RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

Sr.No. Topics Page

Unit-1 No.
Introduction to communication and telephony technology:
CDMA, WLL, GSM, VOIP, Blue-tooth, Wi-Fi. Communication
Technology: 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G. Communication Satellites, Radar,
Fiber Optics, ISDN- their properties. Geographic Information
System (GIS): Components of a GIS, Working and applications
of GIS.
1. Communication &Telephony Technology
Introduction of Communication
GSM
2. CDMA Comparison with GSM

3. WLL, VoIP, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

4. Communication Technology: 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G

5. ISDN- their properties

6. Geographic Information System (GIS): Components of a GIS,

Working and applications of GIS.
7. Communication Satellites,

8. RADAR

9. Fiber Optics

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

Communication &Telephony Technology

GSM-
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a standard developed to describe
protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices. It was
first deployed in Finland in December 1991 and quickly became the most widely adopted
mobile telecommunication standard.
Key Features of GSM:
• Voice and Data Services: GSM networks support both voice and data communication,
allowing users to make calls, send SMS (Short Message Service), and use mobile internet.
• SIM Cards: GSM networks use SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) cards, which store
subscriber information and allow users to switch devices easily by moving the SIM card.
• International Roaming: GSM allows users to use their phones in many different
countries, as it is supported by over 200 countries worldwide.
• Frequency Bands: GSM operates on several frequency bands, primarily 900 MHz and
1800 MHz in Europe, and 850 MHz and 1900 MHz in the Americas.
• Security: GSM includes various security measures, such as encryption, to protect
communication over the network.
Over time, GSM has evolved with technologies like GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution), which have enhanced data speeds and
capabilities. Despite the emergence of newer standards like 3G, 4G, and 5G, GSM remains a
foundational technology in mobile communications.

CDMA
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a digital cellular technology used for mobile
communication. Unlike GSM, which divides frequency bands into time slots, CDMA uses a
different approach to share the available bandwidth among users.
Key Features of CDMA:

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

• Spread Spectrum Technology: CDMA works by spreading the data signal over a
wider bandwidth than the original signal. Each call is encoded with a unique key,
allowing multiple calls to be transmitted simultaneously over the same frequency
range.
• Efficient Use of Bandwidth: CDMA is more efficient in using the available
bandwidth compared to GSM. This efficiency allows more users to be accommodated
within the same frequency range.
• Soft Handoff: In CDMA networks, when a user moves from one cell tower to
another, the connection is maintained with multiple towers simultaneously until the
transition is complete. This "soft handoff" reduces the chance of dropped calls.
• Security: CDMA provides a high level of security because the spreading codes used
to encode the signals are difficult .
• Frequency Bands: CDMA doesn't rely on specific frequency bands like GSM;
instead, it spreads the signal over a wide range of frequencies, making it more
resistant to interference.

Differences Between GSM and CDMA:

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

WLL, VoIP, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, CDMA, and GSM—key technologies in the field of
wireless communication and telephony.
1. WLL (Wireless Local Loop):
• Type: Wireless telephony.
• Purpose: Provides a wireless connection between subscribers and the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
• Technology: Uses wireless links (radio frequencies) instead of traditional copper
wires to connect users to the local exchange.
• Range: Typically covers local or regional areas.

