Urban Data

Organization
Module -2
 Introduction
• Urban data refers to data that is collected about urban areas, including
cities, towns, and other built-up areas.
• Urban data can include a wide range of information, including
demographic data, economic data, housing data, and data on
infrastructure and other urban systems.
• Urban data is often collected and analyzed by governments, research
institutions, and other organizations in order to
• better understand urban trends and patterns,
• inform policy and planning decisions, and
• measure the performance of urban systems and services.
Contd.,
• Urban data can be collected using a variety of methods, including
censuses, surveys, satellite imagery, and other sources.
• It can be analyzed using statistical and spatial analysis techniques to
identify trends and patterns and to understand the relationships
between different variables.
• Urban data can be used to inform a wide range of decisions and
policy areas, including housing, transportation, economic
development, and environmental management.
• It can also be used to track progress towards urban sustainability
goals and to identify areas where further action is needed.
Quantitative Data: The Census
Quantitative Data
• quantitative data is data that can be measured and expressed in
numerical terms.
• It is often used in research and analysis to describe and understand
trends and patterns in data.
• Quantitative data can be collected using a variety of methods,
including surveys, experiments, and observational studies.
• It can be analyzed using statistical and mathematical techniques to
identify patterns and trends and to understand the relationships
between different variables.
• Advantages of using quantitative data in research and analysis
• Measure and compare data: Quantitative data allows for the
measurement and comparison of data in a standardized way.
• Test hypotheses: Quantitative data can be used to test hypotheses
and to determine the statistical significance of relationships
between variables.
• Generalize findings: Quantitative data can be used to make
generalizations about a larger population based on a sample.
Quantitative data is often contrasted with qualitative data, which is
more subjective and difficult to measure numerically. Both
quantitative and qualitative data can be useful in different contexts
and for different purposes, and many research studies use a
combination of both types of data.
Census
• The census is a process of collecting, compiling, and publishing data
about the population and housing of a country or region.
• It is typically conducted by national governments or other official
bodies, and it is typically conducted on a regular basis, such as every
10 years.
• The census is an important source of data that is used for a variety of
purposes, including:
• Planning and policy-making: The census provides data that can be
used by governments, businesses, and other organizations to make
informed decisions about planning and policy.
 Contd.,
• Allocating resources: The census can be used to help allocate
resources, such as funding for schools and other public services,
based on the needs of different areas.
• Studying social and economic trends: The census can provide valuable
insights into social and economic trends and patterns, such as changes
in population size and composition, housing patterns, and income
levels. The census typically collects a wide range of data, including
information about age, gender, race and ethnicity, family structure,
education, employment, and housing. It may also collect data on a
variety of other topics, depending on the specific needs and goals of
the census.
• Censuses can be conducted using a variety of methods, including mail
surveys, phone surveys, and in-person interviews.
• In recent years, there has been a trend towards the use of digital
technologies to collect and compile census data.
Census contd.,
• few examples of censuses:
• The United States Census is a national census that is conducted by the U.S.
Census Bureau every 10 years. It collects data on a wide range of topics,
including age, gender, race and ethnicity, household composition,
education, employment, and housing.
• The Canadian Census is a national census that is conducted by Statistics
Canada every five years. It collects data on a range of topics, including age,
gender, language, education, employment, and housing.
• The Indian Census is a national census that is conducted by the Office of
the Registrar General and Census Commissioner every 10 years. It collects
data on a wide range of topics, including age, gender, religion, education,
employment, and housing.
• The United Kingdom Census is a national census that is conducted by the
Office for National Statistics every 10 years. It collects data on a range of
topics, including age, gender, race and ethnicity, household composition,
education, employment, and housing.
Racial/Residential Segregation
• Census data, including data on age, race and ethnicity, and household
composition, can be used to create maps that show patterns of
residential and racial segregation in urban areas.

• Residential segregation refers to the separation of different racial or

ethnic groups into different neighborhoods or communities. It can
be the result of a variety of factors, including discriminatory housing
practices, economic inequality, and personal preferences.
• Racial segregation can have a number of negative impacts, including
limiting access to resources and opportunities, aggravating social
and economic inequality, and contributing to racial tensions and
conflict.
• Maps created using census data can help to identify patterns of
residential and racial segregation and can be used to inform policy
and planning decisions aimed at promoting more inclusive and
equitable communities.
• They can also be used by researchers and advocates to raise
awareness about segregation and its impacts and to advocate for
change.
• We can also create maps that look at the average income, or at the
average age of a neighborhood.

