GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT 3B: FOURTH EDITION I DON’T READ ALL THE E-MAIL THAT I RECEIVE.

LESSON 6: 0/
6.1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES-AN OVERVIEW OBJECT
AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS A GROUP OF WORDS THAT DESCRIBES OR IDENTIFIES THE NOUN I DON’T KNOW A PERSON
BEFORE IT A PERSON …………………………………………… SENT ME AN E-MAIL WITH HER PICTIRE.
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
WHO
I HAVE A FRIEND WHO IS A COMPUTER HERE THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TELLS YOU
A PERSON THAT I DON’T KNOW SENT ME AN E-MAIL WITH HER PICTURE.
PROGRAMMER. ABOUT THE FRIEND
0/
YOU SHOULD BUY A COMPUTER THAT HERE THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TELLS YOU
LANGUAGE NOTES:
HAS A BIG MEMORY ABOUT THE COMPUTER
1.- WHILE ALL WAYS SHOWN ABOVE ARE GRAMMATICALLY CORRECT, THE RELATIVE
PEOPLE WHO SEND E-MAIL USUALLY THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CAN DESCRIBE ANY
PRONOUN IS USUALLY OMMITTED IN CONVERSATION WHEN IT IS THE OBJECT OF THE
WRITE LETTERS THAT ARE SHORT. NOUN IN THE SENTENCE. IN THE SENTENCE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.
TO THE LEFT, AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
I DON’T READ ALL THE E-MAIL THAT I RECEIVE
DESCRIBES BOTH THE SUBJECT (PEOPLE)
A PERSON WHOM I DON’T KNOW SENT ME AN E-MAIL WITH HER PICTURE.
AND THE OBJECT (LETTERS).
2.- WHOM IS CONSIDERED MORE CORRECT THAN WHO WHEN USED AS THE OBJECT OF
THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. HOWEVER, AS SEEN IN THE ABOVE NOTE, THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
6.2 RELATIVE PRONOUN AS SUBJECT IS USUALLY OMMITTED ALTOGETHER IN CONVERSATION.
THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO, THAT, AND WHICH CAN BE THE SUBJECT OF AN A PERSON WHOM I DON’T KNOW SENT ME AN E-MAIL. (FORMAL)
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. A PERSON WHO I DON’T KNOW SENT ME AN E-MAIL. (LESS FORMAL)
I RECEIVED AN E-MAIL. THE E-MAIL PROMISES TO MAKE ME RICH. A PERSON I DON’T KNOW SENT ME AN E-MAIL. (INFORMAL)
3.- IN AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, OMIT THE OBJECT PRONOUN.
I RECEIVED AN E-MAIL THAT PROMISES TO MAKE ME RICH. THE COMPUTER THAT I BOUGHT IT HAS A LARGE MEMORY.
WHICH
PEOPLE ………………………………. OFTEN GIVE OUT THEIR E-MAIL ADDRESSES. 6.4 COMPARING PRONOUN AS SUBJECT AND OBJECT
PEOPLE BUY THINGS ONLINE.
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
PEOPLE WHO BUY THINGS ONLINE OFTEN GIVE OUT THEIR E-MAIL ADDRESSES
COMPARE: IN SENTENCES (A), THE RELATIVE PRONOUN IS
THAT
A.- I RECEIVE A LOT OF E-MAIL (THAT) I THE OBJECT OF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. IT IS
LANGUAGE NOTES:
DELETE WITHOUT READING. OFTEN OMMITTED, ESPECIALLY IN
1.- USE THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO AND THAT FOR PEOPLE. USE THE RELATIVE
B.- I RECEIVE A LOT OF E-MAIL THAT CONVERSATION. THE NEW SUBJECT
PRONOUNS THAT AND WHICH FOR THINGS. (WHICH IS LESS COMMON THAN THAT.)
PROMISES TO MAKE ME RICH. INTRODUCED (I) INDICATES THAT THE
2.- A PRESENT TENSE VERB IN THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE MUST AGREE IN NUMBER WITH ITS
A.- A STUDENT (WHOM) RELATIVE PRONOUN IS AN OBJECT AND CAN
SUBJECT.
BE OMMITTED.
PEOPLE WHO BUY THINGS ONLINE SHOULD HAVE A SEPARATE E-MAIL ADDRESSES.
A PERSON WHO BUYS THINGS ONLINE SHOULD HAVE A SEPARATE E-MAIL ADDRESSES.
A.- A STUDENT (WHOM) I MET IN MY IN SENTENCES (B), THE RELATIVE PRONOUN IS
MATH CLASS DOESN’T WANT TO OWN A THE SUBJECT OF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. IT
6.3 RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT COMPUTER. CANNOT BE OMMITTED. THE FACT THAT
THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO(M), THAT, AND WHICH CAN BE THE OBJECT OF AN B.- A STUDENT WHO HAS GOOD GRADES THERE IS NO NEW SUBJECT AFTER THAT OR
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. CAN GET A SCHOLARSHIP. WHO INDICATES THAT THE RELATIVE
OBJECT PRONOUN IS THE SUBJECT.
