable, and energy-

efficient alternative for packaging,

pharmaceuticals, and textiles, utilizing

sources such as corn, potatoes, wheat, rice,

and orange peels, with plasticizers like

glycerol enhancing properties.

Nur Farhana Fadzil, Siti 2021 The surge in plastic production, worsened

Amira Othman by the COVID-19 pandemic, necessitates

developing biodegradable materials from

natural sources. Bio-based plastics,

 including agro-polymers, microbial

polymers, and biotechnology polymers,

offer a promising alternative. Combining

biopolymers with nanofillers like chitosan,

clay, zinc oxide, and graphene enhances

mechanical and thermal properties,

providing antibacterial effects. Studies

show significant improvements in tensile

strength, biodegradability, and water

resistance in reinforced bioplastics,

highlighting the potential of nanofillers to

mitigate environmental threats posed by

conventional plastics.

F. Triawan, A.B.D. 2020 This study investigates the effect of

Nandiyanto, I.O. Suryani, M. turmeric microparticles on cornstarch-

Fiandini, B.A. Budiman based bioplastics, revealing that 0.50%

turmeric concentration yields optimal

mechanical properties with a 10.23 MPa

tensile strength. Higher concentrations lead

to cracking, brittleness, and stiffness due to

agglomeration, while turmeric's

antimicrobial properties slow

biodegradability. FTIR analysis shows

weight loss is primarily due to water

dilution, with fungal activity causing

 chemical changes after four weeks,

emphasizing the importance of precise

turmeric amount determination for desired

mechanical properties and biodegradability

in cornstarch-based bioplastics.

Dr. Mukesh Chander 2019 Biodegradable plastics offer an eco-

friendly alternative to traditional plastics,

leveraging agricultural waste like potato

peel, cornhusk, cheese whey, cassava

tubers, banana peels, and wheat straw as

raw materials. These bioplastics

decompose through microorganisms,

reducing environmental harm. Various

methods extract starch and cellulose to

produce poly-hydroxyalkanoates,

polylactic acid, and other biodegradable

plastics, yielding flexible, transparent, and

biodegradable products for packaging,

fertilizers, and more, mitigating solid waste

issues and promoting sustainability

through industrial production using

bacterial strains like Bacillus licheniformis

and Bacillus megaterium.

Cesare Accinelli , M. 2009 A novel granular formulation using

Ludovica Saccà , Hamed K. biodegradable Mater-Bi bioplastic

Abbas , Robert M. effectively delivers non-aflatoxigenic

Zablotowicz , Jeffery R. Aspergillus flavus NRRL 30797 to manage

Wilkinson aflatoxin-producing strains in corn,

comparable to Pesta formulations, with

prolonged propagule reservoirs and

reduced aflatoxigenic isolates. The

biodegradable granules maintain physical

integrity, support fungal growth, and

biodegrade over 60 days, demonstrating

potential for field application and

adaptability for other biocontrol fungi,

providing a practical and efficient method

for managing aflatoxin contamination in

corn.

Dr vishitta Nagraj , Lenit 2023 This research paper explores the innovative

Infanzia, Sadif Anwari production of bioplastics from food waste,

specifically yum and potato peels By

,Harshitha M , Sanjay KN
extracting starch from these peels and

transforming it into broplasties through

various chemical and enzymatic processes.

Also include the effective use of glycerol

and sorbitol as plasticizers

Vivek P. Bhange, Manju 2022 The production of bioplastics from waste

A.Soni, Aeshwarya banana peels offers a cost-effective and

eco-friendly alternative to conventional

P.Kopulwar, Vivek M. plastics, addressing environmental

Nanoti challenges posed by non-biodegradable

materials. Banana peels, rich in starch,

serve as an excellent raw material, reducing

reliance on non-renewable resources.

Incorporating neem extract enhances

bioplastic properties and introduces

pesticidal characteristics, beneficial in

agricultural applications. Previous studies

(Noor et al., 2017; Jayachandra et al., 2016)

demonstrate the viability of banana peel

starch in bioplastic film formation. The

bioplastics' biodegradability, facilitated by

microbial action, surpasses conventional

plastics' persistence in the environment.

Utilizing natural substrates like banana

peels and neem paves the way for

innovative solutions to mitigate plastic

pollution, promoting sustainable practices

in various applications, particularly in

nurseries.

