Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.

unit

5 VECTOR CALCULUS

Part-a
Short QueStionS with SolutionS
Q1. Define the following,
(i) Gradient
(ii) Divergence
(iii) Curl.
Answer :
(i) Gradient
The gradient of scalar point function f is defined as,
2f 2f 2f
grad f = df = i 2x + j 2y + k 2z

(ii) Divergence
The divergence of a continuously differentiable vector point function ‘F’ can be defined as,
2F 2F 2F
div F = ∇.F = i 2x + j 2y + k 2z

Where,
F = fi + φj + ψk
Then,
2 2 2
div F = ∇.F = i 2x + j 2y + k 2z . (fi + φj + ψk)

∂f ∂φ ∂ψ
∇.F = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
(iii) Curl

The curl of a continuously differentiable vector point function ‘F’ can be expressed as,
2F 2F 2F
Curl F = ∇ × F = i× 2x + j× 2y + k× 2z

If,
F = fi + φj + ψk
Then,
2F 2F 2F
Curl F = ∇ × F = i 2x + j 2y + k 2z × (fi + φj + ψk)

i j k
2ψ 2φ 2ψ 2φ 2f
= d 2y – 2z n + j d 2z – 2x n + k d 2x – 2y n
2 2 2 2f
= 2x 2y 2z
f φ ψ

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5.2 MatheMatics-i
Q2. List out the properties related to gradient, divergence and curl.
Answer :
The following are the properties related to gradient, divergence and curl.
∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
v div grad f = ∇2f = + +
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
v curl grad f = ∇ × ∇f = 0
v div curl F = ∇.∇ × F = 0
v curl curl F = grad div F – ∇2F
i.e, ∇ × (∇ × F) = ∇ (∇.F) – ∇2F
v grad div F = Curl curl F + ∇2F
i.e., ∇ (∇.F) = ∇ × (∇ × F) + ∇2F
v grad (fg) = f(grad g) + g(grad f)
i.e., ∇ (fg) = f ∇ g + g ∇ f
v div (fG) = grad f.G + f(div G)
i.e., ∇.(fG) = ∇f. G + f∇.G
v curl (fG) = (grad f) × G + f(curl G)
i.e., ∇ × (fG) = ∇f × G + f∇ × G
v grad (F.G) = (F.∇)G + (G.∇) F + F × curl G + G × curl F
i.e., (∇(F.G) = (F.∇) G + (G.∇) F + F × (∇ × G ) + G × (∇ × F))
v div (F × G) = G.(curl F) – F.(curl G)
i.e., (∇.F × G) = G. (∇ × F) – (∇ × G)
v curl (F × G) = F(div G) – G(div F) + (G.∇) F – (F.∇)G
i.e., ∇ × (F × G) = F(∇.G) – G (∇.F) + (G.∇) F – (F.∇) G
Q3. Compute the gradient of the scalar function f(x, y, z) = exy (x + y + z) at (2, 1,1).
Answer : Dec.-16, Q9

Given that,

f(x, y, z) = exy (x + y + z)

Point, p = (2, 1,1)

Gradient of a function is given as,

2f 2f 2f
df = i 2x + j 2y + k 2z

= i 2x 7e xy (x + y + z)A + j 2y 7(e xy (x + y + z)A + k 2z [e xy (x + y + z)

2 2 2

= i [e xy y (x + y + z) + e xy] + j [e xy x (x + y + z) + e xy] + ke xy
df ( 2 , 1, 1) = i[e2.1(1) (2 + 1 + 1) + e2(1)] + j [e2(1) (2) (2 + 1 + 1) + e2.1]+ ke2(1)
= i[e2 4 + e2] + j [e2(8) + e2] + ke2
= 5e2i + 9e2j + ke2 = e2 [5i + 9j + k]
\ df ( 2 , 1, 1) = e2 [5i + 9j + k]

