Digestive System

Ingestion: Taking food through mouth

Digestion: Breaking down the large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones (using enzyme)
Absorption: Movement of digested food (small molecules) from wall of small intestine to the blood by diffusion
Assimilation: Movement of digested food into cells to become part of the cell
Eg. Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, water

Egestion: Removal of undigested food from the rectum through anus (faeces) #
Iron…haemoglobin
Glucose…respiration and energy release
Amino acids… make protein…growth and tissue repair…enzyme…
antibodies…hormones

Types of Digestion

Physical digestion Chemical digestion

By Enzymes…Breakdown of large
Breakdown of larger pieces of food
complex insoluble food molecule to
into smaller ones with no chemical
small simple soluble molecules to be
change… to I.S.A… for better enzyme
easily absorbed into blood
activity (Maximum) so faster chemical
digestion

Examples on mechanical digestion

Teeth $ : chewing…crushing…grinding the food
Tongue % : Mix food with saliva so soften food Amylase+starch=Maltose
A…….P…….L
Lipase+Lipids=Fatty acids and
for easier swallowing
Protease+proteins=amino acids glycerol
Stomach: churning movement…chyme
(Mix food with gastric juice)
Emulsification by bile salts
Pepsin Trypsin
(Acidic) (Alkaline)
Stomach Small intestine

Physical:
1.Teeth : Premolars and molars, crush and grind
large complex insoluble food moelcules to

Mouth ! smaller ones to increase surface area for better

amylase activity

A
2.Tongue: mix food with saliva

Chemical:
By Saliva
Water " : soften the food
Mucus: facilitate swallowing
Amylase: breakdown starch into maltose
 Breakdown large complex insoluble food
Physical digestion
to small simple one to increase surface
area for better enzyme activity

Without using enzymes

Without being chemically changed

Breakdown large complex insoluble

Chemical digestion food molecules by using enzymes to
small simple soluble molecules to be
easily absorbed

A P L
Amylase+Starch=Maltose
Lipase+Lipids=Fatty
Protease+Proteins= Amino acids acids and glycerol
 Mouth

Physical Chemical

Premolars and molars Saliva

Crush and grind food
To increase surface area
Amylase Water Mucus
For better amylase activity
Tongue mix food with saliva

Trachea
Oseopha
ggus
 Absorption

Blood

Absorption of digested
of food
Dwindling

Food bolus
 Circular muscle
Oesphegus Antagonistic Muscles

Food that maintain prestalsis:

Has no role in
Roughages (fibers)
digestion…no enzymes
Lack:
Prestalsis, wave of
Longitudinal Consipitation
contractions and
Food muscle Colon Cancer
relaxations of circular
and longitudinal bolus
muscles as they are
antagonistic muscles to
push food forward
Physical Digestion: a
Churning movement : muscular action of

Stomach the stomach to help mix food with gastric

juice
Mucus

Chemical Digestion: Gastric Juice

CL

Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin)
peplin
HCL(Provide optimum p H for pepsin, and kill
bacteria & )
Mucus and water
HCL (secreted by stomach in gastric juice)
1.Provide optimum pH for pepsin enzyme
2.Kill microorganisms as bacteria by denaturing their enzyme
3.Activate inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin

Duodenum

Bile juice Pancreatic juice

Give
Made in liver
color of
Stored in gall bladder Mucus
faeces
Small Intestine Water
Enzymes:
Bile
Bile salt
pigment
HCO3 Amylase
Emulsification of large fats into smaller fat Neutralize the acid Lipase
droplets to i.s.a for better lipase activity coming from stomach
Trypsin
to make the medium
slightly alkaline to HCO3
provide optimum p H for
enzymes

Ileum
 Churning movement by
Stomach
stomach muscle by
mixing food with gastric
juice forming…chyme

Gastric juice

HCl Mucus
Pepsinogen

Pepsin
Illeum: Long coiled with inner folding villi…. To provide large surface area for maximum absorption of digested food

