International University

School of Electrical Engineering

PRINCIPLE OF EE II LABORATORY
[EE056IU – GROUP 2]

Lab 6
Frequency Response of Filters

Submitted by
Huỳnh Bảo Châu – EEACIU18011
Trương Hoàng Bảo Long - EEEEIU18060

Date Submitted: [29-12-2020]

Date Performed: [22-12-2020]
Lab Section: [6]
Course Instructor: Nguyễn Minh Thiện

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Table of Contents

List of Figures ........................................................................................….….............................. 3

List of Tables .................................................................................................……....................... 3
Theoretical Background .............................................................................................…….......... 5
Experimental Procedure.............................................................................................…….......... 11
Experimental Results ........................................................................................................……...
15
Discussion of Results .................................................................................................................. 19
List of Figures
Figure 1 – RC Low Pass Filter Circuit ………………………………………………………… 5
Figure 2 – an RL High-Pass Filter ……………………………………………………..…..….. 6
Figure 3 – RL High-Pass Filter Operation …………………………….….…………………... 7
Figure 4 – ……………………………....………….………………………..……………...….. 8
Figure 5 – ……………...………………….…………………………………………………... 10
Figure 6 - Circuits of experiment 1……...…….......................................................................... 11
Figure 7 – Circuits of experiment 1…………………………………………………................ 11
Figure 8 – Circuits of experiment 2……………….....................................................................
12
Figure 9 – Circuits of experiment 2…………….........................................................................
12
Figure 10 – Circuits of experiment 3 and 4……..........................................................................
13
Figure 11 – Circuit of experiment 3……………........................................................................ 14
Figure 12 – Circuit of experiment 4…………..……………..................................................... 15
Figure 13 – waveform of Vout of experiment 1 without RL ……..............................................
16
Figure 14 – waveform of Vout of experiment 1 with RL ……...................................................
16

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Figure 15 – Graph of Vout of experiment 1 without RL …….....................................................
16
Figure 16 – Graph of Vout of experiment 1 with RL ………......................................................
17
Figure 17 – Graph of Vout of experiment 2 without RL …….....................................................
18
Figure 18 – Graph of Vout of experiment 1 without RL …….....................................................
18
Figure 19 – Q quality factor concept for tuned circuits Graph ……............................................
20
List of Tables
Table 1 – Result of experiment 1……………………………………..…………….................. 15
Table 2 – Result of experiment 2…………………………….…………..…………………..... 17
Table 3 – Result of experiment ……….……..……………………........................................... 19

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Theoretical Background
Narrow band pass filters:

- If the value of quality factor is greater than ten then the pass band is narrow and
bandwidth of the pass band is also less. This band pass filter is called as Narrow Band Pass
Filter.
- It uses only one active component (op-amp) rather than two and this op-amp is in
inverting configuration. In this filter the gain of the op-amp is maximum at centre frequency fc.

Figure 1

Narrow Band Pass Filter Circuit:

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- The input is applied to the inverting input terminal. This shows that the Op-amp is in
inverting configuration. This filter circuit produces narrow band pass filter response.

Figure 2

- The voltage gain of the above filter circuit is AV = – R2 / R1

- The cut-off frequencies of the filter circuit are

- fC1 = 1 / (2πR1C1) and fC2 = 1 / (2πR2C2)

Multi Feedback Active Band Pass Filter

- This filter circuit produces a tuned circuit based on the negative feedback of the filter.
The important advantage of this multiple feedback is that without any change in the maximum
gain at the centre frequency we can change the value of the cut-off frequency. This change in the
cut-off frequency can be done by the resistance ‘R3’.

- By considering the below active filter circuit, let us consider the changed resistor value as
R3′and the changed cut-off frequency value as fc′, then we can equate for the new resistor value
as follows:

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 R3′ = R3(fc /fc′)²

Figure 3

- It consists of two feedback paths, because of this multiple feedback paths it is also
referred as ‘Multiple feedback band pass circuit’. This circuit produce an infinity gain multiple
feedback band pass filter. Due to this circuit the quality factor value increases maximum up to
20.

- fc = 1/√(R1R2C1C2)

- Q = fc/Bandwidth = (½){√[R2/R1]}

- Amax = -R2/2R1

- R1 = Q/{2πfcCAmax}

- R2 = Q/πfcC

- R3 = Q/{2πfcC(2Q² – Amax)}

- The gain at the centre frequency ‘Amax’ must be less than 2Q². That is,

- Amax < 2Q²

- Where,

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fc = cut off frequency in Hz
C = Capacitance, (C1 = C2 = C)
Q = Quality factor
Amax = Maximum gain

The Frequency Response of Active Band Filter

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 Figure 4

- It has two centre frequencies, one is of high pass filter and the other is of low pass filter.
The centre frequency of the high pass filter must be lower than the centre frequency of the low
pass filter.
- The centre frequency of band pass filter is the geometric mean of lower and upper cut-off
frequencies fr2 = fH * fL.
- The gain of the filter is 20 log (Vout/Vin) dB/Decade. The amplitude response is similar
to the responses of the low pass and high pass filter. Depending upon the cascading filter order
the response curve depends.
- The normalized mid frequency is given as fr = 1. Let us consider two cut-off frequencies
as 300 Hz and 900Hz, then, the bandwidth of the filter is 300 Hz -900 Hz = 600 Hz.
Band stop filter

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- A band stop filter also known as notch filter is used in circuits that block only a select
range of frequencies and allows others to pass through. It would be an inverse of the band pass

filter, and can be created by using the same input at a high pass and a LPF.