I DON’T READ ALL THE E-MAIL. I RECEIVE E-MAIL WRONG: A STUDENT HAS GOOD GRADES
WHICH CAN GET A SCHOLARSHIP.
6.5 RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION 6.7 WHERE, WHEN, THAT, OR WHICH IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS CAN BE THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION (TO, ABOUT, WITH, OF, EXAMPLES EXPLANATIONS
FOR, ETC.) A.- IN 2022, PIERRE GAVE THE INSTEAD OF WHERE (A), THE ADJECTIVE
PREP. OBJECT GRADUATION SPEECH AT THE COLLEGE CLAUSE CAN HAVE PREPOSITION + WHICH (B)
SPAM IS COMMERCIAL E-MAIL. YOU DON’T AK FOR SPAM. WHERE HE HAD GOTTEN HIS DEGREE. OR THAT + PREPOSITION (C). IF YOU USE
B.- IN 2022, PIERRE GAVE THE WHERE, DON’T USE A PREPOSITION (IN THIS
THAT GRADUATION SPEECH AT THE COLLEGE CASE, FROM).
SPAM IS COMMERCIAL E-MAIL. 0/ YOU DON’T ASK FOR. FROM WHICH HE HAD GOTTEN HIS
WHICH DEGREE.
SPAM IS COMMERCIAL E-MAIL FOR WHICH YOU DON’T ASK. (VERY FORMAL) C.- IN 2022, PIERRE GAVE THE THE MEANING OF (A), (B), AND (C) IS
PREP. OBJECT GRADUATION SPPECH AT THE COLLEGE ESSENTIALLY THE SAME.
I WROTE TO A FRIEND. (THAT) HE HAD GOTTEN HIS DEGREE
THE FRIEND…………………………………………………………………SENT ME A QUICK REPLY. FROM.
THAT A.- 1995 IS THE YEAR WHEN EBAY GOT ITS INSTEAD OF WHEN (A), THE ADJECTIVE
THE FRIEND 0/ I WROTE TO SENT ME A QUICK REPLY (INFORMAL) START. CLAUSE CAN HAVE PREPOSITION + WHICH (B)
WHO(M) B.- 1995 IS THE YEAR IN WHICH EBAY GOT OR THAT + PREPOSITION (C). IF YOU USE
THE FRIEND TO WHOM I WROTE SENT ME A QUICK REPLY. (VERY FORMAL) ITS START. WHEN, DON’T USE A PREPOSITION.
LANGUAGE NOTES: C.- 1995 IS THE YEAR (THAT) EBAY GOT
1.- INFORMALLY, MOST NATIVE SPEAKERS PUT THE PREPOSITION AT THE END OF THE STARTED IN. THE MEANING OF (A), (B), AND (C) IS
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN IS USUALLY OMMITTED. THE MOST COMMON ESSENTIALLY THE SAME.
WAY TO SAY THE SENTENCES IN THE ABOVE CHART IS: COMPARE: IN SENTENCE (A), WHERE MEANS THERE OR
SPAM IS COMMERCIAL E-MAIL YOU DON’T ASK FOR. A.- SHE LIVES IN A HOME WHERE PEOPLE IN THAT PLACE.
THE FRIEND I WROTE TO SENT ME A QUICK REPLY. USE THE COMPUTER A LOT. PEOPLE USE THE COMPUTER A LOT THERE.
2.- IN VERY FORMAL ENGLISH, THE PREPOSITION COMES BEFORE THE RELATIVE PRONOUN, B.- SHE LIVES IN A HOME THAT HAS THREE IN SENTENCE (B), THAT MEANS HOME.
AND ONLY WHOM AND WHICH MAY BE USED. THAT IS NOT USED DIRECTLY AFTER A COMPUTERS. THE HOME HAS THREE COMPUTERS.
PREPOSITION. A.- FEBRUARY IS THE MONTH WHEN I IN SENTENCE (A), WHEN MEANS THEN OR IN
THE PERSON TO WHOM I SPOKE WAS VERY HELPFUL. WAS BORN. THAT MONTH.
THE COLLEGE TO WHICH I APPLIED IS IN CALIFORNIA. B.- FEBRUARY IS THE MONTH THAT HAS I WAS BORN THEN
WRONG: THE COLLEGE TO THAT I APPLIED IS IN CALIFORNIA. ONLY 28 DAYS. IN SENTENCE (B), THAT MEANS THE MONTH.
THE MONTH HAS ONLY 28 DAYS.
