Mechanical Systems l.

Teacher: Juan Carlos Gutierrez Hernandez.

Student name: Juan Francisco Bautista Martinez.
Group: 3A5M.
Career: Mechatronics Automation Area.
Topic: Introduction to mechanical systems.
Date: 10/18/2021
Topic #1. General Concepts of Mechanical Systems.
Mechanical systems:
A mechanical system is fundamentally made up of components, devices or elements that have the specific
function of transforming or transmitting movement from the sources that generate it, since it is responsible for
transforming different types of energy.
The mechanical system is characterized by being formed by solid elements or pieces that perform movements
by the action or effect of a force. Sometimes they can be related to electrical systems in order to produce
movement from a motor powered by electrical energy.
In general, most mechanical systems are powered by internal combustion engines. In addition, different
elements are used that are related to transmit movement. Since the movement has a single intensity and
direction, sometimes the direction must be changed and/or the intensity increased, and for this purpose a
mechanical system is used. Generally, the movement is rotation or translation. The motors have an axis
responsible for generating a circular movement.
Thus, a mechanical system can be classified by its complexity, the number of steps and the number of
technologies that comprise it. The first classification refers to the number of parts that make up the machine;
the second, to the steps it needs to perform its work, and the third, to the technologies that integrate it.
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Mechanism:
It is a device to transform one movement into another. The concept
of mechanism comes from the Latin word “Mechanisma” which
refers to the set of various components or elements intended to
ensure the effective functioning of something. Every mechanism is
made up of various independent bodies (parts). It also refers to a
piece of a machine. The mechanisms are made up of different
components such as: the Link, the Node and the Joint or Kinematic
Pair.
Machine:
It is a mechanism or a combination of mechanisms that transmit force, from the power source to the
resistance to be overcome. If the forces are associated with
the conversion of energy of high-temperature fluids, then we
can talk about a heat engine. From the Latin machĭna, a
machine is a device created to take advantage of, regulate or
direct the action of a force. These devices can receive a
certain form of energy and transform it into another to
generate a certain effect.

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Machine kinematics:
Machine kinematics is defined as that division of machine design
that concerns the kinematic design of linkages, cams, gears, etc. In
order to clarify the meaning of machine kinematics, two additional
definitions are required.
Machine design: It is the creation of a plan for the construction of
a machine or device to perform a function.
Kinematic design: It is design based on movement requirements,
in contrast to design based on strength and stiffness
requirements. Thus, it is possible to redefine machine kinematics
as: “That part of machine design that concerns the design, based
on movement requirements, of linkages, cams, gears, etc.”
Topic #2. Applications of mechanical systems.
Applications of mechanical systems in industrial equipment:
Clamping (presses, clamps, hydraulic, pneumatic):
Clamping systems offer a rational and economical method for fixing workpieces with various geometric
contours and suitable for series production.

-Universal cylinders in threaded and block type.

-Single and double effect.
-Hollow rod cylinder for multiple use in production
technology.
-Pull and push cylinder for individual clamping applications.
- Rotating claws with various mounting possibilities.
- Vertical articulated and lever claws. Anti-vibration support
and support elements.
- Accessories: valves, rotary distributors, connection units,
pressure generators and multipliers.

Support and transmission of movement and power:

Motion transmission mechanisms allow mechanical energy to be
transferred from one object to another without changing the nature
of the motion (rotational to rotational or translational to
translational).

Examples: In gears, or friction wheels, the motor wheels transmit

their rotational motion to the next wheel. Both wheels are rotating.

The transmission of movement can occur between two mechanical

parts or with the help of an intermediary device such as a chain or a
belt.
For transport:
Mechanical Transport integrates the set of equipment and devices necessary to transport the product
mechanically between different points of a facility.

Depending on the shape, product to be transported and transport route, the type of equipment to be used is
chosen:
• Bucket Elevators
• Chain conveyors
• Screw conveyors
• Conveyor Belts
• Stackers

Transformation:
In these mechanisms, the type of movement of the input element
of the mechanism is different from the type of movement of the output element, that is, the type of
movement is transformed into a different one, hence the name transformation mechanism.
The transformation mechanisms can be, in turn, grouped into two large groups:

1. Circular-linear transformation mechanisms: In this case, the input element has circular motion, while
the output element has linear motion. Example: The rack-pinion mechanism.
2. Circular-alternating transformation mechanisms: In this case, the input
element has circular motion, while the output element has reciprocating
motion. Example: The crank-connecting rod mechanism.
Handling:
Handling loads is one of the most common causes of accidents at
work. Due to overexertion, falls, blows, cuts... There are many
causes and it is important to take them into account for the safety
of the workers. In this article we want you to know all the details
of load handling in the workshop and what options you have to
mechanize this task.