Thin wall (thin epithelium) which is one cell thick: to shorten distance for faster
diffusion
Goblet cells: secrete mucus to trap bacteria, so protect the inner lining of alimentary
canal from being digested by enzymes
Blood capillaries: Absorb digested food molecules as glucose and amino acids to liver
through hepatic portal vein
Lacteal: Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol to transport to lymphatic system

Epithelial cells I
1.Microvilli … to i.s.a to absorb more
Epithelial cells
digested food into blood
lining the villi=
2.Large number of mitochondria to
Microvilli
release energy for absorption of some
molecules by active transport
of

Diarrhea
Excessive loss of water and salts in watery faeces. When no enough water is being absorbed back to the body from faeces

Consequences

Loss of water and ions…Dehydration…Decrease is blood ' volume…increase in blood concentration…Decrease in water
potential of blood…water will leave the cells…less water inside the cells for metabolic reactions…body organs will stop (
working…Coma and death ☠
Causes Contaminated Rivers
Healthy person
drinks

Sewage containing
contaminated
contaminated water/ eat
faeces mixed with Methods of transmission contaminated
drinking water in Eating food * or drinking water " food… He is now
fall rivers in case of contaminated by faeces of infected infected person
Infected person natural disaster and person
poor sanitation
with bacteria &
causing cholera

Treatment
Solution 1.Oral rehydration therapy
1.Good sewage treatment 2.Antibiotics
2.Drink boiled/Chlorinated/Bottled water
3.Don’t use human faeces as fertilizers
4.Good personal hygiene
5.Decrease number of infected people using oral
rehydration therapy (mix of salts and sugars dissolved
in water) and antibiotics (bacterial infection)

How cholera causes diarreha?

1.Bacteria ingested with food or water, if survived the acidity of the stomach, so it will enter the
lumen of the small intestine
2.Bacteria in small intestine will find optimum conditions and reproduce and replicate
3.Bacteria will stick to the wall of small intestine
4.Bacteria starts releasing toxins
5.Toxins released will cause chloride ions to move into the lumen of the small intestine
6.This will cause decrease in water potential in lumen of small intestine
7. Water will move from blood to the lumen of the intestine by osmosis
8.Watery faeces is formed where less water is absorbed into the blood

Chloride ions move into

the lumen of intestine
decreasing water Lumen
potential
5at tire
Blood
A UP
Cholera
bacteria I I
multiplying i
Bacteria
releasing toxins
ci
Eci L.W.PT osmosis
in the lumen of
intestine
is
 Cl-
Bacteria
cholera Cl-

.P
W
L. Cl-
Cl- tin
e
s
te
al l in
m Cl-
S
Toxin

Blood

Cl- Cl- H.W.P

Large Intestine

Colon
Anus
Rectum
Reabsorption of
Egestion
water Stores faeces
Teeth

Enamel…Made mainly of calcium and phosphate which is the hardest part of the body
Dentine…Less hard than enamel
Pulp…Contain blood vessels and nerve cells
Gums…Hold the tooth in jaws
Cementum/Cement…Attach the tooth to bone… has fibers (periodontal ligaments) growing out of
it allowing slight movement of teeth during chewing

Strength to hold the tooth firmly in place in the

socket
Tooth Decay

1.Food remains trapped between cusps

2.Bacteria in mouth feed on these food remains
(sugar)
3.Bacteria respired anaerobically
4.Producing lactic acid
5.Acid produced dissolved the calcium ions in the
enamel… then dissolved dentine… then if reach the
pulp you will feel severe pain
How to prevent tooth decay
Flouride Argument
1. Regular brushing of teeth
2. Regular visits to the dentist
3. Use flouride in tooth paste to strengthen enamel
4. Eat less sugar
5. Use dental floss