Y E Agustin and K S 2016 Researchers developed biodegradable

Padmawijaya bioplastics from chitosan and kepok

banana peel starch, enhanced with glycerol

and zinc oxide (ZnO), to reduce

 environmental impact and fossil fuel

reliance. The optimal formulation (30%

starch, 4% chitosan, 5 mL glycerol, 5%

ZnO) showed promising antimicrobial

activity against Staphylococcus aureus and

Escherichia coli, and rapid degradation.

Glycerol improved flexibility and

biodegradability, while ZnO enhanced

antimicrobial properties. This sustainable

material has potential for food packaging

applications, addressing challenges

associated with starch-based materials and

contributing to the development of

environmentally friendly alternatives to

traditional plastics.

M. Govarthanan , R. T. Jaisri 2023 The growing concern over plastic pollution

, T. Janavi , J. Joel Giftson ,
K. Kanika , K. Kamini and has sparked interest in bioplastics derived

R. Jasmine from food waste. This study explores using

banana and beetroot peels as substrates for

polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by

Enterococcus fecium, highlighting the

potential of renewable, biodegradable

materials. Food waste, particularly fruits

and vegetables, can be converted into

valuable biopolymers through innovative

 recycling methods. Using waste peels

enhances bacterial growth, reduces the

need for conventional media, and increases

sustainability and cost-effectiveness. The

findings align with existing research

advocating for natural sources, such as

microbial plastic production, as a viable

alternative to traditional manufacturing,

contributing to a promising solution for

reducing environmental impact and

promoting sustainability.

Pratik Patil, Varsha Bhat, 2022 A study, "Bioplastics Made from Kitchen

Mitali Nagotkar,Disha Waste," tackles plastic pollution by

Hebbar exploring bioplastics as a sustainable

alternative. Conventional plastics,

composing 80% of marine debris, take

decades to decompose and harm the

environment. The research utilizes potato,

banana, and orange peels as renewable raw

materials for bioplastic production,

leveraging their abundance. A simple,

home-based process mixes starch from

peels with vinegar and glycerin to enhance

flexibility. Bioplastics reduce greenhouse

gas emissions and toxic runoff,

 contributing to a cleaner environment. This

innovative solution mitigates plastic

pollution, promoting sustainability by

transforming kitchen waste into eco-

friendly bioplastics.

H. K. Abdulkadir, S. A. 2020 Researchers developed coated urea beads

Abdul Shukor, R. Hamzah, using banana peel bioplastics and

N. Z. Noriman, Omar S. epoxidized natural rubber (ENR-50),

Dahham, Saad S. Dahham, offering an eco-friendly alternative to

and N. A. Faris conventional fertilizers. The study

highlights the potential of banana peels as

a sustainable bioplastic source due to their

high starch content and biodegradability.

Incorporating sodium chloride, magnesium

chloride, and magnesium sulfate creates

homogeneous pores for controlled nutrient

release. FTIR analysis confirms functional

group interactions. The combination of

ENR-50 and banana peel bioplastics

enhances coating degradation and

improves plant nutrient uptake,

contributing to efficient fertilizer use and

reduced environmental impact. This

innovative approach aligns with

sustainable agricultural practices,

 mitigating nitrogen pollution and

promoting eco-friendly fertilizer

application.

1.5. Justification of the work

The increased use of conventional plastic can have adverse effects on the environment. Rapid use

of different types of plastic made materials can cause pollution and cause human health issues

once landfilled. Production and utilization of biodegradable bioplastics is a key alternative to

counter this problem as bioplastic can be decomposed with the help of microorganisms and

significantly reduces the environmental pollution . From literature survey, we found that

research works showed method for producing the bioplastic. However, variation in feed material,

feed composition and operating conditions and its impact on the product quality are not easily

accessible. Also, there is huge scope for considering different waste materials and their

combinations to produce high quality bioplastics for commercial purpose. Waste like curry banana peel,

water lily bulb and their mixture can be a good feedstock for producing bioplastics under various

operating conditions and require a broad investigation.