6.6 WHERE AND WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION 6.8 WHOSE + NOUN IN AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
EBAY IS A WEB SITE WHERE PEOPLE CAN WHERE MEANS “IN THAT PLACE”. WHERE WHOSE IS THE POSSESSIVE FORM OF WHO. IT STANDS FOR HIS, HER, ITS, THEIR, OR THE
BUY AND SELL THINGS. CANNOT BE OMMITTED. POSSESSIVE FORM OF THE NOUN.
EBAY IS A COMMUNITY WHERE YOU CAN WHOSE + NOUN CAN BE THE SUBJECT OF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
MEET PEOPLE WHO SHARE YOUR HOBBY. SUBJECT
THERE WAS A TIME (WHEN) COLLECTORS WHEN MEANS “AT THAT TIME”. WHEN CAN BE THERE ARE PEOPLE. THEIR ENJOYMENT COMES FROM CREATING VIRUSES.
WERE LIMITED TO THEIR LOCAL AREAS. OMMITTED.
DO YOU REMEMBER THE DAY (WHEN) THERE ARE PEOPLE WHOSE ENJOYMENT COMES FROM CREATING VIRUSES.
YOU SAW A COMPUTER FOR THE FIRST SUBJECT
TIME? COMPANIES CAN LOSE A LOT OF MONEY. THEIR COMPUTERS ARE INFECTED WITH A VIRUS.
COMPANIES WHOSE COMPUTERS ARE INFECTED WITH A VIRUS CAN LOSE A LOT OF
 MONEY. EXAMPLES EXPLANATIONS
WHOSE + NOUN CAN BE THE OBJECT OF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE BERNERS-LEE, WHO WAS BORN IN SOME ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ARE NOT
OBJECT ENGLAND, NOW LIVES IN THE U.S. ESSENTIAL TO THE MEANING OF THE
DON’T OPEN AN ATTACHMENT FROM A SENDER. YOU DON’T RECOGNIZE THE SENDER’S SENTENCE. A NONESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE
NAME. BERNERS-LEE’S PARENTS, WHO HELPED CLAUSE ADDS EXTRA INFORMATION. THE
DESIGN THE FIRST COMPUTER, GAVE SENTENCE IS COMPLETE WITHOUT. IT.
DON’T OPEN AN ATTACHMENT FROM A SENDER WHOSE NAME YOU DON’T RECOGNIZE THEIR SON A LOVE OF LEARNING.

OBJECT BERNERS-LEE WENT TO WORK AT CERN, A NONESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS

I’VE SAVED MY FRIENDS’ LETTERS FOR YEARS. THEY ARE AMAZED THAT I STILL HAVE THEIR WHICH IS A PHYSICS LABORATORY IN SEPARATED BY COMMAS FROM THE MAIN
MAIL GENEVA. PART OF THE SENTENCE.

FRIENDS WHOSE LETTERS I’VE SAVED FOR YEARS ARE AMAZED THAT I STILL HAVE THEIR BERNERS-LEE WAS BORN IN 1955, WHEN
MAIL. PERSONAL COMPUTERS WERE BEYOND A NONESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE BEGINS
PEOPLE’S IMAGINATION. WITH WHO, WHOM, WHICH, WHERE, WHEN,
6.9 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AFTER INDEFINITE PRONOUNS OR WHOSE. THAT IS NOT USED IN A
AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CAN FOLLOW AN INDEFINITE PRONOUN: SOMEONE, SOMETHING, PIERRE OMIDYAR, WHO CREATED EBAY, NONESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.
EVERYONE, EVERYTHING, NO ONE, NOTHING, ANYTHING. WAS BORN IN FRANCE.
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
IP RP THE RELATIVE PRONOUN (RP) AFTER AN PIERRE OMIDYAR, WHOSE WIFE IS A
EVERYONE WHO RECEIVED MY E-MAIL INDEFINITE PRONOUN (IP) CAN BE THE COLLECTOR, GOT HIS IDEA FOR E-BAY IN
KNOWS ABOUT THE PARTY. SUBJECT OF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. THE 1995.
RELATIVE PRONOUN CANNOT BE OMMITTED.
PIERRE BROUGHT IN MEG WHITMAN,
IP RP WHOSE KNOWLEDGE OF BUSINESS
I DON’T KNOW ANYONE WHO HAS NEVER HELPED ME EBAY THE SUCCESS ITS IS
USED E-MAIL. TODAY.
IP RP THE RELATIVE PRONOUN (RP) AFTER AN
SOMETHING (THAT) HE WROTE MADE ME INDEFINITE PRONOUN (IP) CAN BE THE 6.11 ESSENTIAL VS NONESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 2
ANGRY. OBJECT OF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. IN THIS EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
IP RP CASE, IT IS USUALLY OMMITTED. BILL GATES, WHO CRETATED MICROSOFT, IN THE EXAMPLES TO THE LEFT, THE
I DIDN’T READ ANYTHING (THAT) I NEVER FINISHED COLLEGE. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS NONESSENTIAL
RECEIVED TODAY, BERNERS-LEE, WHOSE PARENTS HELPED BECAUSE, WITHOUT IT, WE CAN STILL
LANGUAGE NOTES: DESIGN THE FIRST COMPUTER, LOVED IDENTIFY THE NOUN IN THE MAIN CLAUSE.