The Role Of Liver

Role of liver in digestion

Producing bile juice

Bile Salts… which emulsify large fat molecules into smaller fat droplets to
increase surface area for better chemical digestion by lipase enzyme
Bicarbonate… Neutralize the acid coming from stomach, causing increase
in p H to provide optimum p H for trypsin and lipase activity
 o
Amin
s
acid

N
O
H
C

d as
e n
tor eni
S g
ly co Liver
a tic g
He
p
ein er
l v liv
o rta
p

Deamination
Nitrogen containing
Small intestine
part is removed and
converted to ammonia
then to urea… to be
released in urine by
kidney
Role of liver with amino acids
1.Excess amino acids…liver carry out deamination, where excess
amino acids can not be stored due to toxic nitrogen containing part,
so it is removed and converted to ammonia and ammonia converted
to urea to be excreted with urine by the kidney, where the rest of
carbohydrate part stored in liver as glycogen

2. Protein synthesis by building up large protein molecules as

plasma proteins eg. Fibrinogen

Role of liver in excretion

1. Deamination… urea excreted with urine by kidney
2. Destruction of old red blood cells in liver producing
bile pigments excreted in faeces
3. Detoxification…Breaking down drugs as alcohol

Role of liver in assimilation

Assimilation is the process where digested food
molecules are absorbed into cells and become part of
the cells
1.Excess glucose stored inside liver cells as glycogen
2.Glucose is used in respiration and energy release
3.Amino acids used in protein synthesis forming
protein molecules

Role of liver in controlling blood glucose level

 Blood Glucose Level

Insulin
r
Live

Glycogen

Glucose
eas
ncr
Pa

Glucagon
‫‪I LOVE MY STUDENTS‬‬
‫اكتر من اي حاجة في الدنيا‬
‫❤‬
 Maintain urolled
Blood
negati
feedback
mechanism

i
glycogen
grand
g
3108asma

ÉTq

Insulin
Bloodplaima
 (d) Cholesterol can accumulate in the gall bladder to form gall stones. These gall stones
may stop bile flowing from the liver through the bile duct and into the duodenum.

Explain the possible effect of gall stones on the digestion of fat.

[4]

[Total: 16]

8 5 The alimentary canal is adapted for chemical and mechanical digestion. 0610/32/M/J/13

µ (a) Explain how chemical digestion differs from mechanical digestion.

Chemical digestion is breakdown of large complex insoluble

molecules to small simple soluble ones by using enzymes +
examples
While mechanical digestion is breakdown of large food molecules
to smaller ones to i.s.a for better enzyme activity without being
chemically changed

[3]

409

Dr. Ahmed Shafai

 Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of the human alimentary canal.

C
J
D
H

F
Fig. 5.1

(b) Table 5.1 shows four functions of the alimentary canal.

Complete the table by:

• naming the part of the system that carries out each of the functions;

• using the letters from Fig. 5.1 to identify the part of the system named.

One row has been completed for you.

Dr. Ahmed Shafai

410
 Table 5.1

function name of part letter from Fig. 5.1

produces bile liver J

Small intestine. E
most soluble food is absorbed
into the blood
indigestible food is egested Anus. F

hydrochloric acid is produced Stomach. C

protease, lipase and amylase
Pancrease. D
are produced
[4]

(c) Some people develop gallstones, made of cholesterol, that accumulate in the gall
bladder and the bile duct. Gallstones block the flow of bile.

Explain how gallstones can affect the digestion of fat.

No bile is secreted into dudenoum

No bile salts into dudenoum
N emulsification of fats
Less surface area so less lipase activity

[3]

5 (a) Describe how food is moved along the small intestine. 0610/32/M/J/14

...................................................................................................................................................

By prestalsis where circular and longitudinal muscles are antagonstic

...................................................................................................................................................
contracting and relaxing pushing food forward
...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The small intestine is lined by many villi.
Fig. 5.1 shows a longitudinal section of a villus.

Fig. 5.2 shows a cross-section of the same villus at V – W.

The diagrams are not drawn to the same scale.

