Laboratory Manual

for
Engineering Workshop

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Vignan’s Lara Institute of Technology & Science
Vadlamudi, Guntur – 5222 213, Andhra
Pradesh
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Exp. No. 1 Half – Lap joint
Aim: To make a Half- lap joint .
Tools required:
 Carpenter‟s vice
 Steel Rule
 Try square
 Jack plane
 Scriber
 Cross cut saw
 Marking gauge
 Firmer chisel
 Mallet
 Wood rasp file and smooth file
Material required: Wooden pieces of given size –2 Nos.
Sequence of operations: -
 Measuring and Marking
 Planning
 Check for squareness
 Removal of extra material
 Sawing
 Chiseling
 Finishing
Procedure:
 The give specimen is checked for dimensions.
 They are planed with jack plane and checked for straightness.
 The two surfaces are checked for squareness with a try square.
 Marking gauge is set and lines are marked at 30 and 45 mm to mark the thickness and
width of the model respectively.
 The excess material is first chiseled with firmer and then planned to correct size.
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  The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using steel rule and
marking gauge.
 Using the crosscut saw, the portions to be removed are cut in both the pieces,
followed by chiseling.
 The ends of both the parts are chiseled to the exact lengths.
 The fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fitting is obtained.
 he parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint.
Safety Precautions:
 Loose cloths are to be avoided.
 Tools to be placed at their proper placed.
 Hands should not be placed in front of sharp edged tools.
 Use only sharp tools.
 Care should be taken, when thumb is used as a guide in cross cutting and ripping.
 Handle while chiseling, sawing and planning with care.

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Result: Half- lap joint is made as per the required dimensions.

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Exp. No. 2. Corner Dovetail joint or Bridle joint
Aim: To make a Corner Bridle joint.
Tools required:
 Carpenter‟s vice
 Steel Rule
 Try square
 Jack plane
 Marking gauge
 Firmer chisel
 Mallet
 Wood rasp file and smooth file
Material required: Wooden pieces of size 50 x 35 x 250 mm–2 Nos.
Sequence of operations:
 Measuring and Marking
 Planning
 Check for squareness
 Removal of extra material
 Sawing
 Chiseling
 Finishing
Procedure:
 The given specimen is checked for dimensions.
 They are planed with jack plane and checked for straightness.
 The two surfaces are checked for squareness with a try square.
 Marking gauge is set and lines are marked at 30 and 45 mm to mark the thickness and
width of the model respectively.
 The excess material is first chiseled with firmer and then planned to correct size.
 The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using steel rule and
marking gauge.
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  Using the crosscut saw, the portions to be removed are cut in both the pieces,
followed by chiseling.
 The ends of both the parts are chiseled to the exact lengths.
 The fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fitting is obtained.
 The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint.
Safety precautions:
 Loose cloths are to be avoided.
 Tools to be placed at their proper placed.
 Hands should not be placed in front of sharp edged tools.
 Use only sharp tools.
 Care should be taken, when thumb is used as a guide in cross cutting and ripping.
 Handle while chiseling, sawing and planning with care.

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Result: Corner Bridle joint is made as per the required dimensions.

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 Exp. No. 3. TAPERED TRAY
AIM: To make a tapered tray using the given G.I.
Sheet. TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Steel rule
 Scriber
 Straight snip
 Bench vice
 Stake
 Cross peen hammer
 Wooden mallet
 Cutting pliers
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Galvanized Iron (G.I) sheet 110 x 125 mm size.
SEQUECE OF OPERATIONS:-
 Cleaning
 Surface leveling
 Marking
 Cutting
 Folding
PROCEDURE:
 Clean the given sheet with cotton waste.
 The size of the given sheet is checked with the steel rule.
 Flatten the surface of the given sheet with wooden mallet.
 Check the G.I. Sheet for dimensions and remove extra material, if any.
 Mark all the measuring lines on the given sheet with scriber.
 Cut the given sheet with straight snips as required.
 Fold the given sheet by using stakes and ball peen hammer to the
required shape.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 For marking purpose use scriber only. Do not use pencil or pen.
 Sufficient care is to be taken while cutting and folding of G.I. sheet.
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 Remove the waste pieces immediately from the work place.

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RESULT: Tapered tray is made as per the required dimensions.

