[ Basic Mecthemabical Tools in Physics - ALGEBRA Quadratic _E uation & its selution- An equodhion of second orcler ( highest power of the vardable ts equed to 2) 4s Called a quadyortic euch Tn general equation Ax*t be te =O dhe Value of variable 2 34 , If Xj and %. ave roots of a | me ob s/Ewe quadrotic equation tren — 2 ty + 2y = bh = 1 hy a and he. Fie Exemple~ Salve. the equechion ax*. arts so. Sole By Gompanison with the astondard quadyakic equcd. we gt A= 3 ,b=-8 and ces x =_cb sfB-uae . a) +[Cercuxsxs 20 2*3 = B42 = = Lore x Z > x or = GEOMETRY - Gi) Surface anecr Oe ore A Gi) Volume of Qa Sphere = ine Gh) Avea of Curved Surface of cylinder = 2rrt GY) Volume of a cydindey TENT " ©) Volume of a cone = dnyth ee _TRIGNOMETRY Angie - Inclination of aq Line with reference. Line. is termed as angle: é AnticlocKise yotation of angle. is taken positive ane clockwise rotation is taken as negative. <8 — Angle =_ Ave ee Radius R SI Unit - radian 4 Radian— It 4a the le. substendedl i ot the centre of acircle by an are, whose Lingth is equal to the mdius — of the dyrele. = 186 ° i vad = a 4 57.3 Basic Trignometry Ratios - A For @ right angled (6 = 30) we oe monet Sy Papendiiculoe Pp o yeference Une R (i) sine = 2 Ui) cose = 2 [ sino = 4. ' te (i) Goo = Uv) Seco = Gosee@ Cos 0 = —t (ii) tang -g WV) @te=s & seed : PRelations betwen the vat'os- asemens Saracen the vakros (4.) Sin? Oo + Coste = L @) Sect@ - taro =1 @) Cosec*9 — cot? @ = 1 Impevtant Trignometry Formulae — AJ Sim (4+8) = SmAcosa + CorAsing 24 Sim CaA-e) = SA GesG — Cosnsins 3) Cos (A+B) = CesACeaB - SinAsine tt} CoS CA-B) =. Cosacese + 8inasine S$ SinrzA = 28inacesaA 6) Cos 26 = Cod*A - sina Zl CoB aq = 2CostaA—-1 = 1L-2Sirta Graphs of Sine and cose - | y=sing For any Triangle - Qa 2» b 2c SMA SinB sinc _— FTF abeQuadvants — A) Th any angle is expressed a3 odd multiple ofy 90, Hen trgnometry vectio change. re utts Complementry - Sim <> Coa 5 tan, cot +e tan <—» Cot See «<_— > Cosec 21 Tf omy angle is expressel as even multiple of S07, then, trignometry yectio remains the Same. Nete- (j) 90° or ge'-@ Lies in Tat quadrant, Gi) Se+e ov 180-8 oy Ise Les in Bnd quadyerd, Gi) 180° +6 or 270-8 or 278 Lick in Tht Quadrant, liv) 270°+ 6 oy Bere Lies in We, quadrant. ‘Example- Fino the value of (i) Sirizee’ (iL) Coa tso* \ So (1) Sinzes’ = Stn (3x90°4+30) =-Coaset = - “2 a LUmLrrrr—r—C (2x80-30) = C0630"ra . Note - (i) As the aeqle. incveases, value of sine vactlo increased TL Qo’. Ui) As the angle Incveanes; value of Cosine vattio decreases till Q0'- lik) As the angle increarea, value off Fongent ratio increased mdefinitely LN 90, = Sin at! = & cos av = Zt 4< Sinss = 4 S CsaSS = ZB 2 = wn 37 = = A® Oy tansy = 3 Binomial Theorem— dex) = tenes An-Do*4,, (4 +2) BORD +... Note- Ty loc} << 1 > then We can waite (ltoc)? = 4 ¢nxGRAPHS — Ly Straight Aine -ul Civele ond Eltipse Y 2 2 fe b y Olea Y 4} 1 Decay : yceks y= eh TnerementDIFFERENTIATION - . AY Meaning, ob et cn St ae 4.