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.3

Q4. Evaluate ∇ 2 log r where r = x 2 + y2 + z 2

Answer :
Given that,
1
r= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 2
But, r = xi + y j + z k

 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 
∇ log2r =  2
+ +  log (x2 + y2 + z2)1/2
 ∂x ∂y 2 ∂z 2 

= < 2 + 2 + 2 F 2 log (x 2 + y 2 + z 2)
22 22 22 1 8 a n log a = log a n B
2x 2y 2z

1  ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 
=  2 log ( x 2
+ y 2
+ z 2
) + log ( x 2
+ y 2
+ z 2
) + log ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
2  ∂x ∂y 2
∂z 2


1∂  2x  ∂  2y  ∂  2z 
=   2 2
+  2 2 +  
2  ∂x  x + y + z  ∂y  x + y + z 
2 2
∂z  x + y + z  
2 2 2

∂  x  ∂  y  ∂  z 
=  2 2
+  2 2 +  2
∂x  x + y + z  ∂y  x + y + z  ∂z  x + y + z 
2 2 2 2

( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − x(2 x) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − y (2 y ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − z (2 z )
= + +
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – 2x 2 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 –2y 2 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – 2z 2
=
(x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 2
y2 + z2 − x2 + x2 + z2 − y2 + x2 + y2 − z2
=
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
x2 + y2 + z2
=
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2

1
=
x + y2 + z2
2

1
= = r–2 [ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 ]
r2
∴ ∇ 2 log r = r–2

Q5. If is a position vector of the point P(x, y, z) then prove that Ñf(r) = .
Answer :
Given that,
is a position vector of the point P(x, y, z).

i.e., r = xi + yj + zk
Let, φ = f (r)
∂φ ∂r
= f '(r)
∂x ∂x
x  ∂r x 
= f '(r)  = 
r  ∂x r 

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5.4 MatheMatics-i
Similarly,
∂φ y ∂φ z
= f ′(r ) and = f ′(r )
∂y r ∂z r
Consider, ∇( f (r))
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
= ∇(φ) = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z

x y z
= f ′(r ) .i + f ′(r ). j + f ′(r ). .k
r r r

f ′(r )
= [ xi + yj + zk ]
r
f ′(r )
= .r [( r = xi + yj + zk )]
r
r
\ ∇( f (r )) = f ′(r )
|r |
Q6. In what direction from (3, 1, –2), direction derivative of f = x2y2z4 is maximum. Find the Maximum value.
Answer :
Given function is,
f = x2y2z4 ... (1)
Point, P(3, 1, –2)
Partially differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’, ‘y’ and ‘z’,
2f 2 4
2x = 2xy z
2f 2 4
2y = 2yx z
2f 2 2 3
2z = 4x y z
2f
grad f = ∇f = /
i 2x
2f 2f 2f
= i 2x + j 2y + k 2z

= i ` 2xy 2 z 4 j + j ` 2yx 2 z 4 j + k ` 4x 2 y 2 z3 j

∇f at the point (3, 1, –2) is,

∇f = i d 2 ` 3 j` 1 j ` –2 j n + j d 2 ` 1 j` 3 j ` –2 j n + k d 4 ` 3 j ` 1 j ` –2 j n
2 4 2 4 2 2 3

Þ ∇f = 96 i + 288 j –288 k

Þ ∇f = 96 ` i + 3 j –3 k j
\ The direction derivative is maximum in the direction, 96 ` i + 3 j –3 k j

96 2 d 1 2 + 3 2 + ` –3 j n
2
|∇f| =

= 96 2 ` 19 j
= 96 19
\ The maximum value of direction derivative is, 96 19 .