411

Dr. Ahmed Shafai

 P

V W

microvilli
S
cell T

Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2

(i) Name structures P, Q, and R.

P ........................................................................................................................................
Epithelial cells
Blood capillary
Q .......................................................................................................................................
Lacteal
R ................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) The blood that flows from S enters a vein.

Name the vein that transports blood away from the small intestine.
Hepatic portal vein
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Cell T is an example of the cells that form the surface of the villi.

Explain why there are many microvilli on cell T.

...........................................................................................................................................

To i.s.a to absorb more digested food by diffusion

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
Dr. Ahmed Shafai

412
 (iv) Some of the cells on the surface of the villi secrete mucus for protection.
Suggest what the villi need to be protected against.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
From bacteria/ HCL of stomach/Enzymes
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]

06_0610_43_2016_1.9
6 Fig. 6.1 shows the alimentary canals of two mammals, an insect-eating bat, which is a carnivore,
and a rabbit, which is a herbivore.
1
w V

0 10
cm

0 2 W
cm

insect-eating bat rabbit

Fig. 6.1

(a) Name the organs labelled V and W.

Stomach
V ........................................................................................................................................

Large intestine
W .......................................................................................................................................

[2]
(b) Explain the role of mechanical digestion.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Breakdown of large food molecules to smaller ones to increase surface
...........................................................................................................................................
Without area for better enzyme activity so speeds up chemical digestion.
using ...........................................................................................................................................
Mechanical digestion by teeth where premolars and molars crush and
...........................................................................................................................................
enzymes grind food, where stomach allows churning movement, Emulsification 413
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
Without
chemical
changes
Dr. Ahmed Shafai
 Scientists investigated digestion in different species of mammal. The mammals that they studied
ranged in size from an elephant shrew, Elephantulus edwardii, with a mass of 50 g to an ox, Bos
taurus, with a mass of 220 kg.
The scientists added indigestible particles to the animals’ food and timed how long the particles
stayed in the digestive system.
The results for 24 different mammal species are shown in Fig. 6.2.

160

140

120 Positive For and

correlation against
100
time in question
digestive
80
system
/ hours
60

40

20

0
0.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
relative body mass / arbitrary units
Fig. 6.2
(c) The scientists concluded that food stays longer in the digestive systems of larger mammals
compared with smaller mammals.

Discuss the evidence from Fig. 6.2 for and against the statement that food stays longer in the
digestive systems of larger mammals.

...........................................................................................................................................
Positive correlation as body mass increases the time taken for digestion increases,
...........................................................................................................................................
as mass increased from 1.7 a.u the time taken for digestion increased from 4 hours
reaching 148 hours at body mass 3.4 a.u. On the other side, there are species
...........................................................................................................................................

outliers, they do not fit the pattern as species with body mass 5.5 a.u has less time
...........................................................................................................................................
of food to be digested 24 hours. Only information about 24 species of mammals is
...........................................................................................................................................
a small sample about known validity
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]
Dr. Ahmed Shafai
[Total: 9]

414
1 Fat is a necessary component of the human diet. 0610/41/M/J/17

µ11 (a) State three ways in which the human body uses fat.

Energy source
1 .................................................................................................................................................

Insulation (Thermal or electrical)

2 .................................................................................................................................................
Protection of vital organs
3 .................................................................................................................................................
[3]

The arrows in Fig. 1.1 show the pathway of fat in part of the alimentary canal.

liver
stomach

pancreas

R
Q

Fig. 1.1

415

Dr. Ahmed Shafai

 (b) State the name of

(i) the enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests fat

Lipase
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) the products of chemical digestion of fat

Fatty acids and glycerol
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) the liquid that is produced by the liver and stored by organ P in Fig. 1.1
Bile juice
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) organ P in Fig. 1.1.

Gall Bladder
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Explain what happens to ingested fat at R in Fig. 1.1 before chemical digestion occurs.