1.6. Objectives

The objectives of our project work are as follows:

a) Production of bioplastic from agro-products with the help of wheat, glycerol and vinegar.

b) To make various types of bioplastics at different operating conditions of feed composition,

temperature and time (by keeping two parameters constant while altering the third

parameter at a time).

c) To conduct different analytical tests for the bioplastic sample such as ‘Soil degradability

test’, ‘Water solubility test’, ‘Dissolution in acetone test’ and ‘pH test’ for quality analysis.
 Chapter 2: Materials & Methodology

2.1 Materials

In this project, we embarked on a sustainable initiative to create bioplastic from locally sourced,
abundant materials. Wheat, water lily bulbs, and curry banana peels, readily available in the
Kokrajhar region, were selected as the primary raw materials. These natural resources, often
discarded as waste, were harnessed to produce a biodegradable and eco-friendly alternative to
conventional plastics.

To facilitate the bioplastic synthesis process, essential chemicals such as glycerol, sorbitol, and
distilled water were procured from the Chemistry Department laboratory at Bineswar Brahma
Engineering College. These chemicals, in conjunction with the natural materials, played a
crucial role in the polymerization reaction, leading to the formation of a bioplastic film. By
utilizing locally sourced materials and laboratory resources, this project aimed to contribute to
a greener future and reduce reliance on harmful, petroleum-based plastic.

(a) (b)

(c ) (d)
 (e ) (f )

Figure 2.1. Preparation of feed for the experimental work [ (a) Wheat, (b) Wheat Powder, (c)
Curry banana Peel, (d) Curry banana Peel Powder, (e) Water lily bulb, (f) Water lily bulb
Powder

2.2. Instruments used

The equipment we have utilized during our experimental work are available at our
institution. The specific apparatus used are mainly beakers, stirring rods, and heating
sources like Bunsen burners or hot plates. The apparatus specifically used in the process
are shown in the figure 2.2.

(a) (b)

Figure 2.2. Different apparatus used during experimental work, (a) Weighing, (b) Magnetic
Stirrer
2.2.1. Weighting Scale
A weighing scale used in a chemical laboratory is typically a precision instrument designed
to accurately measure the mass of substances. These scales often have a digital display for
easy reading and may offer various units of measurement such as grams, milligrams, or
kilograms. We use this instrument for measuring the weight of feed and cornstarch which will
be shown in figure 2.2.(a)

2.2.2. Magnetic Stirrer

This apparatus consists of a heating plate and a magnetic bead. We use the heating plate to
heat the beaker in which the mixture is placed and we use the bead to stir the mixture
continuously, which will be shown in figure 2.2.(b)

2.3. Methodology

Here is a methodology for preparing bioplastics using Wheat, Water lily bulb ,Curry banana
peel, sorbitol, and glycerol :

Glycerol Sorbitol Vinegar

Wheat powder starch

Wheat Powder
suspension

Curry banana peel Curry banana peel powder

Solution
Powder suspension
Mixture

Water lily bulb Water lily bulb powder

Powder suspension

Heating and Stirring

Bioplastic

Figure 2.3. Block diagram of bioplastic preparation from agricultural product

2.2.1 Collection and Preparation of Raw materials

To begin the process, gather the necessary ingredients: wheat, fresh water lily bulbs, and curry
banana peels. The wheat can be sourced from a local rice or wheat mill, or purchased
commercially. For the fresh water lily bulbs and curry banana peels, they should be collected
from a clean and unpolluted water source.

Once collected, the fresh water lily bulbs and curry banana peels must be thoroughly cleaned
to remove any dirt or impurities. This can be done by washing them under running water. After
cleaning, the bulbs and peels should be dried completely, either naturally or using a dehydrator.

The next step involves grinding the dried ingredients into a fine powder. This can be achieved
using a mortar and pestle, a spice grinder, or a blender. It is important to grind each ingredient
separately to ensure a consistent powder texture.

With the dried wheat powder, fresh water lily powder, and curry banana peel powder now
prepared, they are ready to be used in various applications, such as food additives, medicinal

preparations, or cosmetic products.

2.2.2. Preparation of starch suspensions

To prepare starch suspensions for various applications, we begin by gathering separate

containers. Each container will be dedicated to a specific type of starch: water lily bulb starch,
curry banana peel starch, and wheat grain.

Next, we carefully add water to each container, ensuring that the amount of water is sufficient
to fully submerge the respective starch. The water lily bulb starch, known for its unique
properties, is added to the first container. The curry banana peel starch, a less common but
valuable resource, is introduced to the second container. Lastly, the wheat grain, a widely used
and versatile starch, is added to the third container.