1.- AN INDEFINITE PRONOUN TAKES A SINGULAR VERB (THE -S FORM). MATHEMATICS. TRY READING THE SENTENCES WITHOUT THE
EVERYONE WHO USES E-MAIL HAS AN E-MAIL ADDRESS. BERNERS-LEE WORKS AT MIT, WHERE HE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. THE SENTENCES ARE
I DON’T KNOW ANYONE WHO DOESN’T HAVE A COMPUTER. HAS A SMALL OFFICE, COMPLETE. THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ADDS
2.- AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE DOES NOT USUALLY FOLLOW A PERSONAL PRONOUN, EXCEPT IN EBAY WAS IN OMIDYAR’S HANDS UNTIL EXTRA INFORMATION TO THE SENTENCE.
VERY FORMAL LANGUAGE AND IN SOME PROVERBS. 1998, WHEN HE TURNED OVER THE A NONESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS SET
HE WHO LAUGHS LAST LAUGHS BEST. OPERATION OF THE COMPANY TO MEG OFF FROM THE REST OF THE SENTENCE BY
HE WHO HESITATES IS LOST. WHITMAN. COMMAS.
6.10 NONESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSES THE PEOPLE WHO BUILT THE FIRST IN THE EXAMPLES TO THE LEFT, THE
COMPUETRS WORKED AT THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS ESSENTIAL BECAUSE, BILL GATES NEVER FINISHED COLLEGE.
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF THE WITHOUT IT, WE CAN’T IDENTIFY THE NOUN.  IS THE NOUN A UNIQUE PERSON OR PLACE?
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, TRY READING THE SENTENCES WITHOUT THE BERNERS-LEE, WHO WORKS AT MIT, INVENTED THE WEB.
THERE ARE MANY PEOPLE WHOSE ONLY ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. IF WE TAKE IT OUT, THE  IF THE NOUN IS PLURAL, AM I INCLUDING ALL MEMBERS OF A GROUP (ALL MY
ONLINE ACTIVITY IS SENDING AND NOUN ISN’T PROPERLY IDENTIFIED AND THE COUSINS, ALL MY FRIENDS, ALL AMERICANS, ALL COMPUTERS)?
RECEIVING E-MAIL. IDEA ISN’T COMPLETE. MY FRIENDS, WHO ARE WONDERFUL PEOPLE, ALWAYS HELP ME. (ALL OF MY
COMPARE: FRIENDS ARE WONDERFUL PEOPLE)
A.- THE COMPUTER, WHICH WAS EXAMPLE (A) REFERS TO THE WHOLE CLASS COMPARE:
INVENTED IN THE 1940S, HAS BECOME OF COMPUETRS AS AN INVENTION. I SEND E-MAIL TO MY FRIENDS WHO HAVE SOME COMPUTERS AND INTERNET
PART OF OUR EVERYDAY LIVES. SERVICE. (NOT ALL OF MY FRIENDS HAVE HOME COMPUTERS AND INTERNET SERVICE.)
(NONESSENTIAL)
6.12 DESCRIPTIVE PHRASES
B.- THE COMPUTER (THAT, WHICH) I EXAMPLE (B) REFERS TO ONLY ONE SOME ADJECTIVE CLAUSES CAN BE SHORTENED TO DESCRIPTIVE PHRASES. WE CAN
BOUGHT TWO YEARS AGO IS SLOW COMPUTER, WHICH IS IDENTIFIED BY THE SHORTEN AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IN WHICH THE RELATIVE PRONOUN IS FOLLOWED BY THE
COMPARED TO TODAY’S COMPUTERS. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. VERB BE.
(ESSENTIAL) EXAMPLES EXPLANATIONS
COMPARE: COMPARE:
A.- A PERSON WHO INVENTS SOMETHING IN SENTENCE (A), THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS A.- PEOPLE WHO ARE UNHAPPY WITH THE SENTENCES (A) HAVE AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.
IS VERY CREATIVE AND INTELLIGENT. ESSENTIAL IN ORDER TO EXPLAIN WHICH AMOUNT OF SPAM THEY RECEIVE
(ESSENTIAL). PERSON IS CREATIVE AND INTELLIGENT. SHOULD WRITE TO THEIR LAWMAKERS.
B.- PEOPLE UNHAPPY WITH THE AMOUNT SENTENCE (B) HAVE A DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE.
