PHYSICS Lesson No.

1 LIGHT
Conceptual Questions
Q.1): - Define Reflection of Light?
Ans: - The process of sending back or bouncing back of light rays from a surface after striking it is called
reflection of light. It allows us to see different colours of the objects around us. Silver metal is the best
reflector of light.
Q.2): - State and explain the Laws of reflection?
Ans: - There are two Laws of Reflection of light which govern the reflection of light from a plane or a curved
surface.
First Law of Reflection: - The Angle of Incidence is always
equal to the Angle of Reflection (<i = < r).
Second Law of Reflection: - The Incident ray, The Reflected
Ray and the Normal at the Point of incidence, all lie in the same
plane.
Q.3): - What is a plane mirror?
Ans: - A plane mirror is a thin, flat and smooth sheet of glass
having a shiny coating of silver metal on one side. It is represented by a dash with oblique lines on one side.
Q.4): - Define image and distinguish between Real image and Virtual Image?
Ans: - The optical appearance produced when light rays coming from an object are reflected from a mirror or
refracted through a lens is called image.
Real image: - An image which can be projected on a screen is called a real image. A real image is formed
when light rays coming from an object actually meet at a point after reflection from a mirror. Real image is
formed by a concave mirror and a convex lens. Images seen on a cinema screen or TV screen are real
images.
Virtual image: - An image which cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual image. It is seen only by
looking into a mirror. A virtual image is formed when light rays coming from an object do not actually meet
(they only appear to meet) at a point after reflection from a mirror. A convex mirror and a concave lens
always form a virtual image. The image of our face in a plane mirror is a Virtual image.
Q.5): - Define Lateral Inversion?
Ans: - The effect of reversing the sides of an object and its image is called lateral inversion. The right side of
the object becomes the left side of the image and vice versa. It occurs in case of a plane mirror.
Q.6): - What are the characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror?
Ans: - The characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror are: -
1. The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual.
2. The image formed in a plane mirror is erect.
3. The image formed in plane mirror is laterally inverted.
4. The image is of the same size as the object.
5. The image formed in a plane mirror is at the same distance behind the mirror as the object in front of it.
Q.7): - What are spherical mirrors? What are their types.
Ans: - A spherical mirror is that mirror whose reflecting surface is part of a hollow sphere of glass. It is also
called curved mirror. Spherical mirrors are of two types:
i) Concave Mirror: - A spherical mirror, whose reflecting
surface is curved inwards, that is, faces towards the centre of
the sphere is called a concave mirror. It is also called a
converging mirror.
ii) Convex Mirror: - A spherical mirror, whose reflecting
surface is curved outwards, is called a convex mirror. It is also called a diverging mirror.
Q.8): - What are the uses of spherical mirrors?
Ans: - Uses of Concave mirrors: -
1. Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in torches, vehicle headlights and search lights to get powerful
beams of light.
2. Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors to see large image of face and make shaving easier.
Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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3. Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see large images of teeth of patients.
4. Concave mirrors are also used to focus Sun’s rays for heating solar furnaces.
Uses of Convex mirrors: -
1. Convex mirrors are used as rear- view mirrors in vehicles to see the traffic on the back side.
2. A convex mirror is used as a reflector in street lamps. As a result, light from the lamp diverges over a large
area.
Q.9): - Define the terms related to spherical mirrors?
Ans: - 1. Pole: - The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is called the pole. It is represented
by the letter P.
2. Centre of Curvature: - It is the centre of the hollow sphere of glass of which the mirror is a part. It is
represented by “C”. The centre of curvature of a convex mirror is behind it and that of concave mirror is in
front of it.
3. Radius of curvature: - It is the radius of the hollow sphere of glass of which the spherical mirror forms a part. It is
represented by the letter R.