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

• Use Cases: Primarily used in areas where laying physical telephone lines is difficult
or expensive (e.g., rural areas).
• Advantages: Quick deployment, cost-effective in certain regions.
• Limitations: Limited to specific areas, lower bandwidth compared to wired
connections.
2. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol):
• Type: Internet-based telephony.
• Purpose: Allows voice communication over the internet.
• Technology: Converts voice signals into digital data packets and transmits them over
IP networks (like the internet).
• Range: Global, as long as internet access is available.
• Use Cases: Internet-based calling, video conferencing, unified communications.
• Advantages: Cost-effective, especially for long-distance and international calls;
supports multimedia (voice, video, text).
• Limitations: Dependent on internet quality and stability; may have latency issues
compared to traditional telephony.
3. Wi-Fi:
• Type: Wireless networking technology.
• Purpose: Provides wireless internet access and local area network (LAN)
connectivity.
• Technology: Operates on specific radio frequencies (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands),
using standards like IEEE 802.11.
• Range: Typically up to 100 meters indoors, more in outdoor environments.
• Use Cases: Wireless internet access for devices like smartphones, laptops, tablets;
local networking in homes, offices, and public places.
• Advantages: High-speed internet access; supports multiple devices; widely available.
• Limitations: Limited range; can be susceptible to interference; security concerns if
not properly encrypted.
4. Bluetooth:
• Type: Short-range wireless communication.
• Purpose: Facilitates wireless communication between devices over short distances.

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

• Technology: Uses short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to
2.485 GHz.
• Range: Typically up to 10 meters (33 feet), though some versions extend up to 100
meters.
• Use Cases: Wireless peripherals (e.g., headphones, keyboards, mice), file transfers,
wearable devices, and IoT.
• Advantages: Low power consumption; easy to pair devices; suitable for short-range
communication.
• Limitations: Limited range and data transfer rate compared to Wi-Fi; potential
interference in crowded RF environments.
5. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access):
• Type: Cellular network technology.
• Purpose: Used for mobile telephony and data services.
• Technology: Employs spread-spectrum technology where multiple signals are
transmitted simultaneously over a shared frequency band, distinguished by unique
codes.
• Range: Supports wide-area coverage, used in mobile networks.
• Use Cases: Mobile voice and data services, especially in regions where CDMA
networks are deployed.
• Advantages: Efficient use of bandwidth; good capacity for data services; provides
better coverage in rural areas.
• Limitations: Less global adoption compared to GSM; incompatible with GSM
networks without dual-mode devices.
6. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications):
• Type: Cellular network technology.
• Purpose: Dominant standard for mobile telephony worldwide.
• Technology: Uses time-division multiple access (TDMA) to allow multiple users to
share the same frequency band by dividing it into time slots.
• Range: Supports wide-area coverage, used globally.
• Use Cases: Mobile voice and data services, SMS, and international roaming.
• Advantages: Global interoperability; wide coverage; extensive support for voice,
SMS, and mobile data services.

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SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

• Limitations: Limited data speeds compared to newer technologies (like 4G LTE and
5G); susceptible to congestion in densely populated areas.

• Comparison of Technologies

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

Comparison of Communication Technolgy

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RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a set of communication standards for digital
transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over traditional public
switched telephone networks (PSTN). It was designed to replace analog phone systems with a
digital alternative, providing higher quality and faster transmission rates.

Key Properties:

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

• Types:
o BRI (Basic Rate Interface): 2 B-channels (64 Kbps each) + 1 D-channel (16
Kbps) for small setups.
o PRI (Primary Rate Interface): 23 B-channels (64 Kbps each) + 1 D-channel
(64 Kbps) in North America (T1); 30 B-channels + 1 D-channel (64 Kbps) in
Europe (E1) for larger businesses.
• Speed:
o BRI: Up to 128 Kbps
o PRI: Up to 1.544 Mbps (T1) or 2.048 Mbps (E1)
• Connection: Circuit-switched, ensuring dedicated bandwidth during communication.
• Multiplexing: Supports multiple services (voice, data, video) over one line.
• Applications: Used for business telephony, video conferencing, and dial-up internet.
• Advantages: Higher quality and reliability than analog; faster call setup.
• Limitations: More costly, complex, and slower compared to modern broadband;
becoming obsolete.
ISDN was a key technology for digital communication but is now largely replaced by faster
broadband technologies.

GIS: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are powerful tools that integrate hardware,
software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying geographically
referenced information. GIS is used in a wide range of applications, from urban planning to
environmental management, disaster response, and more. Below is an overview of the
components, how they work, and their applications.

Components of GIS:
1. Hardware:
o Components: Computers, servers, GPS devices, mobile devices, and
scanners.