BERNERS-LEE, WHO INVENTED THE WEB, IN SENTENCE (B), THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS OF SPAM THEY RECEIVE SHOULD WRITE
IS NOT RICH. (NONESSENTIAL) NONESSENTIAL BECAUSE IT PROVIDES EXTRA TO THEIR LAWMAKERS.
INFORMATION. BERNERS-LEE IS UNIQUE AND
DOES NOT NEED TO BE IDENTIFIED. THE A.- PIERRE OMIDYAR, THE FOUNDER OF
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS NONESSENTIAL. EBAY, IS ONE OF THE RICHEST MEN IN THE
COMPARE: WORLD.
A.- THE COMPUTER (WHICH OR THAT) SHE IN AN ESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (A), THE B.- PIERRE OMIDYAR, THE FOUNDER OF
JUST BOUGHT HAS A BIG MEMORY. RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHICH OR THAT CAN EBAY, IS ONE OF THE RICHEST MEN IN THE
(ESSENTIAL) BE USED OR OMMITTED. WORLD.
A.- ONE-HALF OF ALL THE E-MAIL THAT IS A DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE CAN BEGIN WITH A
B.- MICROSOFT, WHICH BILL GATES IN A NONESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (B), SENT TODAY IS SPAM. PAST PARTICIPLE.
HELPED CREATE, IS A BILLION-DOLLAR ONLY THE RELATIVE PRONOUN WHICH CAN B.- ONE-HALF OF ALL THE E-MAIL SENT
COMPANY. (NONESSENTIAL) BE USED, IT CANNOT BE OMMITTED. TODAY IS SPAM
LANGUAGE NOTE: HERE ARE SOME QUESTIONS TO HELP YOU DECIDE IF THE ADJECTIVE COMPARE SENTENCES (A) WITH AN
CLAUSE NEEDS COMMAS OR NOT. IF THE ANSWER TO ANY OF THESE QUESTIONS IS YES, A.- THERE ARE ABOUT 11 MILLION ITEMS ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO SENTENCES (B) WITH A
THEN THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS SET OFF BY COMMAS. THAT ARE LISTED ON EBAY. DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE.
 CAN I PUT THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IN PARENTHESES? B.- THERE ARE ABOUT 11 MILLION ITEMS
BILL GATES (WHO CREATED MICROSOFT) NEVER FINISHED COLLEGE LISTED ON EBAY.
 CAN I WRITE THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE AS A SEPARATE SENTENCE? A.- A MAN WHO IS LIVING IN FLORIDA A DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE CAN BEGIN WITH A
BILL GATES CREATED MICROSOFT. HE NEVER FINISHED COLLEGE. RETIRED AT THE AGE OF 37 AFTER PRESENT PARTICIPLE (VERB -ING)
 IF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS DELETED, DOES THE SENTENCE STILL MAKE SENJSE? MAKING MILLIONS IN THE SPAM
 BUSINESS. COMPARE SENTENCES (A) WITH AN I JUST BOUGHT A COMPUTER EBAY WAS CREATED IN SAN
B.- A MAN LIVING IN FLORIDA RETIRED AT ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO SENTENCES (B) WITH A THAT (OR WHICH) HAS A VERY JOSE, WHICH IS A CITY NEAR
THE AGE OF 37 AFTER MAKING MILLIONS DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE. BIG MEMORY SAN FRANCISCO.
IN THE SPAM BUSINESS. PRONOUN AS THE FIRST COMPUTER (THAT OR MY FIRST COMPUTER, WHICH I
OBEJCT WHICH) I BOUGHT DIDN’T HAVE BOUGHT IN 1996, IS MUCH
A.- SHOPPERS WHO ARE USING EBAY CAN A MOUSE. SLOWER THAN MY NEW
LOCATE A HARD-TO-FIND ITEM. THE PEOPLE (WHO, WHOM, COMPUTER.
B.- SHOPPERS USING EBAY CAN LOCATE A THAT) YOU MEET IN CHAT MY FATHER, WHOM YOU MET
HARD-TO-FIND ITEM. ROOMS ARE SOMETIMES VERY AT THE PARTY, IS A
A.- SPAM, WHICH IS UNWANTED A DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE CAN GIVE A SILLY PROGRAMMER.
COMMERCIAL E-MAIL, IS AN ANNOYING DEFINITION OR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT PRONOUN AS THE PERSON TO WHOM I SENT BERNERS-LEE, ABOUT WHOM
PROBLEM. THE NOUN IT FOLLOWS. THIS KIND OF OBJECT OF AN E-MAIL NEVER ANSWERED WE READ, IS AN INTERESTING
B.- SPAM, UNWANTED COMMERCIAL E- DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE IS CALLED AN PREPOSITION ME. (FORMAL) PERSON. (FORMAL)
MAIL, IS AN ANNOYING PROBLEM. APPOSITIVE. THE PERSON (WHOM, WHO, BERNERS-LEE, WHOM WE
THAT) I SENT AN E-MAIL TO READ ABOUT, IS AN
A.- EBAY, WHICH IS AN AUCTION WEB COMPARE SENTENCES (A) WITH AN DIDN’T ANSWER ME. INTERESTING PERSON.