Bile salts in bile juice emulsifies large fat drops to smaller fat
...................................................................................................................................................

droplets to increase surface area for brtter lipase activity

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Fatty acids and glycerol

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Explain how the products of fat digestion are transported from Q to the rest of the body.

...................................................................................................................................................
Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by microvilli as
...................................................................................................................................................
microvilli has finger like projection to i.s.a to absorb more
digested food. Lacteal absorbs fatty acids and glycerol
...................................................................................................................................................

through lymphatic system

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

Dr. Ahmed Shafai

416
 (b) Explain the importance of chemical digestion. 0610/41/M/J/18

...................................................................................................................................................
12 Breakdown of large complex insoluble food molecule to small simple soluble
ones to be easily absorbed into the body cells
...................................................................................................................................................

Amylase
...................................................................................................................................................
Protease
...................................................................................................................................................
Lipase
...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Fig. 1.2 shows the human alimentary canal and associated organs.

The functions of some of these parts of the body are given in Table 1.1.

M
B

K D

H E

I
G

Fig. 1.2

gipon
417

Dr. Ahmed Shafai

 Complete Table 1.1. One row has been done for you.

Table 1.1

function letter from Fig. 1.2 name of structure

site of starch digestion A. Mouth

reabsorption of water H. Large intestine

secretion of pepsin C. Stomach
site of maltose digestion
J. Small intestine
secretion of bile
L. Gall Bladder
storage of faeces F rectum

secretion of lipase and trypsin

D. Pancreas
[6]

Dr. Ahmed Shafai

418
 TEET
1 (a) Red pandas, Ailurus fulgens, and humans have a similar arrangement of teeth. 0610/42/M/J/18

w13 Fig. 1.1 shows a section through one tooth of a red panda. Fig. 1.2 shows the side view of the
lower jaw of a red panda.

C D E F

Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2

(i) State the names of the structures labelled A to F in Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2.

Dentine
A ........................................................................................................................................
Cement
B ........................................................................................................................................

Incisors
C ........................................................................................................................................

Canines
D ........................................................................................................................................
Premolars
E ........................................................................................................................................

F ........................................................................................................................................
Molars [3]

(ii) State the type of digestion that breaks down large pieces of food.

Mechanical Digestion
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Food that sticks to the teeth can be used by bacteria for anaerobic respiration.

This type of respiration releases a substance that can cause tooth decay.

(i) State the type of substance released by the bacteria, during respiration, that causes
tooth decay.
Lactic acid
...................................................................................................................................... [1] 419

Dr. Ahmed Shafai

 (ii) State the names of the two parts of a tooth that are dissolved by the substance released
by bacterial respiration.

Enamel
1 .........................................................................................................................................

Dentine
2 .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) The teeth of red pandas do not decay as much as human teeth.

Suggest the component of a human diet that causes teeth to decay as a result of bacterial
respiration.
Sugars
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]

0610/43/M/J/18
1 Two functions of the alimentary canal are mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

µ14
(a) Outline where and how mechanical digestion occurs in the alimentary canal.

...................................................................................................................................................

Large food molecules are broken down to smaller ones to increase surface
...................................................................................................................................................
area for better chemical digestion without being chemically changed and
...................................................................................................................................................
without using enzymes. Mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth by
...................................................................................................................................................
premolars and molars during mastication and the tongue which mixes food
with saliva. Stomach allows mechanical digestion through churning movement
...................................................................................................................................................

by...................................................................................................................................................
mixing gastric juice with food forming chyme

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) Enzymes catalyse the reactions of chemical digestion. Table 1.1 gives information about
chemical digestion in three parts of the alimentary canal.

Complete Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 [3]

part of the alimentary

enzyme substrate product(s)
canal

mouth starch Maltose

Amylase
stomach Pepsin Proteins
peptides

Small intestine Lipase

fat Dr. Ahmed Shafai
fatty acids and glycerol

420
 (c) Substances that are absorbed from the alimentary canal may enter cells and become part of
the cells.