With the starches and water combined, we proceed to stir each mixture vigorously. The goal is
to create a smooth and homogenous starch suspension, free of any lumps or clumps. This
thorough mixing process ensures that the starch particles are evenly dispersed throughout the
water, maximizing their potential for further use.

Once the stirring is complete, we are left with three distinct starch suspensions, each possessing
its own characteristics and potential applications. These suspensions can now be utilized in a
variety of ways, from culinary endeavors to industrial processes, depending on the specific
needs and desired outcomes.

Figure 2.4. Preparation of starch suspension

2.2.3. Mixing the starch suspensions

To initiate the bioplastic production process, a clean container is procured. Subsequently, three
distinct starch suspensions are meticulously prepared: water lily bulb starch, curry banana peel
starch, and wheat grain. Each suspension is individually formulated to ensure optimal
dispersion and compatibility.

Once the suspensions are ready, they are carefully combined within the container in precisely
calculated ratios. These ratios are pivotal in determining the final properties of the bioplastic,
such as its strength, flexibility, and biodegradability. The specific proportions may fluctuate
based on the desired characteristics of the end product.

To achieve a uniform and cohesive mixture, the combined suspensions are vigorously stirred.
This stirring process is crucial for eliminating any potential lumps or agglomerations, thereby
ensuring a homogeneous blend. The thorough mixing guarantees that the starch particles from
each source are evenly distributed throughout the mixture, facilitating the subsequent bioplastic
formation process.

Figure 2.5. Mixing of starch suspension

2.2.4. Addition of plasticizers

Plasticizers play a critical role in enhancing the flexibility and reducing the brittleness of
bioplastics derived from starch. These additives work by disrupting the strong hydrogen bonds
between starch molecules, increasing molecular mobility, and consequently improving the
material's pliability.

Two commonly used plasticizers for starch-based bioplastics are sorbitol and glycerol. Both
are polyols, which are organic compounds containing multiple hydroxyl groups. These
hydroxyl groups interact with the starch molecules, forming new hydrogen bonds and
weakening the original intermolecular forces. This disruption leads to increased chain mobility
and reduced brittleness.

Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol with a slightly lower affinity for water compared to glycerol. This
property can be advantageous in applications where moisture resistance is desired. Sorbitol can
also contribute to the mechanical strength of the bioplastic, especially in combination with
glycerol.

Glycerol, on the other hand, is a highly hygroscopic polyol, meaning it readily absorbs moisture
from the environment. This property can be beneficial for applications where flexibility and
water vapor permeability are important. However, excessive moisture absorption can lead to
decreased mechanical properties and potential degradation of the bioplastic.

The optimal ratio of sorbitol and glycerol to starch can vary depending on the desired properties
of the final bioplastic. A typical range is 15-30% (w/w) of the total dry weight of the starch. A
higher plasticizer content generally results in increased flexibility but decreased mechanical
strength. Therefore, the appropriate ratio must be carefully selected to balance these properties.

It is important to note that the effectiveness of plasticizers can be influenced by various factors,
including the type of starch, processing conditions, and the presence of other additives.
Therefore, careful experimentation and optimization are often required to achieve the desired
properties for a specific application.

In conclusion, sorbitol and glycerol are valuable plasticizers for improving the flexibility and
reducing the brittleness of starch-based bioplastics. By carefully selecting the appropriate ratio
of these plasticizers, it is possible to tailor the properties of the bioplastic to meet specific
requirements.

Figure 2.6. Addition of plasticezers

2.2.5. Heating and Stirring

Once the starch mixture, enriched with plasticizers, is ready, it's time to transfer it to a heat-
resistant container. This could be a glass beaker, a stainless steel pot, or any other vessel that
can withstand the temperatures involved in the bioplastic-making process. The choice of
container depends on the quantity of the mixture and the specific heating method to be
employed.
The next crucial step is to apply heat to the mixture. This can be achieved using a hot plate or
a temperature-controlled water bath. A hot plate offers direct heat transfer, allowing for precise
temperature control. However, it requires careful monitoring to prevent overheating and
potential scorching of the mixture. On the other hand, a water bath provides a more gentle and
even heating process. By immersing the container in hot water, the temperature of the mixture
rises gradually, reducing the risk of localized hotspots.