• Below is a map generated with data from the 2010 Census

about Residential Segregation in New York City.
Qualitative Data: Field Studies & Maps
Qualitative Data
• Qualitative data is data that is descriptive and can't be measured or
expressed in numerical terms.
• It is often used in research and analysis to understand people's
experiences, perspectives, and feelings about a particular topic or
issue.
• Qualitative data can be collected using a variety of methods, including
interviews, focus groups, observations, and document analysis.
• It can be analyzed using techniques such as content analysis or
thematic analysis, which involve coding and categorizing the data to
identify patterns and themes.
• Advantages of using qualitative data in research and analysis, including the
ability to:
• Understand complex issues in depth: Qualitative data can provide a rich
and detailed understanding of complex issues, allowing researchers to
delve into the nuances and context of a particular topic.
• Explore new or emerging issues: Qualitative data can be particularly useful
for exploring new or emerging issues that may not be well understood or
that may not have a clear set of measurable variables.
• Understand people's experiences and perspectives: Qualitative data can
provide valuable insights into people's experiences and perspectives,
allowing researchers to understand how people make sense of their world
and how they interpret events and phenomena.
• Looking at that Map above, that isn’t exactly quantitative data…. The map
isn’t displaying a number that can be made into averages and the data does
not have any other quantitative characteristics… The type of data shown in
the map is qualitative.
Field studies and maps
• Field studies and maps are two types of data collection methods that
can provide qualitative data about a particular area or phenomenon.

• Field studies involve observing and collecting data about a particular

area or community in person, often over an extended period of time.
• Field studies can be used to collect a wide range of data, including
observations, interviews, surveys, and other types of data.
• Field studies can be particularly useful for understanding the context
and complexities of a particular place or issue, and they can provide
valuable insights that may not be captured through more quantitative
methods.
• examples of field studies:
• A study of the impacts of urbanization on rural communities might involve
conducting in-person interviews with residents of both urban and rural
areas to gather detailed information about their experiences and
perspectives.
• A study of the social and economic impacts of a new transportation
system might involve conducting observations of the system in use and
collecting data on factors such as ridership, travel patterns, and economic
activity.
• A study of the impacts of a natural disaster on a community might involve
conducting surveys with residents to gather information about their
experiences, needs, and coping strategies.
• A study of the social and economic impacts of a new development project
might involve conducting in-depth interviews with developers,
community leaders, and local residents to understand the different
perspectives on the project and its impacts.
 Maps
• Maps are visual representations of data that can be used to represent
a wide range of information about a particular area or region.
• Maps can be used to show the location and distribution of particular
features or phenomena, such as population density, land use, or
natural resources.
• Maps can be a useful tool for understanding patterns and trends in a
particular area and can be used in conjunction with other data sources
to provide a more complete picture of an area or issue.
• Both field studies and maps can be valuable tools for collecting and
understanding qualitative data about a particular area or issue.
• They can be used alone or in combination with other data sources to
provide a more comprehensive understanding of a particular place or
phenomenon.
WHAT IS DATA ORGANIZATION?
• A process organizing collected factual material
commonly accepted in the scientific community as
necessary to validate research findings.
WAYS OF ORGANIZING DATA
1.Frequency Distribution Table
2.Stem and Leaf Diagram
3.Chart
 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
To construct a frequency table, We use the following steps
1. Construct a table with three columns. Then in the first column, write
down all of the data values in ascending order.
2. To complete the second column, go through the list of data values and
place one tally mark at the appropriate place in the second column for
every data value. When the fifth tally is reached for a mark, draw a
diagonal line through the first four tally marks. We continue this process
until all data values in the list are tallied.
3. Count the number of tally marks for each data value and write it in the
third column.
TYPES OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A. CATEGORICAL/ UNGROUP - Determine the order to list the
categories then total the number of occurrences of each
category.
Example:
The following data represents the scores of 10 students
8 6 4 5 8 8 9 10 10 6
• Construct a table with three columns. The first column
shows what is being arranged in ascending order (i.e. the
scores). The lowest mark is 4. So, start from 4 in the first
column as shown below. The second column is Tally, third is
frequency.