Storage:
The ability of certain analog devices to write and read data
using special needles that visibly mark a certain surface,
leaving it permanently recorded. This type of technology has
mechanisms that produce high wear and/or friction, they are
susceptible to data loss when used constantly, but they are
immune to magnetic fields. Extracted from
InformaticaModerna.com. Mechanical storage technology was
replaced by magnetic
https://www.informaticamoderna.com/Almac_magne.htmstora
ge.

Selection and separation.

Mechanical separation can be applied to
heterogeneous mixtures. The techniques are based on
physical differences between particles, such as size,
shape or density. They are used to separate liquids
from liquids, solids from gases, liquids from gases,
solids from solids and solids from liquids. There are
special processes where other methods are used that
will not be studied here. These special methods are
based on differences in the ease of wetting or in the
electrical or magnetic properties of the substances.

Topic #3. Motion and Power

Transmission Systems.
Rigid and flexible transmission
Gear: A gear is the mechanism used to transmit mechanical power from one component to another. It is
made up of toothed wheels, the largest of which is called a crown and the smallest is called a pinion, and
the gear is used to transmit circular motion by means of a contracting toothed wheels.
 Gear train: a train is called a system made up of more than one pair of toothed wheels.
The advantage of gear transmission over pulley transmission is that the pulleys do not slip, thus obtaining
transmission accuracy.
Types of gears
Helical (teeth arranged following the path of parallel helices around a circle transmit power and
movement between parallel axes and in any direction.
Conical: used to transmit movement between perpendicular axes and axes with angles other than 90°,
they are cone-shaped toothed wheels.
According to the arrangement of the gear wheels:
Exteriors: the teeth of both wheels are carved on the outer part.
Interiors: the teeth of one of the wheels are carved on the inner side.

Advantages:

* They take up very small spaces

* They have no possibility of sliding
* Power transmission capacity
* Low maintenance

Disadvantages:

* Expensive
* Difficult to manufacture
* They produce noise

Cardan: is a mechanism that allows rotational movement and power to be transmitted between two misaligned
elements. Its main application is in the drive shaft since it carries the engine's force to the rear wheels.

Sprockets: refers to a V-toothed gear that is used in conjunction with a drive chain to transmit force.

Chain: is a machine component that transmits power by means of traction forces.

Topic #4. Bearings.

Bearings of a mechanical system.
Each class of bearings shows characteristic properties, which depend on its design and make it more or less
suitable for a given application. For example, deep groove ball bearings can accommodate moderate radial
loads as well as small axial loads. They have low friction and can be produced with great precision. Therefore,
they are preferred for medium and small sized electric motors. Cylindrical roller bearings can support very
heavy radial loads and are oscillating, which allows them to assume shaft deflections, between two bearings,
which support the same shaft. These properties make them widely used in heavy engineering applications,
where the loads and deformations produced by the loads are considerable. In large machines, some
misalignment between bearing supports is common.