SITE, IS VERY POPULAR ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO SENTENCES (B) WITH (INFORMAL) (INFORMAL)
B.- EBAY, AN AUCTION WEB SITE, IS VERY AN APPOSITIVE, WHERE THE STORE WHERE I BOUGHT BERNERS-LEE WORKS AT THE
POPULAR. MY COMPUTER HAS GOOD MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
A.- A MAN WHO IS IN FLORIDA RETIRED AT A DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE CAN BEGIN WITH A PRICES. OF TECHNOLOGY, WHERE HE
THE AGE OF 37. PREPOSITION (WITH, IN, FROM, OF, ETC) HAS A SMALL OFFICE.
B.- A MAN IN FLORIDA RETIRED AT THE WHEN I’LL NEVER FORGET THE DAY THE WEB WAS CREATED IN
AGE OF 37. (WHEN) I SAW A PERSONAL 1991, WHEN MOST PEOPLE
COMPUTER FOR THE FIRST TIME. DID NOT HAVE HOME
A.- PIERRE, WHO IS FROM FRANCE, COMPARE SENTENCES (A) WITH AN COMPUTERS.
CREATED EBAY ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO SENTENCES (B) WITH A WHOSE + NOUN AS CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS ARE BERNERS-LEE, WHOSE
B.- PIERRE, FROM FRANCE, CREATED EBAY. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. SUBJECT POOR OFTEN DON’T HAVE A PARENTS WORKED ON
LANGUAGE NOTES: HOME COMPUTER, COMPUTERS, LEARNED A LOT
1.- A DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE CAN BE ESSENTIAL OR NONESSENTIAL. A NONESSENTIAL IN HIS HOME.
PHRASE IS SET OFF BY COMMAS. WHOSE + NOUN AS THERE ARE FRIENDS WHOSE MY MOTHER, WHOSE LETTERS
PEOPLE UNHAPPY WITH THE AMOUNT OF SPAM THEY RECEIVE SHOULD WRITE TO THEIR OBJECT LETTERS I’VE SAVED FOR YEARS. I’VE SAVED, DIED TWO YEARS
LAWMAKERS. (ESSENTIAL) AGO.
PIERRE OMIDYAR, THE FOUNDER OF EBAY, IS ONE OF THE RICHEST MEN IN THE WORLD. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE I DON’T KNOW ANYONE WHO
(NONESSENTIAL) AFTER INDEFINITE HAS A MACINTOSH COMPUTER.
2.- AN APPOSITIVE IS ALWAYS NONESSENTIAL. COMPUND EVERYTHING I LEARNED ABOUT
AMAZON.COM, AN ONLINE STORE, IS A VERY POPULAR WEB SITE. COMPUTERS IS USEFUL
DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE HOME COMPUTERS MADE 20 BILL GATES, THE FOUNDER OF
SUMMARY OF LESSON 6 YEARS AGO DIDN’T HAVE A BIG MICROSOFT, BECAME A
ESSENTIAL NONESSENTIAL MEMORY BILLIONAIRE
PRONOUN AS PEOPLE (WHO OR THAT) WRITE BILL GATES, WHO CREATED 7.1 INFINITIVES-AN OVERVIEW
SUBJECT E-MAIL AREN’T CAREFUL ABOUT MICROSOFT, IS ONE OF THE AN INFINITIVE IS TO + BASE FORM: TO GO, TO BE, TO SEE
SPELLING. RICHEST PEOPLE IN THE WORLD. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
 I WANT TO HELP. AN INFINITIVE IS USED AFTER CERTAIN VERBS HELP OTHERS.
I WANT HIM TO HELP. AN OBJECT CAN BE ADDED BEFORE AN C.- HE WANTED THEM TO DONATE
INFINITIVE MONEY.
I’M HAPPY TO HELP. AN INFINITIVE CAN FOLLOW CERTAIN D.- OUR PARENTS WANT US TO HELP
ADJECTIVES OTHERS.
IT’S IMPORTANT TO HELP OTHERS AN INFINITIVE FOLLOWS CERTAIN CARNEGIE ENCOURAGED PEOPLE NOT TO PUT NOT BEFORE AN INFINITIVE TO MAKE A
EXPRESSIONS WITH IT. BE SELFISH. NEGATIVE
DO YOU VOLUNTEER YOUR TIME IN AN INFINITIVE IS USED TO SHOW PURPOSE THE TEACHER ADVISED US NOT TO TALK
ORDER TO HELP OTHERS? DURING AN EXAM.