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

o Function: Provides the physical platform for running GIS software, storing
data, and performing analyses.
2. Software:
o Components: GIS software (e.g., ArcGIS, QGIS), database management
systems (DBMS), visualization tools.
o Function: Enables data entry, storage, analysis, and visualization. GIS
software allows users to create maps, perform spatial analysis, and manage
geographic data.
3. Data:
o Components: Spatial data (geographic locations, shapes) and attribute data
(information about the spatial features).
o Types of Data:
▪ Vector Data: Points, lines, and polygons representing features like
cities, roads, and boundaries.
▪ Raster Data: Gridded data, such as satellite imagery, digital elevation
models (DEMs), and land cover.
o Function: The core of GIS; data represents the physical world and is used for
analysis and decision-making.
4. People:
o Components: GIS professionals, analysts, cartographers, decision-makers.
o Function: Operate GIS systems, conduct analyses, interpret results, and make
decisions based on GIS data.
5. Methods:
o Components: Procedures, models, and workflows used to collect, analyze,
and interpret geographic data.
o Function: Standardized processes ensure the accurate and consistent use of
GIS data for various applications.
How GIS Works:
1. Data Collection and Input:
o Data is collected from various sources such as satellite imagery, GPS, surveys,
and existing databases.
o The data is then input into the GIS system, where it is stored in a structured
format.

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

2. Data Management:
o GIS software organizes data into layers, which can be manipulated and
analyzed independently or in combination with other layers.
o Database management systems (DBMS) are used to store and manage large
datasets efficiently.
3. Data Analysis:
o GIS enables spatial analysis, including proximity analysis, overlay analysis,
and network analysis.
o Users can analyze patterns, relationships, and trends in geographic data to
answer specific questions or solve problems.
4. Data Visualization:
o GIS allows users to create maps and other visual representations of geographic
data.
o Visualization helps in understanding complex spatial relationships and
communicating results to stakeholders.
5. Decision-Making:
o The insights gained from GIS analysis are used for decision-making in various
fields, such as urban planning, environmental conservation, disaster
management, and more.
Applications of GIS:
1. Urban Planning:
o Use: Helps in zoning, infrastructure development, transportation planning, and
land use management.
o Example: Creating detailed city maps to plan for future growth and
infrastructure needs.
2. Environmental Management:
o Use: Monitoring natural resources, managing wildlife habitats, and assessing
environmental impact.
o Example: Mapping deforestation trends to guide conservation efforts.
3. Disaster Response:
o Use: Emergency planning, risk assessment, and disaster management.
o Example: Using GIS to map flood-prone areas and plan evacuation routes.

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

4. Public Health:
o Use: Tracking disease outbreaks, planning health services, and analyzing
environmental health risks.
o Example: Mapping the spread of infectious diseases to target interventions.
5. Transportation:
o Use: Route optimization, traffic management, and infrastructure planning.
o Example: Analyzing traffic patterns to improve road networks and reduce
congestion.
6. Agriculture:
o Use: Precision farming, crop monitoring, and land management.
o Example: Using GIS to monitor crop health and optimize irrigation.

GIS integrates various components to capture, store, analyze, and visualize geographic data.
It is a versatile tool with applications in urban planning, environmental management, disaster
response, and more. The insights provided by GIS are essential for informed decision-making
across multiple sector.
Communication satellites facilitate global telecommunications by receiving, processing, and
retransmitting signals. Here's a brief overview:

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

1. Components:
o Satellite Bus: Structure housing all systems (power, thermal control, etc.).
o Transponders: Receive, amplify, and retransmit signals.
o Antenna: Sends and receives signals.
o Power System: Solar panels and batteries.
o Attitude Control System: Maintains satellite orientation.
2. How They Work:
o Signal Uplink: Signal is transmitted from Earth to the satellite.
o Signal Processing: Satellite receives, amplifies, and processes the signal.
o Signal Downlink: Processed signal is sent back to Earth.
3. Orbit:
o Most communication satellites are in geostationary orbit, remaining fixed
over a specific point on Earth.
o Many communications satellites are in geostationary orbit 22,236 miles
(35,785 km) above the equator, so that the satellite appears stationary at the
same point in the sky.
o Communications satellites use a wide range of radio
and microwave frequencies.