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Exp. No. 4. CONICAL FUNNEL
AIM: - To make Conical funnel using the given G.I.
Sheet. TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Steel rule
 Scriber
 Straight snip
 Bench vice
 Stake
 Cross peen hammer
 Wooden mallet
 Cutting pier
MATERIAL REQUIRED: - Galvanized Iron (G.I) sheet 160 x 80mm size.
SEQUECE OF OPERATIONS:
 Cleaning
 Surface leveling
 Marking
 Cutting
 Folding
PROCEDURE:
 Clean the given sheet with cotton waste.
 The size of the given sheet is checked with the steel rule.
 Flatten the surface of the given sheet with wooden mallet.
 Check the G.I. Sheet for dimensions and remove extra material, if any.
 Mark all the measuring lines on the given sheet with scriber.
 Cut the given sheet with straight snips as required.
 Fold the given sheet by using stakes and ball peen hammer to the required shape.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 For marking purpose use scriber only. Do not use pencil or pen.
 Sufficient care is to be taken while cutting and folding of G.I. sheet.
 Remove the waste pieces immediately from the work place.
RESULT: Conical funnel is made as per the required dimensions.

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Exp. No. 5 V-FIT
AIM: To make a V-fit from the given two M.S pieces.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Bench vice
 Steel rule
 Try square
 Ball peen hammer
 Scriber
 Hack saw with blade
 Dot punch and Centre punch
 Surface plate
 Rough and smooth flat files
 Flat chisel and triangular file
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Mild steel (M.S) plate of size 48 x 34–2 Nos.
SEQUECE OF OPERATIONS:
 Filing
 Checking flatness and squareness
 Marking and measuring
 Punching
 Sawing
 Chipping
 Finishing
PROCEDURE:
 The burrs in the pieces are removed and the dimensions are checked with
the steel rule.
 The pieces are clamped one after the other and the outer mating edges are
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 filed by using rough and smooth files.
 The flatness, straightness and squareness i.e. right angle between adjacent
sides are checked with help of Try-square.
 Chalk is then applied on the surfaces of the two pieces.
 The given dimensions of the V-fitting are marked carefully.
 Using the dot punch, dots are punched along the above scribed lines.
 Using the hack saw, the unwanted portions are removed.
 Using the flat chisel, the unwanted material in the piece Y is removed.
 The cut edges are filed by the half round file.
 The corners of the stepped surfaces are filed by using a square or triangular
file to get the sharp corners.
 The pieces (X and Y) are fitted together and the mating is checked for
the correctness of the fit.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 Care is taken to see that the marking dots are not crossed, which is indicated
by the half of the punch dots left on the pieces.
 Apply pressure in forward direction during hack sawing.
 Don‟t rub steel rule on the job.
 Fix blade in hack saw frame with correct tension.
 During hack sawing the coolant like water or lubricating oil is to be used.
 Files are to be cleaned properly after using.

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RESULT: - The required V-fit is thus obtained as per given dimensions.

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ns.

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Exp. No.6 SEMI-CIRCULAR FIT
AIM: - To make a Semi-Circular fit from the given two M.S pieces.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Bench vice
 Steel rule
 Try square
 Ball peen hammer
 Scriber
 Hack saw with blade
 Dot punch and Centre punch
 Surface plate
 Rough and smooth flat files
 Flat chisel and triangular file
MATERIAL REQUIRED: - Mild steel (M.S) plate of size 48 x 34–2 Nos.
SEQUECE OF OPERATIONS:
 Filing
 Checking flatness and squareness
 Marking and measuring
 Punching
 Sawing
 Chipping
 Finishing
PROCEDURE:
 The burrs in the pieces are removed and the dimensions are checked with
the steel rule.
 The pieces are clamped one after the other and the outer mating edges are filed
by using rough and smooth files.
 The flatness, straightness and squareness i.e. right angle between adjacent sides
are checked with help of Try-square.

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  Chalk is then applied on the surfaces of the two pieces.
 The given dimensions of the V-fitting are marked carefully.
 Using the dot punch, dots are punched along the above scribed lines
 Using the hack saw, the unwanted portions are removed.
 Using the flat chisel, the unwanted material in the piece Y is removed.
 The cut edges are filed by the half round file.
 The corners of the stepped surfaces are filed by using a square or triangular file
to get the sharp corners.
 The pieces (X and Y) are fitted together and the mating is checked for
the correctness of the fit.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 Care is taken to see that the marking dots are not crossed, which is indicated
by the half of the punch dots left on the pieces.
 Apply pressure in forward direction during hack sawing.
 Don‟t rub steel rule on the job.
 Fix blade in hack saw frame with correct tension.

