Cirammar folder

Unit 1 to be+ a+ occupation

I'm!you're!he's etc. a student/teacher etc.
Present simple
AI I verbs except to be
to be+ adjective
I'm/you're!he's etc. tall/short/thin etc.
+ 1/you/we/they like chocolate.
He/she/it likes chocolate.
1/you/we/they do not (don't) like chocolate. Unit 3
He/she/it does not (doesn't) like chocolate.
Present continuous
? Do 1/you/we/they like chocolate?
Does he/she/it like chocolat e? + 1am ('m) working.
You/we/they are ('re) working.
He/she/it is ('s) working.
tobe
1am ('m) not working.
+ 1am ('m) happy.
You /we/they are not (aren't) work ing.
You/we/they are ('re) happy.
He/she/it is not (isn't) working.
He/she/it is ('s) happy.
? Am I working?
1am ('m) not happy.
Are you/we/they working?
You /we/they are not (aren't) happy.
Is he/she/it working?
He/she/it is not (isn't) happy.
? Am I happy? Spelling the -ing form
Are you/we/they happy?
• Verbs ending in one vowel + one consonant:
Is he/she/it happy?
do uble the consonant and add ing (e.g. put __. putting)
[exception: deliver __. delivering]
Frequency adverbs • Verbs ending in two or more consonants or y:
always usually often sometimes never add ing (e.g. paint __. painting or tidy __. tidy ing)
• Verbs ending in e:
• ... go before a one-word verb: drope and add ing (e.g. prepare __. preparing)
I always eat chocolate after lunch. ! Remember ski __. skiing
• ... go before the second word of a two-word verb:
You don't always eat chocolate after lunch. State verbs
• ... go after the verb to be: ... are not usually used in continuous tenses. Examples of state
He is always happy. verbs are:
We use the present simple with frequency adverbs. believe, hate, know, like, lave, prefer, think (=believe),
understand, want
Unit 2
/ike, enjoy, want, wou/d like Unit 4
• We use a noun or -ing after like and enjoy: Prepositions of time
I like!enjoy tennis. • No preposition before
I like/enjoy playing tennis. today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday ( morning, evening etc.)
• We use a noun or to after want and would like: this/next/ last (afternoon, week, month, year)
I want / would ('d) like a new racket.
I want / would ('d) like to buy a new racket. at 9.15, midnight, etc.
the weekend, the end of the <lay, the moment
have got in January, February, March, April, May, June, July,
We do not use do far questions and negatives with have got. August, September, October, November, December
the spring, the summer, the autumn, the winter
+ 1/you/we/they have ('ve) got blue eyes. 1848, 1963, 2010 etc.
He/she/it has ('s) got blue eyes. on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
1/you /we/they have not (haven't) got blue eyes. Saturday, Sunday
He/she/it has not (hasn't) got blue eyes. 1st August, 301h September, etc.
? Have 1/you/ we/they got blue eyes?
Has he/she/it got blue eyes?

GRAMMAR FOLDER
Future plans Spelling
We use the present continuous: • Verbs ending in e (e.g. arrive):
I'm meeting Sally on Wednesday. add d (arrived).
They're arriving next week. • Verbs ending in one consonant (e.g. stop):
We're not using the car at the weekend. double the consonant and add ed (e.g. stopped ).
He's leaving tomorrow morning. • Verbs ending in consonant + y (e.g. study):
change y to i and add ed (e.g. studied ).
• Verbs ending in two or more consonants (e.g. help ) or
Unit 5 vowel + y (e.g. stay):
add ed (e.g. helped, stayed).
need + noun
Irregular verbs
+ 1/you/we/t hey need a drin k.
These verbs have different forms, e.g.
He/she/ it needs a drink.
buy - bought, go - went, make - made
1/you/we/they don't need any food. (See irregular verb list on page 216.)
He/she/it doesn't need any food .
+ 1/he/ she/it/you/we/they bought a bike.
? Do 1/you/we/they need a ticket?
Does he/she/it need a ticket? 1/he/she/it/you/we/they did not (didn't) buy a bike.
? Did 1/he/she/it/you/we/they buy a bike?
need + verb to be
+ 1/you/we/they need to go out. + 1/he/she/it was there.
He/she/it needs to go out. You / we/they were th ere.
1/you/we/they don't need to go out. 1/he/she/it was not (wasn't) there.
He/she/it doesn't need to go out. You/we/they were not (weren't) there.
OR 1/you/he/she/it/we/they needn't go out.
? Was 1/he/she/it th ere?
? Do 1/you/we/they need to go out? Were you/we/they there?
Does he/she/it need to go out?