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

4. Applications:
o Broadcasting: TV and radio.
o Telecommunications: Phone and data services.
o Internet: Access in remote areas.
o GPS: Navigation and location services.
o Weather Monitoring: Weather data and forecasts.
Communication satellites provide essential services for broadcasting, telecommunications,
internet access, and more.

GSAT-30 -An operational satellite that provides communication services for television
uplink, DTH, and VSAT services.

EchoStar A world leader in communication that offers over 500 digital video, audio, and data
channels.

Intelsat -One of the world's largest satellite operators, with over 50 communications satellites
in orbit.

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

Inmarsat -A pioneer in mobile satellite communications, with a reliable network that covers
almost the entire world, except for the poles.
• Russian Satellite Communications Company (RSCC)
A Russian satellite operator with global coverage, and one of the ten largest satellite operators
in the world.

SES
An international satellite company that was the first to provide satellite-based TV networks to
millions of consumers in Europe.

AsiaSat
A company that delivers satellite solutions with a fleet of high performance satellites located
over Asia.

CMS-01
India's 42nd communication satellite, which provides services in the Extended-C Band of the
frequency spectrum.

Iridium
A leading provider of satellite communications with a global network of low-earth orbit
(LEO) satellites.

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) is a technology used to detect and track objects by
sending out radio waves and analyzing the reflected signals. Here's a brief overview:

1. How It Works:
o Transmission: Radar systems emit radio waves from an antenna.
o Reflection: These waves bounce off objects and return to the radar antenna.
o Detection: The system measures the time it takes for the waves to return and
their frequency shift to determine the object's distance, speed, and direction.
2. Components:
o Transmitter: Generates and sends out radio waves.
o Receiver: Captures the reflected waves.
o Antenna: Directs the radio waves and collects the echoes.
o Processor: Analyzes the reflected signals to provide information about the
object.
3. Applications:
o Weather Monitoring: Detects precipitation and storm patterns.
o Air Traffic Control: Tracks aircraft position and movement.
o Military: Surveillance, targeting, and missile guidance.
o Navigation: Assists in ship and vehicle navigation.
Radar provides crucial information for navigation, weather forecasting, and security.

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 RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subject Name:_Computer Application Subject Code:BCA-V

Fiber optics -is a technology that uses thin, flexible strands of glass or plastic (fibers) to
transmit data as light signals. Here's a quick overview:

• How It Works: Light signals travel through the fiber, reflecting internally due to the
core and cladding's refractive indices, allowing high-speed data transmission over
long distances.
• Components: Core (carries the light), Cladding (reflects light back into the core),
and Jacket (protects the fibers).
• Advantages: High bandwidth, low signal loss, and immunity to electromagnetic
interference.
• Applications: Internet, telecommunications, and medical imaging.
Fiber optics enables fast, high-capacity communication and data transmission.

Question Bank-:
1. What is GSM, and what services does it provide?
2. How does a SIM card function in GSM networks?
3. What is CDMA, and how does it differ from GSM in handling network users?
4. What is the main purpose of Wireless Local Loop (WLL) technology?
5. How does VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) enable voice communication over
the internet?
6. What is Bluetooth, and how does it differ from Wi-Fi in terms of range and
usage?
7. What is ISDN, and what types of services does it support?
8. What is a Geographic Information System (GIS), and what are its key
components?
9. How do communication satellites transmit signals between distant locations on
Earth?
10. What is radar, and how is it used to detect objects?
11. How does Fiber optic technology transmit data, and what are its advantages over
copper cables?
12. Compare 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G,5G technologies in terms of their data transfer
speeds, network capabilities, and key features.

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