Grammar reference UNIT 14 1B Adverbs of frequency Indefinite adverbs of frequency * Use indefinite adverbs of frequency to give a general idea af haw often you do or fel something, always (100%) often usually sometimes ‘occasionally rately never (0%) + Use nat with always, often and usualy to make them negative. 1 don't usually wake up earl at the weekend. Vm not often late for work * Indefinite adverbs of frequency generally go before a ver, 1 sometimes play tennis (i But they go atter be. ‘He is occasionally fate for work NOT He-oceasionaliysfate-for wor: + You can also put often, occasionaly sometimes and usually 2at the beginning or the end of a sentence. Sometimes, | work from home. 1 work from home sometimes, + You can use a or 10 say you do something often. it goes at the end of the sentence. | play tennis alot Remember! Use adverbs of frequency on ther own to ge a short answer, A: Do you sometimes play video garies? 8: No, never. + Use How often... ? task about frequency. ‘How often do you travel abroad? + You can also use Do you ..? with abnays often, usually and sometimes. Do you always cycle to work? Definite adverbs of frequency * Use definite adverbs of frequency to be more specific about how often something happens. You can use phyases with ‘every. and ancelwicefthre times a(daylmonthiyear, et. 11go to the cinema once a month. Remember! ‘You don't usualy say one time or two times (a day! ‘month, etc) 166 * Definite adverts of frequency generally go atthe end of the clause or sentence, He tries to exercise every day, but sometimes i's only three (or four times a week ‘L Rewrite the sentences using the adverbs. 1 My teacher gives us homework on Fridays. (always), 2 | am late for work. (never) 3 | meet my friends atthe weekend. (not often) 4 Wego tothe theatre. (about once or twice 3 year) 5S Weeat out (alot) 5 I go to café. (several times a week) 1C_Present simple and present continuous * Use the preset simple to talk about things that ast fora longtime, eg. facts, things that are always tue, regular events, habits and routines. {usual areive at work at around 8.30, My brother fives in a big city Use the present continuous to tak about something which ishappering atthe time of speaking, or around the time of speaking. Us it fr things that do nat last for along time, tian’ raining tay. (tm reading a greet book at the roment Note the contrast in this sentence. She normaly werks inthe offic, but she's werking at home this week: Remember! ‘Thece ae some ‘state verbs' (e.g. boleve, know, remember, want that are not usually used in the continuous form, 1 kow what you mean. NOT Ham knowing whet you meer: 2 complete the sentences withthe present simple or continuous form of the verbs. 1 Please be quiet. | (isten) to the radio. 2 What (you /eaok)? It smells great. 3 Werarely (Go) tothe cinema, We usually (watch) films at home 4 |______ know] a great pace for real taian food ‘ou / want) to go there? 5 Avaisn’t here atthe moment. She (play) tennis with Esme. They ay) every Saturday morning,UNIT 2 2B Past simple ‘+ Use the past simple to talk about something that happened and finshed inthe past. We often use it with 4 past time exaression (ten minutes ago, yesterday last week, in 2020, when Iwasa chi, et) ‘+ To form the past simple of regular verbs, add -ed tothe infinitive play | played football this morning, Note the following exceptions to this rule Past simple Infinitive For vers that end in 2, add 4. For ves that end in consonant +-y, change the-y study studied to ied. For one-sylable verbs that fend in a consonant + vowel ++ consonant, double the final consonant and add -ed, For verbs that end in @ consonant + vowel + consonant and the stress son prefer the last sylabl, double the final consonant and add -d. For vetbs that end in a consonant + vowel + ‘consonant and the stess is not (onthe ast syllable, add -ed, preferred ‘open: opened + Some verbs have an irregular past frm. The infinitive form and the past simple foxm are different. Fora ful ist, see age 178. went 10 café pester. Shad a very happy cilood. Samnic Bought a nev phone last week + To make a negative past simple sentence, use didn’t + infinitive. 