[ The ratio of Small change in the funehion Y and the variable X is collec! the average rate of cheng Of Y wrtth reabect to xX. Ey Th « bey covers a small clistance AS in Smal dime At then Avenoge velocity oly the becly Vay = a 2) When Axo ten the Umiting velus of AY as Um AY = dy aK K>0 AX ~ Ax Td Js called the Instantanows rode of Charge ¥ with respect +o xX. => Hence the A fferertiadion of a -functon volty respect to & variable jmplies the instantaneous, vote of Change of the function with varpect 40 that variable Similardy inbtantaneous veloci ty of the body Vs Um As “ol ds' Ato At ot Formulas of Difteventiation- ! 4s Th YC Where C w2 Q Constant then ay 2 de =O, because Yate of. change. off Constom Kx ik ZY,2) y= cu, what ¢ ik a Constant and Ue da a function oy X, they ay = acu = edu alt oe | sl Y= U EV EW, whee UV and Ww arn functors op x thin oly. a ty it a = ao (yiviw) = du + dv + dw rane au ) So * fa. * Se Ant ul Y= UV , Whae U and V are function of X, thon dy = di(uv) = Udy + valu. let ae obe. be Sj Y= Ea where u and v ane function ok X, then eek Ae: Ve WS Se Se V = Sf Ysa, whi nasa real number, Hho BAY a A x® cos nied! be ole TT) Y= Sime then. ay = Sin = Coc cbt due 2 Ye Cod 1 Hatin dy = dem “+ -S} Ant du Mme 2] Y= tons, > they oY 2 dtann 2 secre at cht : aae be 12] Y= Cosec 2, then oly 2 dcosecx = Cosee.re Cot 26. ele. ol 33] Y= Loge 5 then = ol = Sot ee ee ee be Maxima_and_ Minima - At Maxima - At Minima - ae =o aly =O de ay ty ay. sh (1)? — 4(2) (3) = 26 > 0, so it has real and unequal root that is a —bt WD 5+ 26. "2a 4 = ~bt5 ; 4 -5 Hence x (#»)< (a, B) Q.2. Write the first three terms of the expansion (1 + q”)"°. Solution: Here n= 10 endx=g". Therefore: (1+ 7) = 14+ 10 gq? + 10 @o-1) oo 1) q + 10 (10 aaa (10 — 2) ia aes =1+4+10q? + 46 q* + 12098 +... Q.2 The acceleration due to gravity at a height h is given by 2, = = [7] (Re +h to gravity on the surface of earth. For h << R, find the 2 ] » where g is the acceleration due value of g using the Binomial theorem. : 2 Solution: _ g, = ao 7 (2 . 4) Since /R << 1, therefore using Binomial expansion, 2h ox #(0- 31Q.U. Find the vlue of sin 120°. Solution: = sin (90° + 30°) = cos 30° = v3 [Because sin (90 + 6) = cos 6] Q.5 Find the values of the following allied angles: @_ sin(30°) Gi) cos 120° (iii) tan 210° Gv) sin 300° (v) sin 330° (vi). sin 226° (vii) cos 136° | Answers~ @ -+ Gi) -; (ii) a wv) - i @ -§ i) = 5 : 2 dy Q.6 Given that y =x”, find ae s.. du_ dad 2 Solution: aa da (x } = 2x?-1 = Ox. Q.7 Given that y =x° +x +7. Find 2 : Solution: y =x5 + x4+7 dy _dis5 dia d ® 2 4 (8), 4 (04). 2) = Sot 4 dF 4 0 = Bat 4+ 435-1 2 3 Solution: y= x? + 4x2 — 32-2 dy Ho) Z(40?