Experimental Procedure

Band Pass Filter

- In this experiment, we built the circuit as these figures below
-

Figure 5

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 Figure7:6:Real
Figure Circuit of experiment
circuit 1 1
of experiment

- We supplied vS (t)= 5sin(𝜔 t) volt as Vin, and 𝑉+ = +15𝑉, 𝑉- = −15𝑉 DC supply.

- After that, we used Oscillicope to plot the graph of Vout and Vin , also measure Vout/ Vin
and phase different of output and input in the range of frequency from 100Hz to 15kHz which
will be showed in the result section.

Band Reject Filter:

- In this experiment, we built the circuit as these figures below:

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 Figure 9: Real circuit of experiment 2

- We supplied vS (t)= 5sin(𝜔 t) volt as Vin, and 𝑉+ = +15𝑉, 𝑉- = −15𝑉 DC supply.

- After that, we used Oscillicope to plot the graph of Vout and Vin , also measure Vout/ Vin
and phase different of output and input in the range of frequency from 100Hz to 20kHz which
will be showed in the result section.

All Pass Filter

- In this experiment, we built the circuit as these figures below

Figure 7: Circuits of experiment 1

Figure 10: The circuit of experiment 3

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 Figure 11: Real circuit of experiment 3

- We supplied vS (t)= 5sin(𝜔 t) volt as Vin, and 𝑉+ = +15𝑉, 𝑉- = −15𝑉 DC supply.

- After that, we used Oscillicope to plot the graph of Vout and Vin , also measure Vout/ Vin
and phase different of output and input in the range of frequency from 100Hz to 10kHz which
will be showed in the result section.

Experimental Results
Band Pass Filter
- The table bellows show the result of experiment 1:
Table 1
Frequency Experiment Simulated
(Hz) Amplitude Phase (oC) Amplitude Phase
(Vout/Vin) (Vout/Vin)

0.05 -90 0.06 -91.2

100

0.1 - 82.6 0.13 -92.5

200

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 300 0.16 -87 0.19 -93.8

400 0.2 -90.7 0.26 -95.1

500 0.264 -85.6 0.33 -96.5

600 0.32 -74 0.4 -97.9

700 0.384 -68.5 0.5 -99.6

800 0.464 -69.1 0.6 -101.5

900 0.544 -67.6 0.68 -103.5

1000 0.656 -75.6 0.8 -105.9

2000 1.355 2.9 -177.5

3000 0.81 1.4 -242

5000 0.483 0.6 -258.5

7000 0.4 0.4 -263

9000 0.38 0.3 -265

11000 0.367 0.24 -266

13000 0.35 0.2 -267

15000 0.35 0.17 -268

Table 1: Result of experiment 1

-
- The pictures below was from the Ocsilicope – describe the Vout wave form.

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 Figure 12:Wave form of Vout and Vin of
experiment 1

- The pictures below was from the Multism – describe the Vout graph

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Band Reject Filter
- The table bellows show the result of experiment 2:

Table 2
Frequency Experiment Simulated
(Hz) Amplitude Phase (oDegree) Amplitude Phase
(Vout/Vin) (Vout/Vin)

1 4.5 1 -3.6
100

0.97 10 0.99 -7.5

200

300 0.89 15.1 0.97 -11.7

400 0.81 20 0.94 -16.4

500 0.7 20.7 0.89 -21.3

600 0.62 14.5 0.8 -25.7

700 0.56 14.1 0.71 -28.9

800 0.53 2.3 0.61 -29.8

900 0.53 2.3 0.52 -26.8

1000 0.53 2.3 0.46 -21.5

2000 0.7 -15.8 0.58 19.6

3000 0.8 -12.9 0.73 20

4000 0.86 -12.4 0.82 17.4

5000 0.9 -11.4 0.87 15.2

6000 0.91 -10.3 0.9 13.2

7000 0.95 -10.5 0.93 11.5

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 8000 0.95 0.94 10.2

9000 0.95 0.95 9.1

10000 0.95 0.96 8.2

20000 0.95 0.99 3.5

Table 2: Result of experiment 2

- The pictures below was from the Ocsilicope – describe the Vout wave form.

Figure 17: Graph of Vout of experiment 2 without RL

Figure 13:Wave form of Vout and Vin of

experiment 2

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All Pass Filter
- The table shows the result of experiment 3
Table 3
Frequency Experiment Simulated
(Hz) Amplitude Phase (oDegree) Amplitude Phase
(Vout/Vin) (Vout/Vin)

1 0.33 -14.4
100

1 0.33 -29
200

300 1 0.33 -44.3

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 400 1 0.33 -60

500 1 0.33 -75

600 1 0.33 -92

700 1 0.33 -110

800 1 0.33 -128

900 1 0.33 -145

1000 1 0.33 -161

2000 1 0.33 -262

3000 1 0.33 -296

4000 1 0.33 -313.5

5000 1 0.33 -322.4

6000 1 0.33 -329.2

8000 1 0.33 -337

10000 1 0.33 -342

Table 3: Result of experiment 3

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Figure 14:Wave form of Vout and Vin of
experiment 3
Discussion of Results

The results from the experiments are slightly different from the simulation because of the margin
of errors in real components. Otherwise, the results agree with our calculations and expectations.

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