 Files are to be cleaned properly after using.

RESULT: The required Semi-Circular fit is thus obtained as per given dimensions.

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Exp. No. 7 PARALLEL AND SERIES
Two Lamps Connected in Series or Parallel by a One Way Switch:
Two lamps may be connected by a one way switch in parallel for bright glow or in series for
dull glow. This is recommended when the intensity in the room as to be controlled.
SERIES
AIM: To give connection to two lamps, controlled With Independent Switch Controls with
or Without Looping.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Screw driver
 Cutting pliers
 Ball peen hammer
 Insulation remover
 Tester
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
 Wooden wiring board
 Silk wire
 Electrical bulbs - 2 Nos.
 One-way switch - 1No.
 Wooden round blocks 1No.
 Batten lamp holders 1No.
 Wire clips
 Nails
 Screws
PROCEDURE:
 The outline of the wiring diagram is marked on the wooden wiring board.
 Clips are nailed to the board, following the wiring diagram.
 Wires are stretched and clamped with the clips.
 Round blocks are screwed on to the board, as per the diagram.
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  Wires are connected to the holders and the switch, which are then screwed on to
the round blocks.
 Bulb is fitted to the holder.
 The wiring connections are tested, by giving power supply.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: -
 Electricity has no respect for ignorance. Do not apply voltage or turn-on
any device until it has been properly checked.
 Care should be taken from electrical shocks.
 Don‟t touch the connection points.
 Avoid loose connection.
 Don‟t work at damped areas and with wet clothing.
 Handle the lamp carefully.
.

Result: The electrical circuit, for two lights controlled by one switch in parallel and series is
thus made

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Exp. No. 8 TWO-WAY SWITCH
AIM: To give connections to one light controlled by 2 way switches.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Screw driver
 Cutting pliers
 Ball peen hammer
 Insulation remover
 Tester
 2 two-way switches
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
 Wooden wiring board
 Silk wire
 Electrical bulb - 1 No.
 Two -way switches - 2 Nos.
 Wooden round block - 3 Nos.
 Batten lamp holder
 Wire clips - 1 No.
 Nails
 Screws
PROCEDURE:
 The outline of the wiring diagram is marked on the wooden wiring board.
 Clips are nailed to the board, following the wiring diagram.
 Wires are stretched and clamped with the clips.
 Round blocks are screwed on to the board, as per the diagram.
 Wires are connected to the holders and the switch, which are then screwed
on to the round blocks.
 Bulb is fitted to the holder.
 The wiring connections are tested, by giving power supply.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 Electricity has no respect for ignorance. Do not apply voltage or turn-on
any device until it has been properly checked.
 Care should be taken from electrical shocks.
 Don‟t touch the connection points.
 Avoid loose connection
 Don‟t work at damped areas and with wet clothing.
 Handle the lamp carefully.

RESULT:
Connections to one light controlled by 2 two-way switches is prepared.

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Exp. No. 9 Experiment on Plumbing to prepare a pipeline with pipes of same
diameters
Aim:
To prepare a pipe joints for pipes of the same diameter .
Components:
The components required for preparing plumbing pipe joints for pipes of the same diameter
typically include:
 Plumbing Pipes: The pipes of the same diameter that need to be joined.
 Fittings: Depending on the specific joint type, you may need fittings such as
couplings, unions, or tees.
 Pipe Wrench: Used for tightening and securing threaded connections.
 Pipe Cutter or Saw: Used to cut the pipes to the required length.
 Emery Cloth or Sandpaper: Used to clean the pipe ends for soldering or solvent
welding.
 Solder (for soldering joints) or Solvent Cement (for solvent welding joints):** The
appropriate bonding material for the specific joint type.
 Flux (for soldering joints): Used to facilitate solder flow and improve joint quality.
 Torch (for soldering joints): Used to heat the pipe and solder.
Procedure:
The procedure for preparing plumbing pipe joints for pipes of the same diameter may vary
depending on the joint type (e.g., threaded, soldered, or solvent welded). Here is a general
procedure:
 Cutting the Pipes:
 Measure and mark the pipes to the required length.
 Use a pipe cutter or saw to make clean, square cuts on both ends of the pipes.
 Cleaning and Deburring:
 Use emery cloth or sandpaper to clean the cut pipe ends, removing any
burrs, dirt, or oxidation.