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.5

Q7. Find grad f where f = (x2 + y2 + z2)

Answer :
Given that,
x2 + y2 + z 2
φ = (x2 + y2 + z2) e − … (1)
Gradient of a function, φ is expressed as,

 ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
grad φ = ∇φ =  i + j + k  φ = i +j +k … (2)
 ∂x ∂ y ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z
2φ
Consider, 2x ,
∂φ − x2 + y2 + z 2 . (2 x) − x2 + y2 + z 2  ∂ ∂v ∂u 
= – (x2 + y2 + z2) e +e .2 x  u.v = u × + v × 
∂x 2
2 x +y +z2 2  ∂x ∂x ∂x 

>– + 2H
∂φ x2 + y2 + z 2 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2)
= x.e −
∂x x2 + y2 + z2

∂φ  x2 + y2 + z2 x2 + y2 + z2 
− x2 + y2 + z 2 2 − 
= x.e
∂x  2 2
x +y +z 2 
 
∂φ x2 + y2 + z 2
2 − x 2 + y 2 + z 2 
= x.e −  
∂x
Similarly,
∂φ − x2 + y2 + z 2 2 − x 2 + y 2 + z 2 
= y.e  
∂y
∂φ 2 2 2
= z.e − x + y + z
∂z
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (2)
∇φ = i xe – x2 + y2 + z2
82 – x 2 + y 2 + z 2 B + j ye – x2 + y2 + z2
8 2 – x 2 + y 2 + z 2 B + k ze – x2 + y2 + z2
8 2 – x2 + y2 + z2 B
= e– x2 + y2 + z2
82 – x 2 + y 2 + z 2 B` x i + yj + zk j
2 − x 2 + y 2 + z 2 
 ( xi + y j + z k )
∇φ = e − x2 + y2 + z 2
∴ 

Q8. Find the directional derivative of 2xy + z2 at (1, – 1, 3) in the direction of + 2 + 3 .

Answer :
The given function is,
2xy + z2

r = i + 2 j + 3k
Let, φ(x, y, z) = 2xy + z2 ... (1)
The expression for the directional derivative of ‘φ’ in the direction of at (1, – 1, 3) is given as,
Directional derivative at (1, – 1, 3) = [∇φ]at(1, −1,3) . r̂ ... (2)
Where,
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∇φ = i +j + ... (3)
∂x ∂y k ∂z

r i + 2 j + 3k
r̂ =  = ... (4)
|r | 1+ 4 + 9
i + 2 j + 3k
⇒ r̂ = ... (5)
14

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5.6 MatheMatics-i
Partially differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, Q10. Find the angle between the two surfaces x2 + y2
y and z,
∂φ + z2 = 9, x2 + y2 – z = 3 at (2, –1, 2).
= 2y
∂x Answer :
∂φ Given surfaces are,
= 2x
∂y x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 ... (1)
∂φ x2 + y2 – z = 3 ... (2)
= 2z
∂z
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3), Point P(2, –1, 2)
Angle between two surfaces of equations (1) and (2) is the
∇φ = iˆ2 y + ˆj 2 x + kˆ 2 z
angle between the normal to the surfaces at the point (2, –1, 2).
[∇φ]at(1, −1,3) = i 2(−1) + j 2(1) + k 2(3)
Let, φ1 = x2 + y2 + z2 – 9 and
= − 2i + 2 j + 6k ... (6) φ2 = x2 + y2 – z – 3
Substituting equations (4) and (6) in equation (2), The normal to first surface is expressed as,
(i + 2 j + 3k )
Directional derivation at (1, – 1. 3) = (−2i + 2 j + 6k ). n1 = ∇φ1
14
−2 + 4 + 18 20 ∂ ∂ ∂
= = = i φ1 + j φ1 + k φ1
14 14 ∂x ∂y ∂z
20
\ Directional derivative at (1, – 1, 3) =  ∂ ∂ ∂
14  ∇ = i + j + k 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
Q9. Find a unit normal vector to the surface x2 +
= i (2x) + j (2y) + k (2z)
y2 + 2z2 = 26 at the point (2, 2, 3).
n1 at (2, –1, 2) = 4 – 2 + 4 k
Answer :
Similarly, normal to second surface is,
Given that,
f = x2 + y2 + 2z2 – 26 n 2 = ∇φ
2
2f
Partial derivative of f with respect to x is, 2x = 2x ∂ ∂
=i φ2 + j φ2 + k ∂ φ2
2f
Partial derivative of f with respect to y is, 2y = 2y ∂x ∂y ∂z
2f
Partial derivative of f with respect z is, 2z = 4z = i (2x) + j (2y) + k (–1)
2f
grad f = Ñf = /
i 2x n2 at (2, –1, 2) = 4 i − 2 j − k