Scores Tally Frequency

4 I 1
5 I 1
6 II 2
7 0 0
8 III 3
9 I 1
10 II 2
B. GROUP - It refers to data being organized into groups known as classes.
GUIDELINES
1. Use between 5 – 20 classes
2. Classes are mutually exclusive
3. Include all classes even if the frequency is zero
4. Use the same width for all classes
5. Use convenient numbers for the class limit
6. The sum of the frequency must total the data set
7. Have enough classes for all the data
8. Remember to use 0 if the class has no data, don’t leave it blank.
The following data represents the ages of 20 respondents
21 26 18 45 32 41 42 22 28 26
33 20 26 44 46 21 24 36 39 30
1. Determine the highest and lowest value and then compute the Range:
Range = Highest value- Lowest value, Range = 46 - 18 = 28.
2. Decide how many numbers of classes you want to have. Example: 5
Classes
Or in calculator, you may use the equation below:

Log # of observation/log2 or # of Observation

3. Compute the Class width or class interval

i = Class Interval = Range/# of Classes = 28/5 = 5.6 or 6
4. Lower class limit (Smallest number of each class) and upper
class limit (largest number of each class) Example: LCL =
18,24,30,36,42 UCL = 23,29,35,41,47
5. Class Boundaries – The number that separates the classes
from one another by Subtracting .5 to Lower limit and add .5 to
upper limit of each class.
Example: (LL) 18 - .5 = 17.5 (Class Boundary) and (UP) 23 + .5 =
23.5 (Class Boundary)
we proceed as follows:
Age Tally Frequency
18-23 IIII 5
24-29 IIII - I 6
30-35 III 3
36-41 II 2
42-47 IIII 4
2. STEM AND LEAF DIAGRAM
A method used to organize statistical data that helps us
to see values according to their size, so we can order
them accordingly.
In a stem-and-leaf diagram, each data value is split into a
stem and a leaf.
The leaf is the last digit to the right.
The stem is the remaining digits to the left.
For the number 243, the stem is 24 and the leaf is 3.
Example: The following data represents the science test scores
for the third grading period (out of 100%):
97 92 77 82 96 75 68 80 79 96
21 34 55 84 87 68 87 88 97 81

STEM LEAVES
2 1
3 4
5 5
6 88
7 579
8 0124778
9 26677
3. GRAPH OR CHART
Graphs or charts condense large amounts of information into
easy-to-understand formats that clearly and effectively
communicate important points.
TYPES OF CHART
a. Bar Chart
b. Pie Chart
c. Line Chart
d. Histogram
A. Bar chart is composed of discrete bars that represent
different categories of data. The length or height of the bar is
equal to the quantity within that category of data. Bar graphs
are best used to compare values across categories.
Example: The following data represents Peters’ Grades in
Science subject for 1st – 4th quarter.

Quarter Grades
First 84
Second 90
Third 89
Fourth 93
B. Pie chart is a circular chart used to compare parts of the
whole. It is divided into sectors that are equal in size to the
quantity represented.
Example: The following data represent the monthly household
expenses of Rich family.

Household Amount
expenses
Internet 1,000
Electricity 2,000
Grocery 4,000
Other 3,000
C. Line chart displays the relationship between two types of
information, such as number of school personnel trained by
year. They are useful in illustrating trends over time.
Example: The following data shows daily temperature in Luna,
La Union, recorded for 5 days in Degrees Celsius

DAYS °C
MONDAY 29
TUESDAY 33
WEDNESDAY 31
THURSDAY 36
FRIDAY 34
D. Histogram has connected bars that display the frequency or
proportion of cases that fall within defined intervals or columns.
The bars on the histogram can be of varying width and typically
display continuous data.
Example: The following data represents the number of
respondents aged 8-55 who are disabled.

Age (years) Frequency

8 - 15 10
16 - 23 14
24 - 31 19
32 - 39 12
40 - 47 14
48 - 55
HOW TO CREATE HISTOGRAM?
25

HOW TO CREATE HISTOGRAM?

 GUIDELINES FOR FORMATTING CHARTS
• Keep it simple and avoid flashy special effects. Present only essential information.
Avoid using three-dimensional bars, that confuse the reader. If the graph or chart is too
complex, it will not clearly communicate the important points.
• Title your graph or chart clearly to convey the purpose. The title provides the reader
with the overall message you are conveying.
• Specify the units of measurement on the x and y-axis. Years, number of participants
trained, and type of school personnel are examples of labels for units of measurement.
• Label each part of the chart or graph. You may need a legend if there is too much
information to label each part of the chart or graph. Use different colors or variations
in patterns to help the reader distinguish categories and understand your graph or
chart.