5 didn’t tke thot fit. He didn’t go to univesity + The past simple of beis ishethefit nas and yourwethey vere. To form the negative of be, use not or. There was a park here when we were chioten. ‘wasn't red last right Zuzenna and jan weren't at work toy. 1 complete the sentences with the correct past simple form of the verbs. 1 Lastyear, we {go} to Mexico on holiday. We have) a good time and we (say) in big hotel. We é (Goend hours atthe hotel pool and thats where learn) 0 swim 218 (enjoy) my bme at schoo, but 7 rot ike) some subjects, like history ‘and geography, Physics and maths * (be) my favourites. And |? (nat be) very good at sports, s0 = (not enioy) PE much, 2C_Making questions Question auxiliary Subject | Infinitive a you OK? Were speak Be yeu English? finish your pie yeu homewerk? s ‘your email What i souren Why are you sad? When does. —the film start? your goto aS parents | school? To form a question, use this order: Question word, Auallary vet, Subject, Infinitive (QuAS'). When the ansner to the question is yesino, do not use @ uestion word. A:Do you like coffee? 8: Yes, ido. AA ate? B: No, you aren't To give a short answer to yesno questions, use the correct form of the auxiliary verb be or do. Do not use the infntve verb. A:Areyou hungy? 8: No, 'm not. ‘A:Do you like moths? —B: Yes, }do. NOT Yes: Hike-on Hes-Fdo-ike: To make an open question, use @ question word (what, when, where, which, who, why or ho). What is your name? When does the supermarket close? Where do you Ine? Which jacket is yours? Who do you like mast in your faraly? Why were you late? How are you? 167Grammar reference Remember! ‘You can use other words with How to ask questions, 9. Howaften, How much, How many, How 00, How big..? For present simple questions, use the auxiliary verb be (amy are) wihen there is no infinitive verb in the sentence. For ‘ast simple questions, use wasiivere What is your favourite subject? Was Malin class today? For present simple questions, use the allay verb doldoes when there isan infinitive verb inthe sentence. For past simple questions, use the auxllay verb did. Do you play a musical instrument? Whar films does Juan like? id you have 2 good weekend? What dil the teacher say yestarday? ‘The form of the auillary verb do shows that the question is about the past ar the present (not the infinitive vet) Did you speak to Ranvir? NOT Bit yo speakedtto-Ranvir? 2 Find and correct the mistake in each question, 1 Where you are from? Where are you from? Why that song do you like? Did you enjoyed the food? ‘What your favourite subject at school was? ‘Where you went to university? Whereis you work now? ‘Your sister speaks English? How old your brother? UNIT 3 3B__Past simple and past continuous * Use the past simaie to talk about something that happened and finished in the past. I saw Olga yesterday. + Use the past continuous to talk about an action in progress ata specfc time or over a period of time inthe past They were waiting for long time ‘+ Form the past continuous with subject + wasiwere + ing verb, Subject wasiwere _-ing verb VierShet was waiting, YouWelthey were studying, + You can use the past continuous with the past simple when ‘one action happens in the middle of, or interupts, a longer ‘action that started earlier, Use the past continuous for the longer ation and the past simple forthe action that interrupts He called wh Now {was making lunch + You can use when, while or and to lnk the actions. Use hile or when before the past continuous. Use and or when before the past simple ‘was making lunch whenfand the calle. White/When | ras making lunch, he called + You can put the past continuous fist or second in the sentence f the part ofthe sentence with whentwie comes first, use a comma, 1 Complete the sentences using the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs. v1 (fll asleep while (watery 1 21 (see) you last night. You ‘wat forthe bus. 3 While we, (walle to the park, it (star raining 4 My parents, (meet when they wor in the same schoo! 51 (1ead) try book in the café when (walk) init {be} great to see them. Helen and George 3D_ Indefinite pronouns * Use indefinite pronouns to talk about people or things in ‘general Use them asthe subject or objact ina sentence, indefinite pronouns can start with some, any, every- ono They can end with -body, -one, thing oF where. ‘Some- and any- + You can use some: in positive statements and any in negative statements, | want to eat something. want to eat) | didn’ eat anything this morning. (=| ate nothing) * You can use any- to mean ‘it doesn’t matter which’ in positive statement, I don’t mind where we eat. Anywhere & OK. * Use any- for general questions when you don't know what the answer willbe. Can anyone help me? Did you do anything interesting atthe vreekend? 