Countable/uncountable nouns Unit 7

Use a/an, one/two/three etc., a lot of, a few, a couple of,
Prepositions of place
several, (not) many + countable nouns (singular or plural).
inside outside opposite near under
Use a lot of, a little, (not) much, a bottle/piece of etc. + in next to in front of between by
uncountable nouns (singular only). in the comer of behind beside

Prepositions of movement
Unit 6
up clown across off along around
Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed through over
-ing adjectives describe a thing/person which gives you a
Comparative adjectives
feeling:
Thís is an amusing film. Regular adjectives
He was an interesting teacher. • One-syllable adjective:
The lessons were interesting. add er (e.g. kind - kinder)
• One-syllable adjective ending in e:
-ed adjectives describe the person who has the feeling: add r (e.g. nice - nicer)
A tired student needs a holiday. • One-syllable adjective ending in vowel + consonant:
The girls were interested in the story. do uble consonant and add er ( e.g. hot - hotter)
• Adjective ending in consonant+y:
Past simple
change y to i and add er (e.g. fu nny - fu nnier)
Regular verbs • Adjective with more than one syllable:
+ 1/ he/she/it/you/we/they wanted a bike. more + adjective (e.g. poli te - more polite, confi dent -
1/he/she/it/you/we/they did not (didn't) want a bike. more confide nt)

? Did 1/he/she/it/you/we/they want a bike? Irregular adjectives

good - better bad - worse
 Unit 8 Present perfect
Have I!you!we!they!the students eaten the chocolate?
Present perfect Yes, I/yo u!he!she/it!we!they have.
has/have + past participle No, I/you!he!she!itlwe/they haven't.
Has he/she/itl the class eaten the chocolate?
+ 1/you/we/they have ('ve) eaten the chocolate. Yes, he/she!it has.
He/she/it has ('s) eaten the chocolate. No, he/she/it hasn't.
1/you /we/they have not (haven't) eaten the chocolate.
He/she/it has not (hasn't) eaten the chocolate.
Unit 10
? Have 1/you/we/they eaten the chocolate?
Has he/she/it eaten the chocolate? Present perfect and past simple
Present perfect NOT past simple
Past participle • Past actions/events when the result is interesting now, but
Regular verbs the exact time of the event is not important:
past participle = past simple, e.g. She's/has bought sorne chocolate. [She's got sorne now.]
like - liked, liked play - played, played They've!have eaten the chocolate. [There's no chocolate now.]
Irregular verbs • A period of time beginning in the past and continuing to now:
Most have a different form for past participle and past simple: You've!have worked very hard. [You can take a break now.]
do - did, done w rite - w rote, w ritten • Questions asking How long?
know - knew, known How long have you known M aria?
But for sorne irregular verbs, past participle and past simple • With fo r + length of time to now:
are the same: I've known her for two months.
make - made, made buy - bought, bought • With since + exact time before now:
just, already !'ve known her since April.
... go before the past participle: • Questions with ever:
We've just bought a box of chocolates. Have you ever played basketball?
!'ve already opened it. Past simple NOT present perfect
yet • Actions/events ata particular time in the past:
. . . goes at the end of a negative sentence: She bought some chocolate last week .
We haven't eaten them ali yet. They ate the chocolate on Sunday.
• Actions/events for a period beginning and ending in the past:
You worked very hard last year.
Unit 9 We played bossaball in the summer. [It's not summer now.]
Short answers • Questions asking When?
When did y ou meet Maria?
Present simple
• With ago for actions/events which are finished at sorne
Do I/you!we! they!the students like chocolate?
time before now:
Yes, I/you/ we!they do.
I met her two days ago.
No, I/y ou/we!they don't.
Does he/ she/it! the class like chocolate? to go in the present perfect
Yes, he!she/ it does. have/has gone
No, he!she!it doesn't. They've gone out. [They're not at home.]
She's gone to Africa. [She went there and she's there now.]
Present continuous
She hasn't gone to Africa. [She's not there now. ]
Am I working hard?
OR
Yes, you are.
No, you aren't. have/has been
Are you working hard? Th ey've been out. [They went out and then carne home.]
Yes, I am. She's been to Africa. [She went there and then returned here.]
No, I'm not. She hasn't been to Africa. [She didn't go there.]
Is he!she!it!the class working hard? She's never been to Africa. [She has never visited Africa.]
Yes, he!she!it is.
No, he!she/i t isn't. Unit 11
Are we! theylthe students working hard?
Yes, you!they are. Superlative adjectives
No, you!they aren't. Regula r adjectives
Past simple • One-syllable adjective:
Did I!you! he!she/it!we!they/the students/ the class work hard? add est (e.g. kin d - kindest)
Yes, I!you!he!she!it!we!they did. • One-syllable adjective ending in e:
- - : : : : : .• I!you!he!she/itlwe!they didn't. add st (e.g. nice - nicest)