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  Ensure that the pipe ends are smooth and free from debris to ensure a
proper seal.
 Threaded Joints (if applicable):
 Apply thread sealant or plumber's tape to the male threads of the pipe or
fitting.
 Assemble the pipes and fittings by threading them together.
 Use a pipe wrench to tighten the joint securely, ensuring it is leak-free.
 Soldered Joints (if applicable):
 Apply flux to the cleaned pipe ends and inside the fitting socket.
 Assemble the pipes and fittings.
 Heat the joint with a torch until it is hot enough to melt solder.
 Apply solder to the joint; it will flow into the gap by capillary action.
 Remove the heat source and allow the joint to cool naturally.
 Solvent Welded Joints (if applicable):
 Apply solvent cement to the cleaned pipe ends and the inside of the fitting
socket.
 Quickly assemble the pipes and fittings, ensuring a snug fit.
 Hold the joint together for a few seconds to allow the solvent to bond the
materials.

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Precautions:
 Wear appropriate safety gear, including eye protection and gloves.
 Ensure that the pipes are cut cleanly and squarely.
 Follow manufacturer's instructions for the specific joint type and bonding materials.
 Use the correct type and size of fittings for the application.
 Be cautious when using a torch for soldering to prevent burns or fires.
 Allow the joint to cool and cure properly before pressurizing the plumbing system.
 Perform a pressure test to check for leaks before covering or concealing the joint.
Result:
Pipe joints for pipes of the same diameter is prepared.

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Exp. No. 10 Experiment on Plumbing to prepare a pipeline with pipes of
different diameters
Aim:
The aim of preparing plumbing pipe joints with a reducer for pipes of different diameters.
Components:
The components required for preparing plumbing pipe joints with a reducer for pipes of
different diameters typically include:
 Plumbing Pipes: The pipes of different diameters that need to be joined.
 Reducer: A fitting that connects the larger diameter pipe to the smaller diameter pipe
or vice versa.
 Fittings: Depending on the specific joint type, you may need additional fittings such
as couplings or adapters.
 Pipe Wrench: Used for tightening and securing threaded connections.
 Pipe Cutter or Saw: Used to cut the pipes to the required length.
 Emery Cloth or Sandpaper: Used to clean the pipe ends for soldering or solvent
welding.
 Solder (for soldering joints) or Solvent Cement (for solvent welding joints): The
appropriate bonding material for the specific joint type.
 Flux (for soldering joints): Used to facilitate solder flow and improve joint quality.
 Torch (for soldering joints): Used to heat the pipe and solder.

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Procedure:
The procedure for preparing plumbing pipe joints with a reducer for pipes of different
diameters may vary depending on the joint type (e.g., threaded, soldered, or solvent welded).
Here is a general procedure:
 Cutting the Pipes:
 Measure and mark the pipes to the required length.
 Use a pipe cutter or saw to make clean, square cuts on both ends of the pipes.
 Cleaning and Deburring:
 Use emery cloth or sandpaper to clean the cut pipe ends, removing any burrs,
dirt, or oxidation.
 Ensure that the pipe ends are smooth and free from debris to ensure a proper
seal.
 Selecting and Assembling the Reducer:
 Choose the appropriate reducer size and type for the specific pipes you are
joining.
 Apply thread sealant or plumber's tape to the male threads of the reducer (if
threaded) or solvent cement to the inside of the reducer socket (if solvent
welded).
 Assemble the reducer onto one of the pipes and tighten securely.

 Joining the Pipes:

 Threaded Joints (if applicable): Connect the smaller diameter pipe to the
reducer or use appropriate threaded adapters. Use a pipe wrench to tighten the
joint securely.
 Soldered Joints (if applicable): Assemble the pipes, including the reducer, and
follow the soldering procedure as mentioned in the previous response.
 Solvent Welded Joints (if applicable): Assemble the pipes, including the
reducer, and follow the solvent welding procedure as mentioned in the
previous response.
Precautions:
 Wear appropriate safety gear, including eye protection and gloves.
 Ensure that the pipes are cut cleanly and squarely.
 Choose the correct size and type of reducer for the application.
 Follow manufacturer's instructions for the specific joint type and bonding materials.
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  Be cautious when using a torch for soldering to prevent burns or fires.
 Allow the joint to cool and cure properly before pressurizing the plumbing system.
 Perform a pressure test to check for leaks before covering or concealing the joint.
Result:
Plumbing of pipe joints with a reducer for pipes of different diameters is prepared

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