}- Ze) dx — dx ax du a a or & = 2x +4x(-Ze #)-2 227%) = 2x Ox 2 + Gx QS. Given that y = (3x9 + 7) (6x + 3). Find & : Solution: & = (Bx? + 7) (Gx +3) & = (x2 +nZ. (6x +3)+ (6x +3) 2 x7 +7 = (Bx? + 7) (6) + (Gx + 8) (6x) = (18x" + 42) + (36x? + 1ax) = 64x? 4 18x 4+ 42. QO. Obtain the derivative of Ji+ x? - Solution: Let L+x%=u Then you? Now x = Be pt #alvte lay sy} and ee =0 + 8x7 = 3x7xed ay = ~——, find Q.L1.Given that y = aor x Solution: This example can be solved using theorem g. ee y= % andu=x2+1,v=x-2 v =2rend $2 =1 RIS du dv ade ae v2 Now, Re o Gaara +a (2) 2 4x4 (z- 2) BE A WARRIO! ~o NOT AWORRIER Answers to Practice Problems | L—ax* 4. 2ax+b a A 1 2. 37° 5. 150 = | B. 20x74 Ox? 49 x@.12. Obtain the differential coefficient of sin 6x. i dy. Solution: ax (sin 6x) = [cos 6x] Z (Gx) = [cos 6x] 6 =6cos Gx Q.13. Differentiate x” cos x. Solution: Using the theorem ad; du av | ee eM aU tee a (x? cos n= (cosx)x $a") + x* 2 (cos) dx = (cos x) x 2x +27 x — sin x = 2a cos a — 27 sim 20. Q.AY. Differentiate tan*x. - d Solution: z (tan* x) =4 tan® =a (tan x) =4 tan® x x sec” x =4 tan? x sec*x. sin x Given that y= Sm ay + cos x - Find : (1-+000)-2- (ain x)—(in x) 2-1 +6082) Bee (.+cosx)* / seiertsnsnfeni— (+008 x) (cos x) — sin x (O—sin x) _ cos x + cos? (1 + cos x)? cosx+1 ~ G+ cos x i= 1+ cos =~” @ +cos x)? xt Q.15. Given x =a cos 0, y =b sin 0, find 2 f Solution: Now And ay oy _ a eee GX: a ao ---@) ® nan ax Differentiate the following: LR. 2. @ tan G& @ cos? x @ x? cos x (i) sec (ax +b) Git) cot Jz Gi) sin? (ax +b) (ii) sin (ax +b)” @i) (L+2)sinx (ii) cos? x sin x? @® sin@’ +1) Gi) sinx Gi) sin (8x? + 7)Answers to Practice Problems lL. @) 6 sec? Gx Gi) asec (ax +b) tan (ax +b) Ga) — se? cosec” Vx 2 €@) -—2cosxsinx @i) 2a sin (ax + b) cos (ax + b) Gii) 2a (ax +b) cos (ax + by 3. G@) 2c cosx—x* sinx Gi) sinx+cosx+xcosx G@ii) —2 sin x cos x sin x* + 2x cos” x cos x* 4 G) 2 cose? +1 Gi) 3x? cos x* (ii) Gx cos (3x” + 7) Q.I6. Given that y =log (ax +b). Find & : Solution: ue = £ [log (ax + 5)] 1 ad en+b ax ee) ae ax+ bh” Q.I7. Given that y = e*?*, find 2 - dy da nx de 7 ae Lad =et~ 2 (tan x) dx =e" = pec? xQ.18. Find J x" de. Solution: Using theorem 1. Here n'= 7 ttl a xb 7 = pets Jatde= Tay: QI9 Find [@°+x7)dx Solution: J@S +x) dx=Jx8dx+ fx 6 g, hth go Sth = a 6+1 -64+1" x? x “TB Q.20 integrate the following: | J (7e™ + 7% + 8) de. Solution: J (7e®* + 7 4.3) dx = Jie" dx+ [PF dx+ fade 5x =72 + q 1 Bt ing 7 oe @.21. Evaluate § (6* +e) dy | Solution: J(6%+e)dx = Je%dx+Je™ oe Bt log. 5 5FRACTICE PROBLEMS 1. Obtain the following integrals: G) fx" dx i) Stl at Gii) Sx de iv) J? de (@) dx. 2. Integrate the following: Se Gi) (8 +x) dx. 3. Find f(=+2) e. x 4, Evaluate J e*** dx. ‘5. Find J (e-* + 3) dx. 6. Obtain the following integrals: @ Ie ae Gi) J (6* +9%) de. === Answers to Practice Problems | 718 8 2-3/2 L ¢ wey oO is ® Te (ii) 3 (iti) 3 a a Gv) -=_ - 2 id (v) — 2x 2. () ie? + log x @) 8x + — oad 3 2 + log x 3x44 3 -5 5. -2_ B + 3x i 6 so ieee Gi) 644+ 9%Q.22. Integrate the following: J (sin @ + cos Bx + sec” x) dx Solution: J (sin @ + cos Bx + sec? x) dx =J sin 6x dx + J cos &x dx +S sec? x dx cos 6x | sin 5x -—— + = 6 5 + tan x. Q.23. Integrate the following: a 1+ sin 6 S Solution: : 1 #8 1 1-sin@ ‘Tyee O= Slane [EE28]e0 =/ 5 1—sin 0 ao = fi= 828 oy 1-sin? 6 cos? 6 = J (sec” 6— sec 6 tan @) do = tan 0— sec 0. Q.24. § xsinx dx. Solution: Let u =x and v=sin x Then using J uvdx = ufvdx ~ [$e tuae Jax x Sxsinx dx = xJsin xdx — [22 “Join sd Js = x(—cos x) — J (cos x) dx =—x cos x +Jcos x dx =—x cosx+sin x.Q.2 é Integrate the following: jew + at)dt where u anda are constants. Solution: ic + at) dt = jae + jtae = [ut]R+ L ae] =fux@6G-—ux3]+ [$exse-Zexs] =u 2a. PRACT ICE PROBLEMS Evaluate the following: n/2 1. @ f sine do @) far? ax ° ° 6 n/2 2. @ fer dx G) f cose do 5 = K/2 3. Evaluate {oun dx rR * v 4. Find the value of { Mudv Answers to Practice Problems === L@® 2 Gi) 20 2 G) &~eF Gi) 2 Gl4im 1 2 2 R 45M wu")Speed of light Planck constant Gravitation constant Boltzmann constant Molar gas constant Avogadro’s number Charge of electron Permeability of vacuum Permitivity of vacuum Coulomb constant Faraday constant Mass of electron Mass of proton Mass of neutron Atomic mass unit Atomic mass unit Stefan-Boltzmann constant Rydberg constant Bohr magneton Bohr radius Standard atmosphere Pressure Wien displacement constant oC Reo LB ao atin | & 3 x 108 m/s 6.63 x 10754 J 1242 eV-nm 6.67 x 1071? m3 kg715-2 1.38 x 10773 J/K 8.314 J/(mol K) 6.023 x 1073 mol! 1.602 x 10-19. ¢ 4m x 10-7 N/A? 8.85 x 107? F/m 9 x 10° N m?/C? 96485 C/mol 9.1 x 10731 kg 1.6726 x 10727 ke 1.6749 x 107-77 ke 1.66 x 10727 ke 931.49 MeV/c? 5.67 x 10-8 W/(m? K*) 1.097 x 107 m=! 9.27 x 10-74 5/T 0.529 x 10729 m 1.01325 x 10° Pa 2.9 x 10-3 mKFormulae for determination of area Area of a square = (side)? Area of rectangle = length x breadth 1 Area of a triangle = 2 x base x height Area of a trapezoid = 3 x (distance between parallel sides) x (sum of parallel sides) Area enclosed by a circle = mr? ‘Surface area of a sphere = 4x r? Area of a parallelogram = base x height 3 Area of curved surface of cylinder = 2n ré (r = radius and ¢ = length) Area of whole surface of cylinder = 2nr (r+ 4) (t= length) Area of ellipse = ab (a & b are semi major and semi minor axis respectively) Surface area of a cube = 6(side)? : " Total surface area of a cone = mrt+nré- where nré = nr Vr? +h? i Formulae for determination of volume :_ Volume of a rectangular slab = length x breadth x height = abt Volume of a cube = (side)* Volume of a sphere = on rn (r = radius) Volume of a cylinder = nize (r = radius and ¢ = length) 1 Volume of a cone = gurh (r = radius and h = height)