-'UU \ G RAM M A R Fo L D E R
• One-syllable adjective endi ng in vowel + consonant: That must be John's brother. [He looks exactly like John, so I
do uble consonant and add est (e.g. hot- hottest) feel certain.]
• Adjective ending in consonant+y: That might/could be John 's brother. [He looks a bit like John,
change y to i and add est (e.g. funny - funniest ) so I think it's possible they are brothers. ]
• Adjective with more than one syllable: They can't be John's brothers. [They look completely different
the most + adjective (e.g. poli te - the most fro m John, so I don't believe it's possible that they are his
polite, confident- the most confident) brothers.]

Irregular adjectives
good - the best Unit 14
bad - the worst used to
fa r - the farthest/fu rthest
+ 1/he/she/it/you/we/they used to eat chocolate.
Present passive
1/he/she/it/you/we/they did not (didn't) use to eat
to be + past participle chocolate.
The passive uses the same past participles as the present
? Oíd 1/he/she/it/you/we/they use to eat chocolate?
perfect. (For past participles see Unit 8 and irregular verb list
on page 216.) Used to shows something was true in the past but is not true
Active The students / They admire the actor/ him. now:
Passive The actor/ He is admired by the students / them. I used to watch westerns. [I don't watch them now.]
We used to see horses in th e field. [We don't see them now.]
+ 1 am ('m) admired.
There didn't use to be a sports centre in the city. [There is now.]
You/we/they are ('re) admired. Did there use to be less traffic? [I know there's a lot of traffic
He/she/it is ('s) admired.
now, I want to know if it has increased.]
1 am ('m) not admired.

You/we/they are not (aren't) admired. Adjective order

He/she/it is not (isn't) admired. 1 opinion 2 size 3 description 4 colour 5 material
? Am I admired? an amazing long stripey green wool scarf
Are you/we/they admired? a useful little old red plastic bag
Is he/she/it admired?
too+ adjective and not + adjective + enough
too+ adjective (+ for x)
Unit 12 This skirt is too big far me. [I need a smaller one.]
Past continuous The room is too warm. [We feel uncomfortably hot.]

was!were + -ing not + adjective + enough (+ for x)

+ 1/he/she/it was swimming. This hat isn't big enough forme. [I need a bigger one.]
You/we/they were swimming. The room isn't warm enough. [We feel uncomfortably cold. ]

1/he/she/it was not (wasn't) swimming.

You /we/they were not (weren't) swimming. Unit 15
? Was 1/he/she/it swimming?
Modal verbs {permission and obligation)
Were/you/we/they swimming?
can
Past continuous and past continuous Can never changes.
Two past activities at the same time (often with while):
+ 1/you/he/she/it/we/they can dance.
We were eating chocolate while the teacher was talking.
1/you/he/she/it/we/they can't dance.
Past continuous and past simple
? Can 1/you/he/she/ it/we/they dance?
Past activity beginning before an event and continuing until or
after it. The event is usually when + past simple: have to
We were eating chocolate when the teacher arrived. We use the tenses of have.
Present
Unit 13 + 1/you/we/they have to dance.
He/she/it has to dance.
Modal verbs {possibility and probability) 1/you/we/they don't have to dance.
Certainty (I'm sure it is true) - it!they must be He/she/it doesn't have to dance.
Possibility (perhaps it's true) - it!they might be, it could be
? Do 1/you/we/they have to dance?
Impossibility (I'm sure it isn't true) - it!they can't be
Does he/she/it have to dance?
These verbs have only one form.