As the mixture heats up, it's essential to stir it continuously. This prevents the formation of
lumps, ensuring a homogeneous and smooth consistency. Stirring also aids in the even
distribution of heat throughout the mixture, promoting uniform gelatinization of the starch
granules. The ideal stirring technique involves using a heat-resistant spatula or spoon, gently
moving the mixture in a circular motion.

The temperature at which the mixture is heated is a critical factor. A moderate temperature
range of 70-80°C is generally recommended. At this temperature, the starch granules absorb
water and swell, leading to the rupture of their cell walls. This process, known as gelatinization,
is essential for the formation of a viscous and cohesive bioplastic mixture. Exceeding this
temperature range can lead to degradation of the starch molecules, compromising the final
properties of the bioplastic.

As the heating process continues, the mixture gradually thickens and transforms into a gel-like
consistency. This change in viscosity indicates that the starch granules have fully gelatinized
and the bioplastic is beginning to form. The time required to achieve this gel-like state varies
depending on factors such as the starch type, the amount of plasticizer added, and the heating
method employed. However, it typically takes between 15 to 30 minutes.

Once the desired gel-like consistency is reached, the heat source can be removed. The mixture
is then allowed to cool to room temperature before proceeding to the next step of the bioplastic-
making process. During the cooling phase, the bioplastic mixture solidifies further, resulting in
a more robust and stable material.
 Figure 2.7. Heating and Stirring the mixture

2.2.6. Casting and drying

The process of creating bioplastic film involves carefully pouring a heated mixture of bioplastic
material onto a flat, non-stick surface. This surface could be made of glass, metal, or even a
petri dish, ensuring that the bioplastic doesn't adhere to the material and maintains its integrity
during the drying process. Once poured, the mixture is spread evenly across the surface,
creating a thin, uniform layer. This thin layer is crucial for the formation of a flexible and
durable film.

After spreading the mixture, the next step is to allow the bioplastic film to air dry at room
temperature. This process can take several hours, depending on the specific composition of the
bioplastic and the ambient conditions. During this drying period, the moisture in the mixture
evaporates, causing the bioplastic molecules to bond together and solidify. As the water content
diminishes, the film gradually becomes more rigid and robust.

The optimal drying time can vary based on factors like humidity, temperature, and the thickness
of the film. It's essential to ensure that the film is completely dry before proceeding to the next
step. Incomplete drying can lead to a weak and brittle film that may not possess the desired
properties.
 Figure 2.8. Casting and Drying the Bioplastic

2.2.7. Bioplastic film properties and testing

Once the bioplastic film has fully dried, carefully peel it off the casting surface, taking care not
to damage its integrity. The next crucial step involves subjecting the film to a series of rigorous
tests to evaluate its physical and mechanical properties. These tests are essential to assess the
film's suitability for various applications and to ensure it meets the desired performance
standards.

One of the primary tests is the measurement of tensile strength, a measure of the film's ability
to withstand pulling forces without breaking. This is determined using a tensile testing
machine, which applies a controlled stress to the film until it fractures. The resulting data
provides valuable insights into the film's strength and elasticity.

Another important test is the solubility test, which evaluates the film's resistance to dissolution
in different solvents. This is particularly relevant for food packaging applications, where the
film must maintain its structural integrity in contact with various liquids. The film is exposed
to different solvents, such as water, ethanol, and oil, for a specific duration, and the degree of
dissolution is measured.

The water absorption test assesses the film's ability to absorb moisture from the environment.
This property is crucial for applications where the film may be exposed to humid conditions.
The film is immersed in water for a defined period, and the weight gain due to water absorption
is measured. A lower water absorption rate indicates better resistance to moisture.

Finally, the biodegradability test evaluates the film's ability to decompose naturally in the
environment. This is a critical aspect of bioplastics, as it demonstrates their potential to reduce
plastic pollution.
By conducting these comprehensive tests, researchers and manufacturers can gain valuable
insights into the performance characteristics of bioplastic films. This information is essential
for optimizing the film's formulation, processing conditions, and potential applications. It also
helps in assessing the film's environmental impact and its suitability as a sustainable alternative
to conventional plastics.

Collection and preparation of raw materials

Preparation of starch suspensions

Mixing the starch suspensions

Addition of plasticizers

Heating and stirring

Casting and Drying

Bioplastic film properties and testing

Fig : Schematic diagram for methodology in the flowchart

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