INTRODUCTION:
Machine tools are capable of producing work at a faster rate, but there are occasions
when components are processed at a bench. Sometimes it becomes necessary to replace
or repair a component that must fit accurately with one another or reassemble. This
involves a certain amount of hand fitting. The assembly machine tools, jigs, gauges etc.,
involves certain amount of bench work.
FITTING TOOLS:
Holding tools:-
Bench vice
V-block with clamp
C-clamp
Bench vice:-
It is a work holding device, when vice handle is turned in a clockwise direction the
sliding jaw forces the work against the fixed jaw, the greater the force applied to the
handle, the tighter is the work held.
V-block with clamp:-
It is a rectangular (or) square block with v-groove on one or both sides, opposite to each
other. It holds cylindrical work pieces.
C-clamp:-
This is used to hold work against an angle plate or v-block.
MARKING AND MEASURING TOOLS:
1. Surface plate
2. Try square
3. Angle plate
4. Scriber
5. Universal scribing block
6. Odd leg caliper
7. Divider
8. Calipers
9. Dot punch
10. Vernier caliper
Surface plate:-
It is used for testing flatness of work piece, for marking out small works.
Fig: 1 Bench wise Fig: 2 V- Block
Fig: 3 C – Clamp Fig: 4 Surface plate
Fig: 5 Angle plate Fig: 6 Dot punch
Fig: 6 try square Fig: 7 scriber
Combination cutting pliers: -
This is made of tool steel and is used for cutting as well as for ripping work.
Taps and die holders: -
Tap and wrenches are used for cutting internal threads in a drilled hole.
Dies and die holders:-
They are used for making external threads. Dies are made either solid (or) split type.
TYPES OF FILES:
Hand file:-
It is a rectangular in section tapered in thickness but parallel in width.
Flat file:-
Rectangular in section and tapered for 1/3rd length in width and thickness.
Square file:-
Square in section and tapered for 1/3rd length on all sides.
Half round file:-
It has one flat face, connecting by a curved (surface) face & tapered for 1/3rd length.
Round file:-
Circular in cross section and tapered for 1/3rd length, it has double cut teeth.
MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS:
Ball peen hammer:-
It has a flat face, which is used for general work and a ball end is used for riveting.
Screw driver:-
It is designed to turn the screws. The blade is made of steel and is available in different
lengths and diameters.
Spanners:-
It is a tool for turning nuts and bolts. It is usually made of forged steel.
FITTING OPERATIONS:
Chipping:-
Removing metal with a chisel is called chipping and is normally used where machining is
not possible.
Fitting:-
1. Pinning of files:-
Soft metals cause this; the pins are removed with a file card.
2. Checking flatness and square ness:-
To check flatness across thickness of plate.
MARKING AND MEASURING:
Measurements are taken either from a center line, for visibility of the non-ferrous metals
and oxide coated steels are used.
Fig: 8 odd leg clamp and divider
Fig: 9 calipers Fig: 10 Vernier caliper
Fig: 11 Parts of hand file
Fig: 12 Types of files Fig: 13 ball peen hammer
EXPERIMENT NO: DATE:
Aim: - To make M.S Plate into required model by T-fitting.
To make a T-fitting from the given two M.S pieces.
Tools required: -
1. Bench vice
2. Steel rule
3. Try square
4. Ball peen hammer
5. Scriber
6. Hack saw with blade
7. Dot punch and Centre punch
8. Surface plate
9. Venire height gauge
10. Rough and smooth flat files
11. Flat chisel and triangular file
Material required: - Mild steel (M.S) plate of size 48 x 34–2 Nos.
Sequence of Operations: -
1. Filing
2. Checking flatness and square ness
3. Marking and measuring
4. Punching
5. Sawing
6. Chipping
7. Finishing
Fig: SQUARE (T) - FITTING
Procedure: -
1. The burrs in the pieces are removed and the dimensions are checked with a
steel rule.
2. The pieces are clamped one after the other and the outer mating edges are filed
by using rough and smooth files.
3. The flatness, straightness and square ness i.e. right angle between adjacent
sides are checked with help of Try-square.
4. Chalk is then applied on the surfaces of the two pieces.
5. The given dimensions of the T-fitting are marked with help of vernier height
gauge carefully.
6. Using the dot punch, dots are punched along the above scribed lines.
7. Using the hack saw, the unwanted portions are removed.
8. Using the flat chisel, the unwanted material in the piece Y is removed.
9. The cut edges are filed by the half round file.
10. The corners of the stepped surfaces are filed by using a square or triangular file
to get the sharp corners.
11. The pieces (X and Y) are fitted together and the mating is checked for the
correctness of the fit.
Safety precautions: -
1. Care is taken to see that the marking dots are not crossed, which is indicated by
the half of the punch dots left on the pieces.
2. Apply pressure in forward direction during hack sawing.
3. Don’t rub steel rule on the job.
4. Fix blade in hack saw frame with correct tension.
5. During hack sawing the coolant like water or lubricating oil is to be used.
6. Use precision instruments like vernier calipers and vernier height gauge
carefully.
7. Files are to be cleaned properly after using.
Result: - T-fit is made as per the required dimensions.
EXPERIMENT NO: DATE:
Aim: - To make M.S Plate into required model by V- fitting.
To make a V- fitting from the given two M.S pieces.
Tools required: -
1. Bench vice
2. Steel rule
3. Try square
4. Ball peen hammer
5. Scriber
6. Hack saw with blade
7. Dot punch and Centre punch
8. Surface plate
9. Vernier height gauge
10. Rough and smooth flat files
11. Flat chisel and triangular file
Material required: - Mild steel (M.S) plate of size 48 x 34–2 Nos.
Sequence of Operations: -
1. Filing
2. Checking flatness and square ness
3. Marking and measuring
4. Punching
5. Sawing
6. Chipping
7. Finishing
Procedure: -
1. The burrs in the pieces are removed and the dimensions are checked with a
steel rule.
2. The pieces are clamped one after the other and the outer mating edges are filed
by using rough and smooth files.
3. The flatness, straightness and square ness i.e. right angle between adjacent
sides are checked with help of Try-square.
4. Chalk is then applied on the surfaces of the two pieces.
5. The given dimensions of the V-fitting are marked with help of vernier height
gauge carefully.
6. Using the dot punch, dots are punched along the above scribed lines.
7. Using the hack saw, the unwanted portions are removed.
8. Using the flat chisel, the unwanted material in the piece Y is removed.
9. The cut edges are filed by the half round file.
10. The corners of the stepped surfaces are filed by using a square or triangular file
to get the sharp corners.
11. The pieces (X and Y) are fitted together and the mating is checked for the
correctness of the fit.
Safety precautions: -
1. Care is taken to see that the marking dots are not crossed, which is indicated by
the half of the punch dots left on the pieces.
2. Apply pressure in forward direction during hack sawing.
3. Don’t rub steel rule on the job.
4. Fix blade in hack saw frame with correct tension.
5. During hack sawing the coolant like water or lubricating oil is to be used.
6. Use precision instruments like vernier calipers and vernier height gauge
carefully.
7. Files are to be cleaned properly after using.
Result: - V- fit is made as per the required dimensions.
