SE [|= Conmuctogs | After 1950 all vacuum bibes based eledrontc cteusfts were coploced Yay |____} Bemiconduckor_bromsisters , tneyace called second _genexabnn ctceutts. o | Bese Teor . : a” oe I A == SS eat Metal —— abo —s si Wes * 1 | ~Tyees-. (Egzeneray gap] eu Conductor ii miconduckor (EF. ily ne| here, Ni sini nete chame carrier. | no of wtare oct — poles Evol yer Crdaouiies a | Neh = Di Z csior ts 00 of e/asle.S por uatk volume, | ta an Subrinste Semfconchuckoe, the no-of conducting 7 fs: ngs=xio gy a | God the otal curronk codnier, in a same Semiconduskor nf size 2 al = Loong | con Xone a Ve bd x 1xpc > 1073 i total eurvent’ caer = Nein, = Mod x 107 us Volume % us™ ¥ # | Evbriosic: Somtconductor: [3 j-——Blectrfcal conduckiifay ak coom_ temperature fs very tow ) ——} ——Eleuttol tonauiitly can he tnerenseel bey adding some r Gonpucttves) k 2 |“ Popirge:tn seme desirable fmpurthios {5 added to. fatriacte sent {deltorake Wy, anan -tnis_prosess stalled closing. ancl the tovpurtty -& called os dopant. - _ ee| provide extra e + \They one donar fmourfttes. | Rapant : B, Ga, To Ly Tetvotent tmpurfiies provide extra +e hak ne tn the doped sflton. Apxigecio al 2 n2 =nexny | eee C2an'F = ng 2 wxio** ux oF= ny, ayfcio™™ we fnI P.N-Swoeion Reverse") Bind <—t, =e +t-ve terminal of ite battens tonneded to the s-tegian and lve lectufnal conneued to P-vegion Ala lecont < fn the end region inuords a | nD junchton,and the ‘ve terminal | -ve. potential wll attack holes oun {Afrection of amuent. direction ) Eth ied Lr Ca Lok me Paregon will push the | | yele and. then combine ok tre + Garrent wf notflow( Teo} | Peregin te gp to battery. the J current wil flow. —__ | UY) Avalandne Sreaedoven: —__ # lightly doped ___ * Widtn large. ——— - * Covalent bond torenks | Tne free dentron moves to tne Naside_undec tne influence of Gemrier —___ | Glearic Held, tak Leads to Avalonche texpakdown, | Zener Brendan. Ee ¥ hignly doped = 6mal_ width % Covalent bond breaks bel when reverse bias valinge Increased. -the electric fiebl across clepletion + Yogon also. fevcentes (c+ 64) Ata parker value large noo} eledroar and holes oe produced This fs called zener breakdown. @: |The diodeused tn. cfeusft_ax_chown fa tre figure ina _a constant —-___ +| volbage deop of Sv ak all currents ancl _amaximum power rating, Pe100mW..Whak Should be the value of resistor connected wttin tre th Series with the dfode fer dotafaing maxi eum ude Cent. nh Wide *O°5V. Prod =100K10 *nd | sow ——Hare Wave Reeneige:— 7 a phe e-fooword bas poet *— Reverse biar fs B (teed yaxisFanee); tlle fees —— 1 | Rattive cde = o be - iv naNerse p Dy bias bias \ Yeverse car negate ayete =D “ Border) 9 CATERE Flows theeagyT Ox | “en ‘ # | Loge qaves | Machine Languagelon Binaey low) — = OFF. _— 4 = on Ea) - | Ann i bl or ____»| Nor 91 Now iet ——— eee C2 A8. CeAtB| CeAB ja le|c fe s 2 Universel gate: - A +] ano to Ano Gate A |c=aal © y fof o [a | : | oa jeu ° LAL coasa| ©A@s LA] & | Al 4 # | Bop Ageeee:: Lal Sehe $7 C10] Commentakive_ a At p= ein 7 A-R=BA (2)| associative oe A+ +0) = (OrB) + Di shy bubioe» Alert AB Ee {Ta the Given figure, Re Sy inna iu Find the Logit _gake and ueile ft eolen_explession. =|S54)_Oukpuk wee form, ——__}|___Date: 21> 04-24 ——i}-©__i>_tlored —>_@ubb glow Y.®_is dered —> owlh glow eee eee ale gen 7 ay, a x —\ =F mcaly 4 << oP Nis Nya Vp tanstant « —*|The_unreguiated BC yollage \ connetke d_ tothe 2ener_dindelarough.a___ ——*} Series vesistanva_RS (Rs)_suth trak the zener diode is_reverse_bhased.___ | Tf the Sopuk voltage Socreases current tncougn_Rs_and zener diese —_ | abso tnccearer witfnouk chemging tae zener valkage, = ence_sener diode aus_aso_vallag: equickor. Ligue Eetiering Diepe 2? | Prjanction (highly doped) under focnael bfos_asnte..spontoneous_hadiak‘on FLED i, formar bias— > € move from NteP 8 =? holes move. from Pte NL 7 >| ene Sundfon they will get veromicined. 21 On _resombinatfon, energy ts released fn the Sorin of | photons of energy ——}.eqals bo tne band _gap- | ——*Ttoperates_undec_reverss fas. fs used bo_sense_anch measure Sacidenk (gab_—s — + | when Vg of onargyu £2 9 falh vag veg sine to oe fe vohenue bane bo sontvstion 2208-2 8 eypaca) ————_) | tin_teverse btas fuscvent in tne Fev | ae a enegounution —pibicla-ganerues et ‘e————_——_ J *T rk wares an Sami e_peinciple_osph "2 serecessen:= - ight tn Jando co SA geneeatna oh cesennctole pai AMEN Lia Bledenns ore snept NRE OM 6 cide, tho | |__'3(3) On rearhtag, clestrans to_N-side and hol eo | nestle perames negative and Posie becomes Ps ves \2=1 (500) e2usic tA Qx p-esteeletine A mtade fom. A-seacteanduttos wtih enemys gap 562085 | Caheutae sinks ca | WO = he 2 Ea. ee P| v8 : f a ee A SS a iOFSK remo! | = 6 6x2 x10 OFEK FG 33 ated Pas = Forwend VeNeRSe | Qe\om Me : >v- - Vase @rrience volHOge - - Root Paste diode | y xeverse 7 —+t x — sof Za