Speech Processing
Lecture [3]
By
Dr. Gehad Ismail Sayed
DFT Properties
• Periodicity
• Linearity
• Time Reversal
• Time Shift
• Circular Convolution (Multiplication of two sequence)
DFT Properties
• Periodicity
• Linearity
DFT Properties
• Time Reversal
• Time Shift
• Circular Convolution (Multiplication of
two sequence)
Z-Transform
• Z-transform is a mathematical tool that converts discrete time
domain signals or system into Z-domain representation
• The z-transform is the discrete-time part of the Laplace
transform and a generalization of the Fourier transform of a
sampled signal.
• A working knowledge of the z-transform is essential to the study of
digital filters and analysis and monitoring of systems.
Z-Transform
• Z-transform enables us to obtain a broader characterization of
discrete time LTI systems and their interaction with signals than is
possible with the DTFT. For example:
– DTFT can be applied to stable LTI systems since it exists only if the sum
of the impulse response is finite.
– In contrast z-transform of the impulse response exists for unstable LTI
systems.
• Z-transform simplify the analysis of the LTIS as follows:
– It is easier to test stability and causality using z-transform.
– Convolution of two time domain signals is equivalent to multiplication
of their z-transforms.
– Finding the output of a LTIS using z-transform.
Z-Transform
Advantages of Z transform:
– Z transform is used for the digital signal
– Both Discrete-time signals and linear time-invariant (LTI) systems can be
completely characterized using Z transform
– The stability of the linear time-invariant (LTI) system can be determined
using the Z transform
– By calculating Z transform of the given signal, DFT and FT can be
determined
– The entire family of digital filters can be obtained from one proto-type
design using Z transform
Z-Transform
Advantages of Z transform:
– The solution of differential equations can be simplified or obtained by using
Z transform theorem
– Mathematical calculations are reduced using the Z transform.
• For example, consider the convolution operation is transformed into simple
multiplication operation
• Disadvantages of Z transform:
– Z transform cannot apply in the continuous signal
Z-Transform
• We can derive z-transform from Laplace transform. Laplace
transform of a continuous time signal x(t) is given by:
• Where the complex variable by sampling the signal x(t) and
assume Ts =1, the Laplace transform becomes:
• By substitution of 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑠 in the previous equation we get the two sided z-
transform (Bilateral)
• The one-sided z transform (unilateral)
Z-Transform
The variable z in z-transform is complex variable and can be
represented as a circle with radius r where r represents magnitude of
z.
– r=|z|
– jw is the phase or the angle
The roots of B(z) is called the zeros of X(z)
The roots of A(z) is called the poles of X(z)
Z-Transform
• A pole of a system is a value of the complex variable z (for Z-transforms) at
which the system's transfer function becomes infinite.
• Poles play a crucial role in understanding the stability and behavior of
dynamic systems. They determine how the system responds to different
types of inputs and influence properties like stability and frequency response.
• Mathematically, a transfer function is expressed as a ratio of polynomials in
z (for Z-transforms). The poles of the system are the roots of the denominator
polynomial.
• In the context of transfer functions, poles are the values of s (complex
numbers) for which the denominator of the transfer function becomes zero.
These poles determine the system's behavior in the time domain.
• For example, consider a transfer function H(s)=1/ s(s+1)
– In this case, the poles are the values of s that make the denominator
s(s+1) equal to zero, which are s=0 and s=−1
Z-Transform - ROC
• ROC of X(z) is the set of all values of z for which X(z) attains a
finite value.
• Given a sequence, the set of values of z for which the z-transform
converges |𝑿(𝒛)| < ∞, is called the region of convergence.
• To find the ROC, we need to look at the poles of the Z-transform.
– The poles are the values of z that make the denominator of X(z) equal to
zero.
• Properties of ROC
– A ring or disk in the z-plane centered at the origin.
– Finite duration sequences: The ROC is the entire z-plane except
possibly z=0 or z=∞
Z-Transform - ROC
The poles are the values of z that make the denominator of X(z) equal to zero.
In this case, the denominator is 1.
So, there are no values of z for which the denominator equals zero.
This means that the ROC is the entire complex plane, which is represented as ∣z∣>0.
Z-Transform - ROC
Z-Transform - ROC
• Find the z-transform of the following right-sided sequence
(causal)
Z-Transform - ROC
• Find the z-transform and ROC of the following right-sided
sequence (causal)
Z-Transform - Properties
Z-Transform - Properties
The poles will depend on the value of w0.
Z-Transform - Properties
Z-Transform - Properties
Questions
Determine the Z-transform of the following:
a) 𝒙[𝒏] = [𝟐 𝟏 − 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔]
b) 𝒙[𝒏] = [𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑
ด 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔]
c) 𝒙[𝒏] = −𝒖[−𝒏 − 𝟏]
d) 𝒙[𝒏] = 𝟕𝒖[𝒏] − 𝟒𝒖[𝒏 + 𝟐]
e) 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝟑𝒏𝒖 𝒏
f) 𝒙[𝒏] = 𝟓𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔[𝒘𝟎 𝒏 − 𝟐𝒘𝟎 ]𝒖[𝒏 − 𝟐] − 𝟑𝒓𝒏−𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏[𝟑𝒘𝟎 𝒏]𝒖[𝒏]
Questions
Determine the Z-transform of the following:
a) 𝒙[𝒏] = [𝟐 𝟏 − 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔]
b) 𝒙[𝒏] = [𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑
ด 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔]
Questions
Determine the Z-transform of the following:
c) 𝒙[𝒏] = −𝒖[−𝒏 − 𝟏]
Questions
Determine the Z-transform of the following:
d) 𝒙[𝒏] = 𝟕𝒖[𝒏] − 𝟒𝒖[𝒏 + 𝟐]
Questions
Determine the Z-transform of the following:
e) 𝒙[𝒏] = 𝟑𝒏𝒖[𝒏]
Questions
Determine the Z-transform of the following:
f) 𝒙[𝒏] = 𝟓𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔[𝒘𝟎 𝒏 − 𝟐𝒘𝟎 ]𝒖[𝒏 − 𝟐] − 𝟑𝒓𝒏−𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏[𝟑𝒘𝟎 𝒏]𝒖[𝒏]
Questions
Determine the inverse Z-transform of the following:
a)
b)
c)
Questions
Determine the inverse Z-transform of the following:
a)
Questions
Determine the inverse Z-transform of the following:
b)
Questions
Determine the inverse Z-transform of the following:
c)
Notes
Z -Transform for Linear Time Invariant System
Z -Transform for Linear Time Invariant System
Solving Difference Equations by Z-Transform
– In order to solve the difference equation, first it is converted into
the algebraic equation by taking its Z-transform.
– Then, the solution of the equation is calculated in z-domain and
finally, the time-domain solution of the equation is obtained by
taking its inverse Z-transform.
Z -Transform for Linear Time Invariant System
Find the difference equation description of an LTI system
Z -Transform for Linear Time Invariant System
Find the difference equation description of an LTI system
y(n)+3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=5x(n-1)+2x(n-2)
Z -Transform for Linear Time Invariant System
Find the difference equation description of an LTI system with
transfer function:
By comparing the transfer function:
y(n)+3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=5x(n-1)+2x(n-2)
Z -Transform for Linear Time Invariant System
Find the difference equation description of an LTI system
Z -Transform for Linear Time Invariant System
Find the difference equation description of an LTI system
Z -Transform for Linear Time Invariant System
Solve the following difference equation of the system
Z -Transform for Linear Time Invariant System
Solve the following difference equation of the system
Z -Transform for Linear Time Invariant System
Solve the following difference equation of the system