(i) State the storage carbohydrate made from glucose in liver cells.

Glycogen
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State the type of protein used in the immune system that is produced from amino acids
by lymphocytes.
Antibodies
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Fat is produced from fatty acids and glycerol by cells in the fatty tissue beneath the skin.

State one function of this layer of fat.

Thermal insulation
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 10]

3 Fig. 3.1 shows part of a villus in the small intestine. 0610/3/O/N/02

15
capillary

microvilli on
epithelial cell

lacteal

421

Dr. Ahmed Shafai

 Digestive system

Ingestion: Taking food through mouth

Digestion:

Breakdown of food
Chemical digestion
Physical digestion

Breakdown of large complex

insoluble to small simple
Breakodown of large food
soluble molecules by enzymes
pieces to smaller food pieces to
to be easily absorbed
increase surface area for better
APL
enzyme activity, without using
enzymes and without being
Protease
chemically changed Lipase
amylase
 Absorption
small intestine Blood
L

small intestine absorb digested food by

diffusion/active transport
MM
Cells lining the small intestine.... Epithelial cells

Microvilli Mitochondria
increase surface More aerobic
area absorb respiration... release
more digested more energy/ATP for
food more active uptake
 Assimilation

Making use of digested food and becoming part of the cell

Egestion

Getting rid of undigested food through anus

N.B Egestion is not excretion

1 Mouth

Physical Chemical

Premolars and molars

Salivary gland
crush and grinding of
food to increase surface
Saliva
area for better amylase
activity Water
Mucus Amylase
to soften food
to facilitate
swallowing
 2 Eosphegus
epiglottis
food molecule
Trachea mouth
(airway)

Eosphegus

longitudinal
circular mucle
muscle

They are
antagonistic
muscle

Stimulate
peristalsis to
push food
forward
 3 Stomach
protein is digested in stomach
eosphegus cardiac sphincter

Chemical digestion
Physical digestion..
Churning Gastric Juice

movement mixing
food with gasteric
juice forming Pepsinogen HCl Mucus
chyme (inactive pepsin)

Pepsin

protein...amino acids

pyloric sphnicter

HCl
1.Activates pepsinogen into active pepsin
2.Provides optimum pH for maximum pepsin enzyme activity
3.Kills microorganisms and pathogens
 4 Small intestine

Dudenoum Illeum

Juices poured in the dudenoum

Bile juice Pancreatic juice

liver
Made by liver bile duct Amylase
Stored in gall bladder Lipase
gall baldder Trypsin
gall stone
Hydrogen carbonate
Bile juice Water
Mucus

Bile salt Hydrogen carbonate

Bile pigment
emulsification of
give color of (alkali)
large fat drop to
faeeces
smaller drops to
neutralize the acidity of
increase surface
chyme for optimum
area for better
enzyme activity
lipase activity
 Illeum
1.Long, coiled Epithelium
and folded to Villus

increase surface
3.blood capillay to
area to absorb
absorb glucose and
more digested
amino acids
food
Goblet cells...produce mucuas to

4.Lacteal transport protect lining of small intetsine and

fatty acids and alimentary canal

2.thin wall to
glycerol
shorten diostance
for faster and
easier absorption
Epithelium lining of small intestine.....Epithelial cells of digested food

epithelial cell

microvilli

mitochondria
 Intetsinal Juice

Epithelial lining of small intestine

lipase
Maltase peptidase
lipids...fatty acidas
maltose...glucose polypeptides...amino acids
and glycerol

5 Large intestine

anus
Colon rectum

egestion
stores faeces
reabsorption of water
 Bacteria Cholera
Cholera caused by:
Eating or drinking
contaminated food
Toxins
Vibrio Cholera or water

cl-
cl-
cl- osmosis

L. W. P

cl-

cl-
Blood
water loss
H.W.P

Large intetsine

loss of water faeces

Diarrhea Dehydration Death