GRAMMAR FOLDER
Past Present tense following when, until, after in
+ 1/you/he/she/it/we/they had to dance. future time
1/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't have to dance. After I leave school I'm going to get a job.
? Did 1/you/he/she/it/we/they have to dance? He isn't going to get up until we phone him.
Are you going to travel by bus when you visit Australia?
Permission
can, can't + verb The time
You can sit here. [This chair is free, yo u are allowed to sit here.]
You can't sit here. [This chair isn't free, yo u aren't allowed to sit five, ten, twenty-five, etc. one, two ...
to
here.] (a) quarter twelve, etc.
past
three, nine, sixteen, etc. minutes midday.
lt's
Obligation half past midnight .
At
(don't) have to + verb
midday/midnight.
You have to sit here. [You aren't allowed to sit in any other chair.]
You don't have to sit here. [You are allowed to choose your chair.] one, two ... twelve, etc. o'clock.

Adverbs
Regular adverbs Unit 17
• Most adjectives add ly: wi/1 future
quiet _.. quietly, strange _.. strangely,
beautiful _.. beautifully + 1/you/he/she/it/we/they will ('11) be successful.
• Adjectives ending in le: 1/you/he/she/it/we/they will not (won't) be successful.
drop e an d add y ( e.g. sensible_.. sensibly)
? Will 1/you/he/she/it/we/they be successful?
• Adjectives ending in y:
change y to i + ly (e.g. lazy - laz ily)
wi/1 and going to
Irregular adverbs
Both talk about the future. (See also Unit 16.)
Sorne adverbs are the sam e as their adjectives:
Will is used to say what we believe, but are not certain about
f ast, hard, late, early
the fu tu re:
She's a fast nmner. She runs fast.
I'm going to join a tennis club because I'll meet sorne good
I had an early phone cal/. He phoned me early.
players there. [I believe they have sorne good players.]
Well is the adverb from good.
Why are you going to watch that DVD? You won't enjoy it.
They're good dancers. They dance well.
[I don't think it's yo ur kind of film .]
They're going to arrive late. Will they be hungry?
Unit 16 [I want to know your opinion.]

going to future everyone, no one, someone, (not) anyone

+ 1am ('m) going to eat this chocolate. everybody, nobody, somebody, (not) anybody
You/we/they are ('re) going to eat this chocolate. + Someone/Somebody has opened the window. (1 don't
He/she/it is ('s) going to eat this chocolate. knowwho.]
1am ('m) not going to eat this chocolate. Everyone/Everybody has left the house. [ali the people]
You/we/they are not (aren't) going to eat this chocolate. There isn't anyone/anybody with me.
He/she/it is not (isn't) going to eat this chocolate. There is no one/nobody with me.
? Am I going to eat this chocolate? No one/Nobody carne here with me.
Are you/we/they going to eat this chocolate? not anyone, not anybody = no one, nobody
Is he/she/it going to eat this chocolate? (anyone/anybody is not the same as no one/nobody)
? Is there anyone/anybody in the house?
Going to is used
• to talk about what we plan to do: Ali these words are followed by a singular verb.
We're going to watch a football match this evening.
I'm not going to play tennis next weekend.
• to describe a fu ture event which we feel sure about:
Unit 18
Jane has made sorne coffee. She's going to drink it. Past perfect
You're carrying a heavy bag. You're going to drop it.
Past simple of have + past participle
+ 1/he/she/it/you/we/they had eaten the chocolate.
1/he/she/it/you/we/they had not (hadn't) eaten the
chocolate.
? Had 1/he/she/it/you/we/they eaten the chocolate?