Deep groove ball bearings

They are used in a wide variety of applications. They are easy to design, non-separable, capable of operating at
high and even very high speeds, and require little attention or maintenance in service. These characteristics,
combined with their price advantage, mean that they are the most widely used bearings. These bearings are
capable of supporting large radial loads and lower axial thrusts. They are used, for example, in bicycles.
Single row angular contact ball bearings
The single row angular contact ball bearing has its raceways arranged so that the pressure exerted by the balls
is applied obliquely with respect to the axis. As a result of this arrangement, the bearing is particularly suitable
for supporting not only radial loads, but also large axial loads, and must be mounted in contrast to another
bearing that can receive axial loads in the opposite direction.
Needle roller bearings
They are bearings with very thin and long cylindrical rollers in relation to their smaller diameter. Despite their
small section, these bearings have a high load carrying capacity and are eminently suitable for applications
where radial space is limited. This type of bearing is commonly used in bicycle pedals and many types of
airplanes.
Tapered roller bearings
The tapered roller bearing, due to the oblique position of the rollers and raceways, is particularly suitable for
resisting simultaneous radial and axial loads. For cases where the axial load is very important, there are a series
of bearings whose angle is very open. This bearing must be mounted in opposition to another bearing capable
of withstanding axial forces in the opposite direction. The bearing is removable; the inner ring with its rollers
and the outer ring are each mounted separately.
Thrust cylindrical roller bearings
They are suitable for applications that must withstand heavy axial loads. In addition, they are insensitive to
shocks, are strong and require little axial space. They are single-direction bearings and can only accept axial
loads in one direction. Its main use is in applications where the load capacity of thrust ball bearings is
inadequate. They have various industrial uses, and their extraction is safe. They are very useful.
Spherical roller thrust bearings
The spherical roller thrust bearing has a row of obliquely positioned rollers which, guided by a flange on the
ring fixed to the shaft, rotate on the spherical surface of the ring supported on the support. Consequently, the
bearing has a high load capacity and is manually aligned. Due to the special design of the support surface of the
rollers on the guide flange, the rollers rotate separated from the flange by a thin layer of oil. The bearing can
therefore rotate at high speed, even when supporting a high load. Unlike other axial bearings, this one can also
withstand radial loads.
Spherical roller bearings
The spherical roller bearing has two rows of rollers with a common spherical path in the outer ring and is
therefore self-aligning. The number and size of its rollers give it a very large load capacity. Most series can
withstand not only heavy radial loads but also considerable axial loads in both directions. They can be replaced
by bearings with the same designation, which will be given by means of letters and numbers as appropriate to
the specific standard.
Single direction thrust ball bearings
The single-direction axial ball bearing consists of a row of balls between two rings, one of which, the ring fixed
to the shaft, has a flat seat, while the other, the ring supported on the support, may have a flat or spherical
seat. In the latter case, the bearing is supported on a counterplate. Plain seat bearings should certainly be
preferred for most applications, but spherical seat bearings are very useful in certain cases, to compensate for
small manufacturing inaccuracies of the housings. The bearing is intended to withstand axial load in one
direction only.
Thrust needle bearings
They can support heavy axial loads, are insensitive to shock loads and provide tough bearing applications
requiring minimal axial space.

Conclusion:
Knowledge of mechanical systems allows us to have a different vision of the world, taking
physics into account when creating a mechanism or when designing a machine. Mechanical
systems allow development and innovation through the transformation of energy into
mechanical movement, thus achieving an increase in either power or strength. Mechanisms
are very common in all industrial equipment and having a large repertoire of mechanisms helps
to solve a mechanical problem more easily or more quickly, taking into account its operation or
function, locating the fault, isolating the problem and providing a solution. It is also important
to know the parts of the different types of mechanisms to have experience of their
applications, advantages or disadvantages in a given mechanical system. By knowing
everything related to mechanical systems, you have a broad intellect in the industry, knowing
the most optimal way to design a process or a machine, putting the knowledge and concepts in
the industry to use.

Literature:
• https://definicion.de/mecanismo/
• https://definicion.de/maquina/
• http://www.dicis.ugto.mx/profesores/chema/documentos/Análisis%20y%20Síntesis%20de%20Mec
anismos/Introduccion%20y%20Criterios%20de%20Movilidad/IntroduccionALosMecanismos.pdf
• http://www.ingenieria.uaslp.mx/Documents/Apuntes/Cinemática%20de%20las%20Máquinas.pdf
• http://www.ingenieria.uaslp.mx/Documents/Apuntes/Cinemática%20de%20las%20Máquinas.pdf
• https://conceptodefinicion.de/mecanismo/
• http://www.interempresas.net/Ferreteria/FeriaVirtual/Producto-Elementos-de-sujecion-hidraulica-
AMF-102987.html
• https://www.edumedia-sciences.com/es/media/831-sistemas-de-transmision-de-movimiento
• http://www.stolzsa.com/productos/transporte-mecanico-0
• http://www.stolzsa.com/productos/transporte-mecanico-0
• https://www.monografias.com/trabajos109/elementos-flexibles-transmision-potencia-
generalidades-correas/elementos-flexibles-transmision-potencia-generalidades-correas.shtml
• https://es.scribd.com/document/480716859/Elementos-de-una-transmision-rigida-y-flexible