4. Principal Axis: - An imaginary straight line passing through the

centre of curvature and pole of a spherical mirror is called its
principal axis.
5. Principal Focus: - The principal Focus of a concave mirror is a
point on its principal axis at which a number of rays parallel to the axis
converge after reflection from its surface. It is represented by the letter
F. A concave mirror has a real focus.
The principal Focus of a convex mirror is a point on its principal axis
from which a number of rays parallel to the axis appear to diverge after reflection from its surface. It is represented by
the letter F. A convex mirror has a virtual focus. 6. Focal length: - The
distance between the pole and the principal axis of a spherical mirror is called the focal length. It is represented by the
letter f.
Relation between the Radius of curvature R and the focal length f of a spherical mirror: -
The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is found to be twice the focal length.
i.e., R = 2f or f = R/2
Q.10): - Discuss the image formation in case of a concave mirror with the help of ray diagrams?
Ans: - The type of image formed by a concave mirror depends upon the position of the object in front of the
mirror. The following six cases arise:
a). When the Object is placed between pole and focus: - A ray of light
AD parallel to principal axis passes through focus (F), after reflection
at D. Another ray of light AE passes through centre of curvature C
after reflection at E. The two reflected rays DF and EC diverge and
cannot meet actually. However, when these two rays are produced
back, they appear to meet at point A’ behind the mirror. Thus, A’B’ is
the image of the object, which is virtual, erect, magnified and lies behind the mirror.
b). When the Object is placed at focus (F): - A ray of light AD
parallel to principal axis passes through focus (F), after reflection at
D. Another ray of light AE passes through centre of curvature C after
reflection at E. The reflected rays are parallel and therefore meet at
infinity. Thus, the image is formed at infinity. The image formed is
real, inverted and highly magnified in size.
c). When the Object is placed between focus and Centre of
curvature: - A ray of light AD parallel to principal axis passes
through focus (F) after reflection at D. Another ray of light AE
passing through the focus (F) becomes parallel to principal axis after
reflection. The two rays actually meet at A’. Thus, forming the image
A’B’. It is real, inverted and magnified image and is formed beyond
the centre of curvature.
Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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d). When the object is placed at Centre of curvature: - A ray of
light AD parallel to the principal axis is reflected along DA’.
Another ray of light AE passing through the focus is reflected along
EA’ parallel to the principal axis. The image is formed at centre of
curvature (C). It is real, inverted and of the same size as the object.
e). When the object is placed beyond the Centre of curvature: A
ray of light AD parallel to the principal axis gets reflected along DF.
Another ray of light AE passing through the focus is reflected along
EA’ parallel to the principal axis. The image is formed between centre
of curvature (C) and focus (F). The image is real, inverted and
diminished in size.
f). When the object is at infinity: When an object is at very large distance from a concave mirror, it is said to
be at infinity. Two rays of light AD and BE coming parallel to the principal axis, get reflected along DF and
EF. The image is formed at the focus (F). The image is real, inverted and highly diminished in size.
Q.11): - Mirror Formula:
Ans: - A formula which gives the relationship between the image
distance (v), object distance (u) and focal length (f) of a spherical
mirror is known as the Mirror formula. It is written as:
1 1
1
Image distance + Object distance = Focal length
Or 1 + 1 = 1
v u f
Q.12): - Define Linear Magnification?
Ans: - The ratio of the height of image (h2) to the height of object (h1) is known as linear magnification. It is
represented by the letter m. That is,
height of image h2
Magnification = or m =
height of object h1
The linear magnification of a spherical mirror is also equal to the ratio of the image distance (v) to the object
distance (u), with a minus sign.
image distance v
Magnification = or m =
object distance u
If magnification has a positive sign, then the image is virtual and erect and if magnification has a negative
sign, then the image is real and inverted.
If m = 1, then the image is of the same size as the object.
If m > 1, then the image is larger than the object.
If m < 1, then the image is smaller than the object.
Q.13): - Discuss the image formation by a convex mirror with the help of ray diagrams?
Ans: - The image formed by a convex mirror is always behind the mirror. The image formed is virtual, erect
and smaller in size, whenever the distance of the object is changed from convex mirror, then only the position
and the size of the image changes. There are two main positions of object in case of a convex mirror from the
point of view of position and size of image:
(I) At infinity (II) Anywhere between pole (P) and infinity.
a). When the object is placed at infinity: - A ray of light AD parallel to the principal axis is reflected at D
along DE. Another ray of light BG is reflected at G, along GH. The two reflected rays DE and GH, when
produced back intersect at F. Thus A`B` image is formed at Focus (F) behind the mirror. The image formed is
virtual, erect and highly diminished in size.

Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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b). When the object is placed between infinity and the pole of the mirror: - A ray of light AD parallel to
principal axis is reflected at D, along DE. Another ray of light AG retraces its pass on reflection at G. the two
reflected rays DE and GA when produced back intersect at A. Thus, A’B’ is the image formed, which is
virtual, erect, and diminished in size and lies behind the mirror between P and F.
Q.14): - Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors: -
While dealing with the reflection of light by spherical mirrors, we shall follow a set of sign conventions called
the New Cartesian Sign Convention. In this convention, the pole (P)
of the mirror is taken as the origin. The principal axis of the mirror is
taken as the x-axis (X’X) of the coordinate system. The conventions
are as follows –
(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies
that the light from the object falls on the mirror from the left-hand
side.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are taken as positive while those
measured to the left of the origin (along – x-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along + y-axis) are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along –y-axis) are taken as negative.
Q.15): - Define Refraction of light?
Ans: - The change in the direction of light or the bending of light
when it passes from one medium to another is called refraction of
light. It takes place at the boundary of two media. Refraction of
light occurs due to change in the speed of light on going from one
medium to another.
Q.16): - Explain Refraction of light through a Glass Slab?
Ans: - Consider a rectangular glass slab PQRS having parallel
faces PQ and RS as shown in below figure.
A ray of light AO in air is incident on the surface PQ and enters from air (rarer medium) to glass (denser
medium), it bends towards normal along OB. At point B, refracted ray leaves from glass (denser medium) to
air (rarer medium) and bends away from normal along the path BE outside the glass slab. Here the ray AO is
called incident ray, OB called refracted ray and BE called emergent ray. As per the laws of refraction, the
emergent ray BE will be parallel to the incident ray AO. The perpendicular distance between the original path
of incident ray and the emergent ray is called the lateral displacement.
Q.17): - Define Laws of Refraction of light?
Ans: - The refraction of light takes place according to two laws. These are
given below:
(I) First Law: - It states that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal
at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
(II) Second Law: - It states that the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the
sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for a given pair of media. This law is
also known as Snell’s Law of refraction.
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then,
Sin i = Constant
Sin r
This constant value is called the refractive index of second medium with respect to the first.
Q.18): - Define Refractive Index?