GRAMMAR FOLDER
Past perfect and past simple with when / by Irregular adverbs
adverbs which are the same as adjectives:
the time
fast,faster, (the) fastest
She had eaten the chocolate when / by the time we carne home. hard, harder, (the) hardest
OR When / By the time we carne home, she had eaten the late, later, (the) latest
chocolate. [She ate it befare we arrived.] early, earlier, (the) earliest
She runs faster than him.
Past simple and past simple with when
I run (the) fastest.
She ate the chocolate when we carne home. They get up earlier than us.
OR When we came home, she ate the chocolate. He gets up (the) earliest.
[She didn't eat it until we arrived home.]
we/1, badly
well, better, (the) best
Unit 19 badly, worse, (the) worst
David played better than Michael.
Verbs and expressions + to and -ing
John played (the) best.
+to Donna played worse than Mandy.
agree allow arrange begin* continue* Jill played (the) worst.
decide expect hope learn like need
offer plan promise refuse seem start* Comparative sentences
stop** try** want would like more ... than
+-ing less ... than
be afraid of begin* be fed up with be good at not as/so ... as
be interested in continue* don't mind enjoy Alan worked more carefully than Judy.
like look forward to !ove prefer start* = Judy worked less carefully than Alan.
stop** try** = Judy didn't work as carefully as Alan.
*These verbs can be followed by to or -ing without changing
the meaning.
so and such
** These verbs can be followed by to or -ing with a change in so+ adjective or adverb (that)
the meaning. so + adjective:
He stopped eating chocolate. [He didn't eat chocolate after that The work was so easy ( that) we finished in ten minutes.
time.] so + adverb:
He stopped to eat chocolate. [He stopped working/walking etc. He worked so slowly (that) he didn't finish until midnight.
because he wanted to eat sorne chocolate.] such a+ (adjective) noun (that)
He tried joining a sports club. [He joined a sports club to find
• such a + countable noun:
out if it was useful.] He drove at such a speed (that) I felt frightened.
He tried to join a sports club. [He wanted to join a sports club
• such + uncountable noun:
but he couldn't.] He talked such nonsense (that) they laughed.
make and Jet • such a + adjective + countable noun:
It was such an easy exercise (that) we finished in ten
These verbs are followed by another verb without to or -ing:
minutes.
The teacher let the students go home early.
• such + adjective + plural noun:
[The teacher allowed the students to go home early.] They were such slow workers ( that) they didn't finish until
The teacher made the students go home early.
midnight.
[The teacher forced the students to go home early.] • such + adjective + uncountable noun:
It was such easy work (that) we finished in ten minutes.
Unit 20
Connectives
Comparison of adverbs so, because/as, but, although, either ... or
Regular adverbs • the result of an event or action:
adverbs ending -ly: I was hungry so I ate the chocolate.
carefully, more carefully, most carefully • the reason for an event or action:
Alan worked more carefully than Judy. I ate the chocolate because/as I was hungry.
Hazel worked the most carefully. • contrasting or comparing:
The chocolate was expensive but it wasn't good.
Although the chocolate was expensive, it wasn't good.
• giving two alternatives:
She can either eat the chocolate or give it to her mother.

GRAMMAR FOLDER
Unit 21 • would + verb - will future:
He said he'd (would) have coffee.
have something done - 'I'll have coffee.'
1/you/he/she/it/we/they + tense of have + noun + past He said he wouldn't have tea there.
participle: - 'I won't have tea here.'
J'm having my hair coloured tomorrow. • Past perfect - Present perfect:
He doesn't have his hair coloured. She said she'd (had) already made coffee.
Did you have your hair coloured? - '!'ve already made coffee.'
She said she hadn't made tea.
Reported speech
- 'I haven't made tea.'
Reported requests
• Past perfect - Past simple:
Ask someone (not) to do something
She said she'd (had) bought it the day before I the previous
Direct speech Reported speech
day.
Please shut the door. He asked her to shut
- 'J bought it yesterday.'
the door.
She said she hadn't bought tea that day.
Please don't open the door. He asked her not to
- 'I didn't huy tea today.'
open the door.
Reported commands
Tell someone (not) to do something
Unit 23
Direct speech Reported speech Relative clauses
Shut the door! He told her to shut the door.
• Subject of relative clause: person/people
Don't open the door! He told her not to open the door. I saw a student. He was in my class.
Possessive pronouns and adjectives - I saw a student who/that was in my class.