HE’S OLD ENOUGH TO HELP AN INFINITIVE IS USED AFTER EXPRESSIONS LANGUAGE NOTE:
SHE’S TOO YOUNG TO HELP WITH TOO AND ENOUGH THE VERBS BELOW CAN BE FOLLOWED BY A NOUN OR OBJECT PRONOUN + AN INFINITIVE.
ADVISE EXPECT PERSUADE
7.2 VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE ALLOW FORBID REMIND
EXAMPLES EXPLANATIONS APPOINT FORCE TEACH
CARNEGIE WANTED TO BUILD LIBRARIES. SOME VERBS ARE FOLLOWED BY AN ASK INVITE TELL
HE STARTED TO WORK WHEN HE WAS 14. INFINITIVE. BEG NEED URGE
HE DECIDED TO GIVE AWAY MONEY. CONVINCE ORDER WANT
EVERYONE DESERVES TO HAVE AN ENCOURAGE PERMIT WOULD LIKE
EDUCATION.
I WANT TO MAKE MONEY AND HELP IN A SENTENCE WITH TWO INFINITIVES 7.4 CAUSATIVE VERBS
OTHERS. CONNECTED BY AND, THE SECOND TO IS SOME VERBS ARE OFTEN CALLED CAUSATIVE VERBS BECAUSE ONE PERSON CAUSES,
USUALLY OMMITTED. ENABLES, OR ALLOWS ANOTHER TO DO SOMETHING.
EVERYONE WANTS TO BE GIVEN AN TO MAKE AN INFINITIVE PASSIVE, USE TO BE + EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
OPPORTUNITY TO SUCCEED. PAST PARTICIPLE. CARNEGIE PERSUADED WEALTHY PEOPLE GET, PERSUADE, CONVINCE ARE FOLLOWED
LANGUAGE NOTE: TO GIVE AWAY THEIR MONEY. BY AN OBJECT + INFINITIVE.
THE VERBS BELOW CAN BE FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE.
AGREE DESERVE LOVE SEEM YOU CONVINCED ME TO HELP THE POOR. GET, IN THE EXAMPLE ON THE LEFT, MEANS
APPEAR EXPECT MANAGE START PERSUADE.
ATTEMPT FORGET NEED TRY THEY GOT US TO CONTRIBUTE TO
BEGIN HATE OFFER WANT CHARITY.
CAN(‘T) AFFORD HOPE PLAN WISH CARNEGIE HELPED PEOPLE TO GET AN AFTER HELP + OBJECT, EITHER THE INFINITIVE
CAN’T STAND INTEND PREFER WOULD LIKE EDUCATION. OR THE BASE FORM CAN BE USED. THE BASE
CHOOSE KNOW HOW PREPARE REFUSE FORM IS MORE COMMON.
CONTINUE LEARN PRETEND VOLUNTEERS HELP KIDS LEARN TO READ.
DECIDE LIKE PROMISE THE GOVERNEMENT LETS YOU DEDUCT LET MEANS PERMIT. LET IS FOLLOWED BY AN
YOUR CONTRIBUTION TO CHARITY. OBJECT + BASE FORM. (PERMIT AND ALLOW ARE
FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE)
7.3 OBJECT BEFORE INFINITIVE
COMPARE:
AFTER THE VERB, WE CAN USE AN OBJECT + AN INFINITIVE THE TEACHER DOESN’T LET US TALK
THE TEACHER DOESN’T LET US TALK
EXAMPLE EXPLANATION DURING A TEST.
THE TEACHER DOESN’T PERMIT US TO TALK
A.- CARNEGIE WANTED EVERYONE TO THE OBJECT CAN BE A NOUN (A AND B) OR A A.- NO ONE CAN MAKE YOU GIVE TO MAKE IS FOLLOWED BY AN OBJECT + BASE
HAVE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES. PRONOUN (C AND D). CHARITY. FORM.
B.- HE ENCOURAGED RICH PEOPLE TO B.- VOLUNTEERING MY TIME MAKES ME IN SENTENCE (A), MAKE MEANS FORCE
 FEEL GOOD. IN SENTENCE (B) AND (C), MAKE MEANS TO THE TWO CLAUSES.
C.- A SAD MOVIE MAKES ME CRY. CAUSE SOMETHING TO HAPPEN. B.- CARNEGIE GAVE AWAY HIS MONEY IN B.- THE PURPOSE CLAUSE CAN FOLLOW THE
PUBLIC TV STATIONS HAVE VOLUNTEERS HAVE MEANS TO GIVE A JOB OR TASK TO ORDER TO HELP OTHERS. MAIN CLAUSE. DON’T USE A COMMA.