Medium Refractive index

Air 1.0
Water 1.3
Glass 1.5

Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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Ans: - The light- bending ability of a medium is called its refractive Diamond 2.42
index. It is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the
speed of light in medium. It is represented by µ.
Speed of light in vacuum
Refractive index =
Speed of light in medium
Q.19): - What is a lens and what are the different types of lenses?
Ans: - A transparent material of glass having one or both surfaces spherical is called a lens. There are two
types of lenses: concave lens and convex lens.
1. Concave lens: - A lens having one or both spherical surfaces curved inwards is called a concave lens. It is
thin in the middle and thicker at the edges. It diverges light rays and
hence is also called diverging lens.
2. Convex lens: - A lens having one or both spherical surfaces
bulged outwards is called a convex lens. It is thicker at the middle
and thinner at the edges. It converges light rays and hence is also
called Converging lens.
Q.20): - Discuss the image formation by a convex lens with the help of ray diagrams?
Ans: - The type of image formed by a convex lens depends upon the position of the object in front of the lens.
The following six cases arise:
a). When the Object is placed between optical centre and focus: - A ray of light AD parallel to the principal
axis of the lens, on refraction passes through second principal focus F2 of the lens. Another ray of light AO,
passes undeviated through optical centre O of the lens. The two
refracted rays from the lens are diverging and would not meet on
the right side of the lens. However, when we produce the two
refracted rays in the backward direction, they appear to come from
the point A’. Thus, the image is formed on the same side of the lens
and is virtual, erect & enlarged in size.
b). When the Object is placed at the focus(F1): - A ray of light AD parallel to the principal axis of the lens,
on refraction passes through second principal focus F2 of the lens.
Another ray of light AO, passes undeviated through optical centre
O of the lens. The two refracted rays are parallel to each other, as
shown in figure. Those rays would meet at very large distance
from the lens, say at infinity. The image is formed at infinity. The
image is real, inverted & highly magnified in size.
c). When the Object is placed between (F1) and (2F1): - A ray of light AD parallel to the principal axis of the
lens, on refraction passes through second principal focus F2 of the
lens. Another ray of light AO, passes undeviated through optical
centre O of the lens. The two refracted rays meet actually at a point
A`. The image is formed beyond 2F2 on the other side of convex
lens. The image is real, inverted & enlarged in size.
d). When the Object is placed at 2F1: - A light ray AD parallel to
principal axis of the lens, on refraction, passes through second
principal focus F2 of the lens. Another ray of light starting from A
and incident on the lens along AO, passes undeviated through the
optical centre. The two refracted rays meet actually at A`. The
image is formed at 2F2. The image is real, inverted & same in size
as the object.
e). When the Object is placed beyond 2F1: A ray of light AD
parallel to the principal axis of the lens, on refraction passes
through second principal focus F2 of the lens. Another ray of light
AO, passes undeviated through optical centre O of the lens. The
two refracted rays meet actually at A`. The image formed is
between F2 & 2F2. The image is real, inverted & diminished in size.
Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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f). When the Object is placed at infinity: - Two parallel rays of
light AC and AD are inclined to the principal axis of the lens. The
ray AC passes undeviated through optical centre and ray AD
converges on refraction through the convex lens. The two refracted
rays actually meet at A’. The image is formed at the second
principal focus (F2) of the convex lens. The image is real, inverted
& highly diminished in size.
Q.21): - Lens Formula:
Ans: - A formula which gives the relationship between the image distance (v), object distance (u) and focal
length (f) of a lens is known as the Lens formula. It is written as:
1 1 1
Image distance Object distance = Focal length
Or 1 1 = 1
v u f
Q.22): - Discuss Image formation by a concave lens with the help of ray diagrams?
Ans: - A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect and diminished image of the object, no matter where the
object is placed. There are two main positions of object in case of a concave lens from the point of view of
position and size of image:
(I) Anywhere between Optical centre and infinity. (II) At infinity.
I) When object is placed anywhere between optical centre and infinity: - A light ray AD parallel to principal
axis of the lens, diverges after refraction along DE and on producing back; it appears to come from second
principal focus F2 of the lens. Another ray of light AC passes undeviated through the optical centre O, along AOG.
The two refracted rays intersect at A`. Thus, the image is formed between optical centre O and Second principal
focus F2; on the same side of the lens and the image is Virtual and erect and Smaller in size than the object.