Name Pronouns • Subject of relative clause: thing

/noun I saw a jacket. It was very expensive.
John subject you he she it we they - I saw a jacket which!that was very expensive.
/the boy
• Object of relative clause: person/people
John object me you him her it us them
/the boy I phoned the hairdresser. My friend recommended him.
Possessive forms - I phoned the hairdresser who!that my friend
recommended.
John's adjective my your his her its our their OR I phoned the hairdresser my friend recommended.
/the boy's
John's pronoun mine yours his hers its ours theirs • Object of relative clause: thing
/the boy's I made a cake. Everyone liked it.
John's friend a friend of John's - I made a cake which/that everyone liked.
the boy's friend a friend of the boy's OR I made a cake everyone liked.
his friend a friend of his • Relative clause: where (place)
my friend a friend of mine I know a club. The music is great there.
your friend a friend of yours - I know a club where the music is great.
• Relative clause: whose (person/people)
Unit 22 I phoned the woman. You gave me her name.
- I phoned the woman whose name you gave me.
Reported speech
Reported speech - Direct speech Adjective + preposition + noun/pronoun/ -ing
• Past simple - Present simple: afraid of angry about something / with someone
She said she wanted coffee. bad/good at different from excited about
- 'I want coffee.' fed up with ful] of interested in keen on
He said he didn't want tea then. kind of nervous of worried about tired of
- 'I don't want tea now.'
• Past continuous - Present continuous:
She said she was making coffee.
- 'J'm making coffee.'
She said she wasn't making tea.
- 'I'm not making tea.'