'S not important to say what | 168Remember! ‘You can use some- to make offers. Would you like something to e2t? Do you want fo eat somewhere else tooay? Every: * Use every-in positive and negative statements and in questions. Every has a similar meaning to all. Use evene with ‘a singular vetb (Everyone was. Everything is... Thank you fora lovely meal. Everything vias delicous. No- + Use no-one, nobody. nothing and nowhere as alternatives to rot anyone, not anywhere, ete We saw no-one (= We didn’t see anyone) There’ nothing to drink. = There isn't anything to drink) Don't use not with nothing, no-ane, nowhere, ee. J said nothing. |! don't say anything. NOT (icin say nothing 2 complete the conversations with these words. There is, ‘one word you don't need. anyone anything everything no-one thing someone something somewhere 1A: What shall cook tonight -omelette, chili sotto? B: 'm happy to eat. 2A: Thank you so much for dinner. sas delicous. B: You'e welcome. 3 A;__phoned you earl: twas a B: Did she leave a message or give any information? A:No, _ She didnt even say her name 4 Do you know who is vegan? B:No, 5 A: Shallwe go forlunch? B: Yes, good idea. How about that new Mexican restaurant? UNIT 4 4B Future plans * Use be + going a + infinitive for future intentions and plans. You nave already made the decision before the time Of speaking ’m going to buy a new phone. ‘She isn’t going to work tomorrow. Theyre going to get marted next year What are you going to do in the summer? Use the present continuous for definite arrangements in the future for something that i already fixed and is more than Just an intention or a nope). You often need to mention a time, day of date to make the meaning clear ‘Ym meeting Erica at 7 o'clock this evening, They/te getting married on 25th March, ‘tis sometimes possible to use both going to or the present cantinuous with no difference in meaning, For examale, both these sentences are about something that has been decided before the time of speaking ''m going to watch the football ranight./?m watching the football tonight Remember! When the verb after going to's ga, you can leave it out. ttm going to the supermarket. I'm going to goto the supermarket) 1 Choose the best options to complete the conversations 1 A: You need a haircut! 8: know. ‘fm going to phone /1'm phoning the hairdresser to make an appointment soon ~ maybe | can do it this afternoan, 2A: "'m going to meet /1’m meeting Keny and Tor this ‘evening, for pizza. Do you want to came along? B: Which restaurant are you going to are you going fo go to? ‘A; We're not sure, ‘We're going to decide / We're deciding when we meet. Anyway, “we're going ta meet ‘we're meeting inthe cy centre at 6.30, 4C__will and won't for promises, offers and spontaneous decisions + Use wil 10 make promises and offers A: Can tell you a secret? 8: Sure. | won't tell anyone. A: Fue gota lot of work. 8: help you + Use wil» infinitive to make a spontaneous decision {@ decison you make atthe time of speaking) A:ltscoldin bere 8: Yes, you're right. close the wndow. 169Grammar reference Remember! You can use the contracted forms tland won't for informal situations, Use the full forms will and wil notin mote formal situations (1 see you next week! (informal) "will contact you again soon. (formal) 2 write a response to each situation. Use will or won't to make a decision, a promise or an offer. Use the words in brackets, 1 There’ a knack atthe door. (get it) Piiget it 2 Your friend needs a it tothe station. (lake / you) 3 Your car's in a‘no parking’ area, (move /it 4 You need your friend to help you. (holp/ me) 5 There’ no mil inthe fridge. (go and buy/ some) 6 t's important to be early forthe meeting, (not be fate) UNIT 5 5B_ Zero conditionals “Use the zero conditional to talk about facts and situations that are avays ve, or when one thing always follows another I you heat water to 100% it bolls. «+ Foun the zor conditional with if preset simple + present simple + You can aso use wen instead of iin zeo conditionel sentences. When you heat water 0 100°C ic boils. + You can put the ifwen clause fist or the main cause fist When the iffafien clause ist se a comma, The red light flashes Ifthe power i ove 1 te power is iow, the od light ashes. 