ANSWER THE PHONES AND TAKE SOMEONE. HAVE, IN THIS CASE, IS FOLLOWED
DONATIONS. BY AN OBJECT + BASE FORM. 7.7 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT
THE TEACHER HAD US WRITE A EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
COMPOSITION ABOUT CHARITY. IT’S GOOD TO HELP OTHER PEOPLE. AN INFINITIVE PHRASE CAN BE THE SUBJECT
IT WAS CARNEGIE’S DREAM TO BUILD OF A SENTENCE. WE USUALLY BEGIN THE
7.5 ADJECTIVE PLUS INFINITIVE LIBRARIES. SENTENCE WITH IT AND PUT THE INFINITIVE
CERTAIN ADJECTIVES CAN BE FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE IT’S HARD TO RIDE A BIKE 500 MILES. PHRASE AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION IT IS IMPORTANT FOR RICH PEOPLE TO SET FOR + AN OBJECT CAN GIVE THE INFINITIVE A
SOME PEOPLE ARE HAPPY TO HELP CERTAIN ADJECTIVES CAN BE FOLLOWED BY AN EXAMPLE SPECIFIC SUBJECT.
OTHERS. AN INFINITIVE. MANY OF THESE ADJECTIVES IT IS NECESSARY FOR BIKE RIDERS TO
ARE YOU WILLING TO DONATE YOUR DESCRIBE A PERSON’S EMOTIONAL OR TRAIN FOR THE LONG RIDE.
TIME? MENTAL STATE IT COSTS A LOT OF MONEY TO BUILD A AN INFINITIVE IS OFTEN USED AFTER COST +
I AM PROUD TO BE A VOLUNTEER. LIBRARY. MONEY AND TAKE + TIME
I AM SAD TO SEE SO MANY NEEDY PEOPLE IT TAKES MANY DAYS TO RIDE FROM LOS
IN THE WORLD ANGELES TO SAN FRANCISCO.
WE ARE PLEASED TO BE ABLE TO HELP. CARNEGIE WAS A POOR IMMIGRANT, BUT AN INDIRECT OBJECT CAN FOLLOW TAKE AND
LANGUAGE NOTE: IT DIDN’T TAKE HIM LONG TO BECOME COST
THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES CAN BE FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE RICH.
AFRAID EAGER PLEASED SAD HOW MUCH DID IT COST HIM TO BUILD A
ASHAMED GLAD PREPARED SORRY LIBRARY?
DELIGHTED HAPPY PROUD SURPRISED TO BUILD LIBRARIES WAS CARNEGIE’S SOMETIMES WE BEGIN A SENTENCE WITH AN
DISAPPOINTED LUCKY READY WILLING DREAM. INFINITIVE PHRASE. A SENTENCE THAT BEGINS
TO GIVE MONEY AWAY IS THE BEST THING WITH AN INFINITIVE IS VERY FORMAL.
7.6 USING THE INFINITIVE TO SHOW PURPOSE RICH PEOPLE CAN DO.
EXAMPLE EXPLANATION TO HELP OTHERS GIVE A PERSON
1.- DAN ORGANIZED THE BIKE RIDE IN ORDER IN ORDER TO SHOWS PURPOSE. IT ANSWERS THE SATISFACTION.
TO RAISE MONEY FOR AIDS. QUESTION “WHY?” OR “WHAT FOR?”
2.- VANS RIDE ALONG WITH THE CYCLISTS IN 7.8 INFINITIVE WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
ORDER TO PICK UP TIRED RIDERS. TOO SHOWS THAT THE ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB IS EXCESSIVE FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE. ENOUGH
3.- IN ORDER TO RIDE A LONG DISTANCE, YOU SHOWS THAT AN ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, OR NOUN IS SUFFICIENT FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE.
HAVE TO BE IN GOOD SHAPE.
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
1.- DAN ORGANIZED THE BIKE RIDE TO IN ORDER TO CAN BE SHORTENED. WE CAN YOUNG CARNEGIE WAS TOO POOR TO ENTER WORD ORDER:
RAISE MONEY FOR AIDS SIMPLY USE TO. THE LIBRARY. TOO + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + INFINITIVE
2.- VANS RIDE ALONG WITH THE CYCLISTS
TO PICK UP TIRED RIDERS. YOU DRIVE TOO SLOWLY TO DRIVE ON THE
3.- TO RIDE A LONG DISTANCE, YOU HAVE HIGHWAY.
TO BE IN GOOD SHAPE.
A.- IN ORDER TO HELP OTHERS, CARNEGIE A.- THE PRUPOSE CLAUSE CAN PRECEDE THE SHE’S TOO OLD TO COOK FOR HERSELF. A
VOLUNTEER DELIVERS HER MEALS.
GAVE AWAY HIS MONEY. MAIN CLAUSE. USE A COMMA TO SEPARATE
I HAVE TOO MUCH WORK TO DO, SO I WORD ORDER:
HAVE NO TIME TO VOLUNTEER. TOO MUCH + NONCOUNT NOUN + INFINITIVE

THERE ARE TOO MANY PROBLEMS IN THE

WORLD TO SOLVE IN ONE DAY. TOO MANY + PLURAL COUNT NOUN +
INFINITIVE