Fig a. Fig b.
II) When object is placed at infinity: -
When the object is at infinity point, image is formed at the second principal focus on the same side of the lens. This
is shown in figure (b). The image is virtual, erect and highly diminished to almost point size.
Q.23): - Define Power of a Lens?
Ans: - The power of a lens is defined as the ability of a lens to converge or diverge the light rays falling on it.
It is the measure of the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays falling on it. The power of a lens is
defined as the reciprocal of its focal length in metres. P = 1
f
The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre, denoted by the letter D. The power of a convex lens is positive and
that of a concave lens is negative.
Textual Questions
Q.1): - The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length?
Ans): - We know, R = 2f or f = R f = 20 cm = 10 cm
2 2
Therefore, focal length of given mirror is 10 cm
Q.2): - Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object?
Ans): - A concave mirror gives an erect and enlarged image of an object, when an object is held between the
pole and principal focus of a mirror.
Q.3): - Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?
Ans): - A convex mirror is preferred as a rear-view mirror in vehicles to see the traffic behind the rear side
because;
Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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 i. A convex mirror produces an erect image of the objects.
ii. A convex mirror produces the image of an object much smaller than the size of the object.
iii. Convex mirror has a wider field of view and enables the driver to view much larger area of the
traffic behind him and drive with much ease.
Q.4): - Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm.
Ans): - Radius of curvature, R = 32 cm.
R = 2f or f = R f = 32 cm = 16 cm
2 2
Therefore, focal length of the given mirror is 16 cm.
Q.5): - A concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of an object placed at
10cm in front of it. Where is the image located?
Ans): - We know that, m = h1 = __ v or _ v = h1 -----------(1)
h2 u u h2
Let height of object, h1 = h, then height of image, h2 = -3h
Negative sign indicates that the image is real, as real images are inverted.
Substituting h1 by h and h2 by -3h in equation (1) we get
-v = - 3h
u h
or +v = +3 or V = 3u ---------- (2)
u
Now u = -10 cm ----(given). Substituting value of u in equation (2) we get: -
v = 3 x -10 cm or v = -30 cm
Therefore, the image is located 30 cm to the left side of the mirror.
Q.6): - A ray of light traveling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards the
normal or away from the normal? why?
Ans): - When a ray of light travels from air into water obliquely it bends towards the normal. This is because
water is optically denser than air, therefore on entering the water speed of light decreases and the ray of light
bends towards normal.
Q.7): - Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed of light in the
glass? The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1.
Ans): - Refraction index of glass, µg = 1.50 speed of light in vacuum (air) = 3 x 108 ms-1.
Refractive index of glass, µg = velocity of light in air
velocity of light in glass.
or velocity of light in glass = velocity of light in air
refractive index of glass
or velocity of light in glass = 3 x 108 ms-1
1.5
 Velocity of light in glass = 2x 108 ms-1

Q.8): - The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement?
Ans): - Refractive index of diamond is 2.42. It implies that the speed of light in diamond will reduce by a
factor of 2.42 compared to its speed in air. In other words, the speed of light in diamond is 1 times the speed
of light in vacuum. 2.42
Q.9): - A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50 cm from it. Where
is the needle placed in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size of the object? Also, find
the power of the lens.
Ans): - The position of the image should be at 2F since the image is real and the same size. It is given that the
image of the needle is formed at a distance of 50 cm from the convex lens. Therefore, the needle is placed in
front of the lens at a distance of 50 cm.

Object distance (u) = – 50 cm, Image distance, (v) = 50 cm and Focal length = f
According to the lens formula,
Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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Q.10): - Define one dioptre of power of a lens.?
Ans): - One dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is one metre. 1D = 1m.
A dioptre is a unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens .
Q.11): - Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2m.
Ans): - We know that, 1 1
P= P=
f (m) 2(m)
or P = 0.5 Dioptre. Therefore, Power of lens is - 0.5 D
Q.12): -
1. Which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens?
(a) Water (b) Glass,
(c) Plastic (d) Clay Ans): - (d)
Ans): - Clay cannot be used to make a lens, as it is not transparent.
2. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than the object,
where should be the position of an object?
(a) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature (b) At the centre of curvature
(c) Beyond the centre of curvature (d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus. Ans): - (d)
3. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens to get a real image of the size of the
object?
(a) At the principal focus of the lens (b) At twice the focal length
(c) At infinity (d) Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal focus. Ans): - (b)
4. A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal length of –15 cm. The mirror and the
lens are likely to be
(a) both concave. (b) both convex
(c) the mirror is concave and the lens is convex. (d) the mirror is convex, but the lens is concave. Ans): - (a)
5. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be
(a) only plane. (b) only concave.
(c) only convex. (d) either plane or convex. Ans): - (a)
6. Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in a
dictionary?
(a) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm. (b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm.
(c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm. (d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm. Ans): - (c)
Q.13): - We wish to obtain an erect image of an object, using a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm.
What should be the range of distance of the object from the mirror? What is the nature of the image? Is
the image larger or smaller than the object? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this
case.
Ans): - Range of the distance of the object = 0 to 15 cm from the pole of the mirror.
Nature of the image = virtual, erect, and larger than the object.
Q.14): - Name the type of mirror used in the following situations.

Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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(a) Headlights of a car (b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle (c) Solar furnace
Support your answer with a reason.
Ans): - (a) Concave Mirror: Concave mirrors can produce a powerful parallel beam of light when the light
source is placed at their principal focus.
(b) Convex Mirror: Because of its largest field of view.
(c) Concave Mirror: Because it concentrates the parallel rays of the sun at a principal focus.
Q.15): - An object 5 cm in length is held 25 cm away from a converging lens of focal length 10 cm. Draw
the ray diagram and find the position, size and nature of the image formed.
Ans): - Height of the object, h0 = 5 cm
Distance of the object from converging lens, u = 25 cm
Focal length of a converging lens, f = 10 cm
Using the lens formula,

Thus, the image is inverted and formed at a distance of 16.7 cm behind the lens and measures 3.3 cm.
Q.16): - A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens. How far is the object
placed from the lens? Draw the ray diagram.
Ans): - Focal length of concave lens (OF1), f = – 15 cm
Image distance, v = – 10 cm
According to the lens formula,

The negative value of u indicates that the object is

placed 30 cm in front of the lens.
Q.17): - An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the
position and nature of the image.
Ans): - Focal length of convex mirror (f) = +15 cm, Object distance (u) = – 10 cm
According to the mirror formula,

Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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The image is located at a distance of 6 cm from the mirror on the other side of the mirror.
The positive and a value of less than 1 magnification indicates that the image formed is virtual, erect, and
diminished.
Q.18): - The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does this mean?
Ans): - It means that the size of the image is equal to the size of the object and the positive sign indicates that
the image is virtual and erect.
Q.19): - An object 5 cm is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of
curvature 30 cm. Find the position, nature and size of the image.
Ans): - Object distance (u) = – 20 cm, Object height (h) = 5 cm, Radius of curvature (R) = 30 cm
Radius of curvature = 2 × Focal length i.e., R = 2f  f = 15 cm
According to the mirror formula,

The positive value of image height indicates that the image formed is erect.
Hence, the image formed is erect, virtual, and smaller in size.
Q.20): - An object of size 7.0 cm is placed at 27 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 18 cm. At
what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed so that a sharply focused image can be
obtained? Find the size and nature of the image.
Ans): - Object distance (u) = – 27 cm, Object height (h) = 7 cm and Focal length (f) = – 18 cm
According to the mirror formula,
Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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The negative value of image height indicates that the image formed is inverted.
Q.21): - Find the focal length of a lens of power -2.0 D. What type of lens is this?
Ans): - We know that, P = 1 or f = 1
f p
 f =− 1
2.0
 f = − 0.5 cm.
Since focal length is negative, therefore, the lens is diverging or concave lens.
Q.22): - A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power + 1.5 D. Find the focal length of the lens. Is
the prescribed lens diverging or converging?
Ans): - We know that, P = 1 or f = 1
f p
or f = 1 f = 0.66 cm
1.5
As the power of convex lens is positive, therefore, the prescribed lens is convex lens or converging lens.

Notes compiled by Fayaz Ah Bhat (M.Sc. B.Ed. M.Ed. M.Phil., NET) 7006509912 (BHS NAMBAL)

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