1 complete the conversations with the corect form of the verbs. 1 What does the orange light mean on this computer? init fas, it (mean) the power ® (be ow. 2 Aid Lucia reply to your eral? Yes. She always (answer very ‘uickly when I= (Gend) her an email 5B_ First conditionals ‘Use the first conditional to tak about possible future situations and thee results. Hf see Dine Pl give her your message. “Form the frst conditional with i+ present simple + vil won’ + You can put the clause fist or the main clause fist. When theif clause is fist, use a cornma, 1 have time, Ml email you the photos. 111 email you the photos if have time fm too tired, | won't goto the party. J won't go to the party i'm too tired. Remember! Don't use a future form in the ifclause. NOT twithave-time Firemaityourthe photos: 2 Complete the conversations withthe correct form of the verbs. 1 a we (rotleave) now, we 2 ‘rss the bus 8:Don't ory, We® Gris the bus 2 A.Ob is aking her diving test next week 8: Well, she (rot pass she . (at be hapoy. (get) 3 taxiif we 5C_Comparatives and superlatives * Use comparative adjectives to compare cifferent things. The US s smaller than Canada. + Use the + superative adjective to compare one thing with other things na group. Pussia is the biggest country in the wort. Adjective | Comparative | Superlative Fr most one-sylable adjectives, small add er and “est For adjectives ending ine, rice nicer sicest add rand st For most adjectives ending with a vowel and ‘consonant, big bigger double the final letter and add -er and “est Do not double the fina lettr ifitis-w x or smaller smallest biggest slower slowest 170For one- and two-sylable adectives dy rier ending in-y, | early earlier change the healthy healthier “yer and fest. For most adectves with oor more most more syjlables, PSP® expensive expensive the mast. iiest atest healthiest 1 There area few irregular comparative forms. 00d —> better —»> best bad worse —> worst ‘fat —> fartherfurther —> farthestfurthest The weather is better today than yesterday This is the worst day of my ite ‘Use than to compare two things. The train is quicker than going by bus. + Most extreme adjectives (riliant, enormous, freezing, etc) ‘are not used in the comparative 6 superlative farm, Use ‘normal adjectives instead. Assia is bigger than Japan. NOT Rustinismereencrmeus ther dapan Taday i the coldest day ofthe year OT Fadaprstne mast Feeeina aay oF the rear Use ess as the opposite of more. Use least as the opposite ‘of mast. The place Hive ins fess crowded than the city centre F's not a good ides to buy the least expensive coihes. Remember! We don't often use fessor feast with short or ieragular adjectives. ‘This laptop is better than my old one. HOT Ta near apnap ws fessone than myo ome fm the youngest person in my family. Oe 3 Complete the conversation with the correct comparative Or superlative form of the adjectives. Add the or than where necessary. A: Whats {gcot) way to get around the ciy? B: Well themetois*__(easy) and {qui the bus. Thats ‘ (ad) thing about the bus ~Its aways slow. (big) problem with the met is that ts (expensive) the bus. The buss probably (cheap) way to get around the iy The other good ting about the us thats usualy (row) the metro, so you can get aseat UNIT 6 6B_ Present perfect (+ ever/never) * Use the presert perfect to talk and ask about experiences in someone’ life without saying when these things hepoened. Use it to describe a single event or something that heppened several times. have been to Russia twice ‘Sara hasn't eaten sushi Have you been to Japan? + Form the present perfect with haveyhas + past participle. Use the contracted forms 've and 's in informal situations. ‘Some past participles are the same asthe past simple form, but some are imequlr. Use the ireqular verbs list to help you (page 178). + You can use ever in present perfect questions. it means ‘at any time in your fe’. t goes before the past parucple. Have you ever eaten Tha! food? as Saiman ever been tothe UK? * Use never with the present perfect. It means ‘at no time’. ft goes before the past participle {ve never seen Star Wars. Remember! We don't usualy