GRAMMAR FOLDER
Unit 24 too much, too many, not enough
• too much + uncountable noun:
Past passive We've got too much homework.
Past simple of to be + past participle
• too many + plural countable noun:
(For past participles see Unit 8 and irregular verb list on page
You ask too many questions.
216.)
Active The students admired the actor/ him. • not enough + plural countable/uncountable noun:
The students admired the singers / them. There aren't enough chocolates far everyone.
Passive The actor/ He was admired by the students. I haven't had enough time to learn these rules.
The singers / They were admired by the students.
Verbs with two objects
+ 1/he/she/it was admired.
give + person + object - give + object + to person
You/we/they were admired.
The teacher gave the boy extra homework.
1/he/she/it was not (wasn't) admired. - The teacher gave extra homework to the boy.
You/we/they were not (weren't) ad mi red. Annie sent mean ernail.
? Was 1/he/she/it admired? - Annie sent an email to me.
Were you/we/they ad mi red?
Unit 26
Future passive
will be + past participle First conditional
(Por past participles see Unit 8 and irregular verb list on page Used for possible conditions.
216.) Condition: iflunless + present tense
Active The students will admire the actor/him. Result: future tense
The students will admire the singers/them. Either the condition or the result can be first in the sentence.
Passive The actor/He will be admired by the students. If the condition clause is firs t, there is a comma after it.
The singerslthey will be adrnired by the students. There is no comma if the result clause is first.
If you leave the party early, you'll miss the fireworks.
+ 1/he/she/it/you/we/they will be ad mi red. = You'll miss the fireworks if you leave early.
1/he/she/it/you/we/they will not (won't) be admired. = You'll see the fireworks if you stay until midnight.
? Will 1/he/she/it/you/we/they be admired? = You'll miss the fireworks unless you stay till rnidnight.
= If you don't stay till midnight, you'll miss the fireworks.
if and when
Unit 25 When means the speaker is certain that something will happen:
Reported questions I'll be very nervous when I take the exam. [I'm certain that I'm
Wh- questions going to take the exam.]
I asked what the problem was. If means the speaker is not certain that something will happen:
I'll be very happy if I pass the exam. [Perhaps I'll pass the exam.]
- What is the problem?
She asked which book I wanted. I'll be very sad if I fail the exarn. [Perhaps I'll fail the exam.]
- Which book do you want?
He asked how much I had ('d) paid far it. Unit 27
- How much did you pay far it?
They asked her where she had hidden the chocolate. Verb/preposition + reflexive pronouns
- Where have you hidden the chocolate? myself, y ourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, y ourselves,
We asked her when she would explain. themselves
- When will you explain? The subject of the verb/preposition is the same as its object:
A boy of fifteen should know how to look after himself.
Yes/no questions + if or whether
Rernernber to give yourself plenty of time to reach the airport.
I asked them whether they liked chocolate.
They never care about other people, only about themselves.
- Do you like chocolate?
He asked me if I was going to sing. each, every, al/+ noun
- Are you going to sing?
eachlevery + singular countable noun
She asked me if I would make coffee.
each of + a plural countable noun
- Will you make coffee?
ali + plural countable/uncountable noun
I asked them if they'd seen my mobile.
Every student had sorne chocolate.
- Have you seen my mobile?
Each student had sorne chocolate.
Each of my friends hada different sweet.
Ali the students had sorne chocolate.
Ali the chocolate was eaten.
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GRAMMAR FOLDER
everyla/1 + morninglnightlweek/month etc. They haven't bought tickets yet. Nor!Neither have I!we!they.
Nor!Neither has he!she.
Every morning = more than one morning
I caught the train yesterday. So did I!he!she!we!they.
All morning = the whole of one morning
She didn't come to school. Nor/Neither did I!he/she/
He visits his grandmother every week, usual/y on Sundays.
we!they.
!'ve been ill ali week and couldn't go to work.
I'll phone her later. So will I!he!she/we/they.
We live in Poland but we spend the summer in Spain every year.
I won't forget. Nor/Neither will I/ he!she!
The storm con tinued all night and no one could sleep.
we!they.
They're going to get off the bus. So am I.
Unit 28 So are we!they.
So is he!she.
Second conditional I must hurry. So must I!he!she!we/they.
Used far nearly or completely impossible conditions (compare We hadn't noticed the time. Nor!Neither had I!he!she!
Unit 26). we/they.
Condition: if /unless + past tense
Result: would verb Polite questions
Either the condition or the result can be first in the sentence.
Can you te ll me ... ?
If the condition clause is first, there is a comma after it. Can you remember ... ?
There is no comma if the result clause is first. Do you know ... ?
+ reported question.
Nearly impossible: l'd like to know ... .
If you left the party early, you'd miss the fireworks. [But I don't Can you find out ... ?
believe you will leave early.] etc.
= You'd miss the fi reworks if you left early. Por reported questions see Unit 25.
= You 'd see the fireworks if you stayed until midnight.
= You 'd miss the fi reworks unless you stayed till midnight.
= If you didn't stay till midnight, you'd miss the fireworks. Unit 30
Completely imposssible: hardly
If I was a film star, I would ('d) live in Los Angeles. [I'm not a Hardly means almost not. We don't use not with hardly.
film star, so I don't live there.]
= I would ('d) live in Los Angeles if I was a film star. hardly any (oj) I anyone, anybody etc.+ noun
= I wouldn't live here if I was a film star. I have hardly any homework. [almost non e]
I wouldn't act in a film unless I liked the director. Hardly anyone enjoys homework. [almost no one]
= If I didn't like the director, I would ('d) refuse to act in a film. Hardly any of my fri ends are older than me. [almost non e of
them]

Unit 29 hardly (ever) + verb

We hardly ever have a free evening. [almost never]
so+ verb or neither/nor + verb She hardly understood any of our jokes. [almost non e]
We use so + verb and neither!nor + verb to agree with another They hardly ate anything. [almost nothing]
speaker.
The verb must match the tense in the other speaker's sentence.
before and after + -ing
So is used to reply to a positive sentence. The subject of the -ing verb must be the same as the subject of
Neither/Nor are used to reply to a negative sentence. the other verb:
(Compare short answers in Unit 9.) I wrote an email to my parents before going to bed.
[befare I went to bed] [not befare they went to bed]
I'm fifteen. So am J. They'll certainly phone us after arriving home.
So are we!they. [after they arrive] [not after we arrive]
So is he!she. Before leaving the train, check that you have ali your luggage.
We're not allowed to drive. Nor!Neither am I. [befare you leave]
Nor!Neither are we/they. After using these books, please return them to the correct shelf
Nor/Neither is he/she. [after you use]
He often catches this bus. So do I!we!they.
So does he/she.
He doesn't like cycling. Nor/Neither do 1/we!they.
Nor/Neither does he!she.
We've bought return tickets. So have Ilwe!they.
So has he!she.

GR AMMAR FO LDE R