PROGRAM & YEAR: COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE – 1ST YEAR
COURSE & SECTION: CIVIL ENGINEERING – 1A
INSTRUCTOR: MR. MICHAEL JONES JASO
GROUP NO.: 2
LEADER: GULAM, NURHANA W.
MEMBERS:
ABASULA, Shanli Rose GALINADA, Shane Aj
BACARRO, Kyl MERCADO, Lucky Mark
BASHER, Hussnie Bin PIQUERO, Charles
CALUYONG, Raffy Boy SABAS, Stella Diane
DAROY, Webster Mark SIMINE, John Anthony
ESTELA, Nancy Mae TIMBAL, Ken
LABORATORY NO. 4
Data and Results
Part A. Acceleration due to the varying force applied on the body while its mass
is held constant.
Table 2.1
Varying Force
D= 0.45 m M= 464.7 g
( ) ( )
Mass, F= mg Time, t (s) m m % Error
m (g) (N) t1 t2 t3 t ave a EV 2
a TV 2
s s
10 98 2.58 2.21 2.05 2.28 0.17 0.21 0.19
20 196 1.37 1.49 1.43 1.43 0.44 0.42 0.048
30 294 1.15 1.14 1.30 1.19 0.63 0.63 0
40 392 0.99 1.02 0.86 0.87 0.96 0.64 0.5
50 490 0.96 0.80 0.80 0.85 1.25 1.05 0.19
60 588 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.87 1.19 1.26 0.05
70 686 0.87 0.80 0.65 0.77 1.52 1.47 0.034
80 786 0.64 0.71 0.68 0.68 1.95 1.68 0.16
Part B. Acceleration due to constant force applied on the body while it’s mass
varies.
Table 2.2
Varying Mass
D= 0.45 m m= 464.7 g
( ) ( )
Mass MT Time m m % Error
on the t1 t2 t3 t ave a EV 2
a TV 2
s s
cart (g)
50 514.7 2.21 2.18 2.27 2.22 0.18 1.05 0.83
100 564.7 2.49 2.65 2.30 2.48 0.15 2.11 0.93
150 614.7 2.52 2.40 2.46 2.46 0.15 3.16 0.95
200 664.7 2.62 2.52 2.71 2.62 0.13 4.22 0.97
250 714.7 2.83 2.58 2.61 2.67 0.13 5.27 0.98
300 764.7 2.74 2.71 2.62 2.69 0.12 6.33 0.98
350 814.7 2.74 2.64 2.77 2.72 0.12 7.8 0.98
400 864.7 2.65 2.77 2.92 2.77 0.12 8.44 0.99
Part C. Friction on Inclined Surface
Table 2.3
Aluminium Board
Trial A (cm) B (cm) μs (Coefficient of
Static Friction)
1 45 123 0.366
2 44 116.5 0.378
3 50 113 0.442
4 46 114 0.404
5 48 112.5 0.427
Average μs 0.4034
Table 2.4
Wooden Flat Board
Trial A (cm) B (cm) μs (Coefficient of
Static Friction)
1 45 123 0.366
2 44 116.5 0.378
3 50 113 0.442
4 46 114 0.404
5 48 112.5 0.427
Average μs 0.4034
Part D. Friction on Horizontal Surface
Table 2.5
Aluminium Board
mi ( kg ) =0.110
Mass Total Hanging mass, m h ( kg ) f s=mh g η=mb g
added mass Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Averag fs
to m i ( kg ) mb (tot) μs ( )
e η
0.100 0.300 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.090 0.882 2.94 0.3
0.200 0.435 0.125 0.125 0.130 0.125 1.225 4.263 0.287
0.300 0.555 0.140 0.145 0.150 0.145 1.427 5.439 0.261
0.400 0.725 0.210 0.215 0.220 0.215 2.107 7.105 0.297
Average value of μs 0.286
Table 2.6
Wooden Flat Board
mi ( kg ) =¿
Mass Total Hanging mass, m h ( kg ) f s=mh g η=mb g
added mass Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Averag fs
to m i ( kg ) mb (tot) μs ( )
e η
0.100 0.219 0.07 0.075 0.08 0.095 0.735 2.1462 0.342
0.200 0.319 0.095 0.1 0.105 0.1 0.98 3.1262 0.313
0.300 0.419 0.115 0.12 0.125 0.12 1.176 4.1062 0.286
0.400 0.510 0.175 0.18 0.185 0.18 1.764 5.0862 0.347
Average value of μs 0.322
Computations
Table 2.1
Varying Force
D= 0.45 m M= 464.7 g
( ) ( )
Mass, F= mg Time, t (s) m m % Error
m (g) (N) t1 t2 t3 t ave a EV 2
a TV 2
s s
10 0.98 2.58 2.21 2.05 2.28 0.17 0.21 0.19
Given:
Mass= 10g or 0.10kg
Gravity= 9.8 ( ms )
2
t 1=2.58 s ; t 2=2.21 s ; t 3 =2.05 s
Solution:
∑ number of trials = 2.58+2.21+2.05 =2.28 s
F= mg = ( 0.10 kg ) 9.8 ( ms )=0.98 N
2 t ave =
number of trials 3
a EV
( )
m 2 d 2(0.45 m)
s
2
= 2=
t (2.28 s)
2
m
=0.17 2
s
a TV
( )( ) (
m
s
2
=
m
M
g=
10 g
464.7 g
m
s )
m
9.8 2 =0.21 2
s
% Error = | EVTV−TV |=|0.17−0.21
0.21 |
=0.19
Table 2.2
Varying Mass
D= 0.45 m m= 464.7 g
( ) ( )
Mass MT Time m m % Error
on the t1 t2 t3 t ave a EV 2
a TV 2
s s
cart (g)
50 514.7 2.21 2.18 2.27 2.22 0.18 1.05 0.83
Given:
Mass on the Cart= 50g or 0.50kg
Mass of the Cart= 464.7g or 46.47kg
Gravity= 9.8 ( ms )
2
t 1=2.58 s ; t 2=2.21 s ; t 3 =2.05 s
Solution:
M T =M + m=464.7 g+50 g=514.7 g t ave =
∑ number of trials = 2.21+2.18+2.27 =2.22 s
number of trials 3
a EV
( ms )= 2td = 2(0.45
2 2
m)
(2.22 s )
=0.18
2
m
s
2
a TV
( ms )=( Mm ) g=( 464.7
2
50 g
)g 9.8 ms =1.05 ms
2 2
% Error = | EV −TV
TV ||
=
0.18−1.05
1.05 |=0.83
Table 2.3
Aluminium Board
Trial A (cm) B (cm) μs (Coefficient of
Static Friction)
1 45 123 0.366
Given:
A= 45cm; B= 123cm
A 45 cm
Solution: μs = = =0.366
B 123 cm
Table 2.5
Aluminium Board
mi ( kg ) =0.110
Mass Total Hanging mass, m h ( kg ) f s=mh g η=mb g
added mass Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Averag fs
to m i ( kg ) mb (tot) μs ( )
e η
0.100 0.300 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.090 0.882 2.94 0.3
Given:
mi ( kg ) =0.110
Gravity= 9.8 ( ms )
2
Mass added to m i (kg) =0.100
Total mass m b (tot) =0.300
average=
∑ number of trials = 0.085+0.090+ 0.095 =0.090
number of trials 3
( ms )=0.882 N
f s=mh g=( 0.090 kg ) 9.8 2
( s)m
η=m g=( 0.300 kg ) 9.8 =2.94 N
b 2
μ ( )=
f s 0.882 N
s =0.3
η 2.94 N
Discussion of Results
The data we collected from table 2.1 showed that as we increase the hanging mass the
force is also increasing. And since the force is increasing the time is time data collected is
decreasing. This resulted in a direct proportional relationship between the mass on the hanger
and the acceleration. As we increase the hanging mass the faster the acceleration will be;
resulting in a decrease of time travel by the cart. In table 2, 2, this time the mass of the cart
itself is increasing and mass on the hanger is constant 10 g. As we increase the mass of the cart
the acceleration decreases which result in a longer time travel of the cart. The researchers have
also noticed that there is a precision in data especially on the percentage error as the mass
increases.
Conclusion
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the acceleration of an object
experimentally and compare the acceleration predicted by Newton’s Second law of motion and
verify this law itself. Show that the acceleration of an object is dependent on force and mass. The
researchers' objective as well is to determine the coefficient of static friction between two
surfaces. The data we have collected supports our hypothesis, that the relationship between the
acceleration of the object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body and
inversely to its mass, which as well verifies the Newton’s second law of motion. The researchers
concluded that as we increase the hanging mass the tension in the string increases, thus the
static friction between the block and the table also increases this supports the hypothesis of the
researchers. It is also important to consider errors in our experiment such as instrument error
and human error.
Answers to Questions and Problems
1. One of the errors to determine or possible error that could affect the experimental value of
the acceleration are the un-precise tools, friction, air resistance, and mass of the string.
2. To lessen the percentage error of the said experiment it should be precise and exact
measurements of the strings, fixed surface, and balance environment.
3. A. As the force increases, the acceleration of the cart also increases because the force that
pulls the cart becomes stronger.
B. Based on the data gathered, as the mass increases, the acceleration also increases this is
due to the increase in mass results in the stronger force which eventually led to faster
acceleration.
5. As evidenced by the data gathered, if the coefficient of static friction is higher, the block
can be placed on steeper inclinations before it starts to slide, and the angle of repose will be
larger. Conversely, if the coefficient of static friction is lower, the block will start to slide at
shallower inclinations, and the angle of repose will be smaller.
6. No, unlike the gravity, friction force does not rely on a natural force. Friction occurs when
something is being pulled by a sliding object in the opposite direction of another direction.
7. The relationship between the weight of the block and the friction force is that if the block
gains greater mass, the friction force also is higher because the weight that is added to the
wooden block pushes it down. So, the weight hanger cannot pull it fast because the heaviness of
the block pressures the weight hanger.
9. The experimenters should follow directions and procedures, be precise with the data being
acquired, to minimize the percent difference of the experiment. They should also consider the
context or location in which they are conducting the experiment.