use ever withthe present perfect in positive statements ‘have been ro Mexico. NOT Hfave-everbeen-to-Merico: But you can use ever in positive statements with superlatives This isthe best food |have ever eaten. * You can use Whats the .. ou have ever ..? wth superlative adjectives to ask about someone's best worst experiences What’ the best beach you have ever boon to? * Use the present perfect to tak or ask about an experience in general. Use the past simple to gjve details about what happened ata specific time in the past A: Have you ever been skiing? B: Yes, have. | tried it in California fast year 1 complete the conversations with the present perfect, form of the verbs. 1AM (you /study) a lot of Shakespeare’ plays? B No, (never fread) any of his plays before now 2 AWhats the mestntersing county (you ever / go) to? 8: wel * (790) to lots of great placesand= (1 /ave) sore amazing ‘experiences. But | think india the most interesting place * (ever isi, 171Verb + -ing + Sometimes, two verbs appear together in a sentence. After ‘mary verbs, the second verb needs tobe inthe ing form: avoid, don't mind, enjoy, fel ike, irish, involve, keep (on), practise, miss, recommend, stop, et She practises singing every dey. Vv finished working, ‘An ing form also follows many verbs which express likes and dislikes (ike, dislike, love, can’t stand, hate, etc) Hove travelling by train. "hate sitting dovn ail day. Verb + 0+ infinitive + After many other verbs, the second vero needs the form to + infinite: Gan) afford, agree am, arange, ask, choose, decid, fail hope. intend, manage, need, offer persuade, plan, promis, refuse, ty want, would hk, etc. We need to leave soon, We're planning to go to the beach Would you like to visit the museum? Remember! Use an abject between verbs like persuade and the infinitive. He persuaded me to go with him. With ask and went, you sometimes need to use an object before the infinitive, He asked me tc helo him, Both -ing and to + infinitive + A small numberof verbs can go before both the ing form OF f0 + infinitive with no oil difference in meaning. ‘These include: continue, fate, lke, love, prefer, start, etc {started learning !to learn English three years 290. 2 complete the email with the correct form of the verbs. HiMasha, Hello from Perul | intended * (write) to you when we fist arived, but we've been really busy We decided» (90) to Cuzco because wwe wanted ? (ee) Mach Picchu first. So, we managed (eta flight when we arvad here. We didnt even leave the airport. Cuzco isgreat and !love © (walk) around the place. | really enjoy © (speak) Spanish! We're planning ” ‘gpenc) three or four days here and then go back to Lima. 'm sure that when we get to Lima, wel fel like * (0) nothing fora few days. OK, Ineed~ (book) the train tickets to Machu Picchu now Speak to you later, Natasha 1m. eee Grammar reference + A defining relative aus is part ofa sentence. I gives important information about a person, place or thing, tt ‘ays exactly what person, place or thing we are taking about. A defining relative clause comes imumediately after this person, place or thing. The relative clause begins with a felative pronoun (who, which, where, that, et. The film that I saw yesterday wos good. + Use wich or that in defining relative clauses to talk about things I've found a book whichithat hejos me with English grammar * Use who ofthat in defining relative clauses to tlk about people. The person wha/that inspires me the mast my ‘grandmathor * Use where to refer to places. Use wien to refer to times, Look, there's the horel where we stayed last yaar June isthe month when | usually go on holy. Remember! ‘The relative pronoun (that, which, who, et) replaces ‘the subject or objec. Do nat aso include the subject oF object. ‘A person wivo she inspires me is Eawvna Brocklesby. Have you read the book that ent you it? * You can leave out who, which oF that when i's the object of the relative cause, Have you read the Book (tha) lent you? ‘T Rewrite the sentences using @ defining relative clause. 1 met someone yasterday He says he knows you. J met someane yesterday who says he knows you. 2. Did you move the magacine? It was onthe table, Did you move 2 3 That's the person, She heloed me, Thats 4 There's the restaurant, We ate there last week Theres 'S Heres the book. You wanted to borrow it. Heres