2f 2f 2f n1.n 2
= i 2x + j 2y + k 2z Angle between the normal is cos θ =
| n1 | | n 2 |
= i ]2xg + j ^2yh + k ]4zg Substituting the corresponding values in above equation,
Ñf at the point (2, 2, 3) is given as, (4 i − 2 j + 4k ).(4i − 2 j − k )
Ñf = 2 ]2g i + 2 ]2g j + 4 ]3 g k =
16 + 4 + 16 16 + 4 + 1
Þ Ñf = 4i + 4j + 12k
16 + 4 − 4
Therefore, Ñf is the normal vector to the surface func- =
tion, f = x2 + y2 + 2z2 = 26 6 21

The required unit normal vector is given as, 16 8

= =
4f 4i + 4j + 12k 6 21 3 21
=
4f ]4g2 + ]4g2 + ]12g2
8
∴ cos θ =
4 ^i + j + 3k h 3 21
=
16 + 16 + 144
−1  8 
4 ^i + j + 3k h i + j + 3k ⇒ θ = cos  
= =  3 21 
4 11 11
i + j + 3k −1  8 
\ Unit vector normal to the surface = . ∴ The angle between two surfaces is θ = cos  
11  3 21 
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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.7
Q11. If f = xy 2 i + 2x 2 yz j – 3yz 2 k then find div f at (1, –1, 1).
Answer :
Given,
f = xy 2 i + 2x 2 yzj – 3yz 2 k
+ k l . ^xy 2 i + 2x 2 yz j – 3yz 2 k h
2 2 2
div f = 4 .f = b i +j
2x 2y 2z
2 2 2
= (xy 2) + (2x 2 yz) + (–3yz 2)
2x 2y 2z
2 2 2
= y2 (x) + 2x 2 z (y) – 3y (z 2)
2x 2z 2z
= y2(1) + 2x2z(1) – 3y(2z)
Þ div f = 2x2z + y2 – 6yz
div f at (1, –1, 1) = 2(1)2 (1) + (–1)2 – 6(–1) (1)
=2+1+6=9
\ div f at (1, –1, 1) = 9

Q12. If ω is constant vector, evaluate curl V where V = ω × .

Answer :
Given that,
ω is any constant vector such that,
V=ω×
curl V = curl (ω × r )
= Σ i × d 2x ( ω × r ) n
2

= Σ i × < 2x × r + ω × 2x F < a 2 (a ×b ) = 2a ×b + a × 2b F
2ω 2r
2x 2x 2x

= Σ i × [0 + ω × i ]

= Σ i × (ω × i ) = Σ [(i . i )ω − (i . ω )i ] [ a × (b × c ) = (a .c )b − (a .b )c ]
= Σ ω – Σ (i .ω ) i
\ curl V = 3ω – ω = 2ω
Q13. Define laplacian operator.
Answer :
The laplacian operator (∇2) is defined as,
 ∂ ∂ ∂   ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ 
∇.∇φ =  i + j + k . i +j +k 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 

∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ
= i .i . + i . j . + i .k + j.i . + j. j + j.k + ki + k . j . + k .k
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z

 i .i = k .k = j. j = 1 
 
 i . j = j.k = i .k = k . j 
 
 j.i = k .i = 0 

∂2 ∂2 ∂2  ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 
= φ+ φ+ φ =  + + φ
∂x 2
∂y 2
∂z 2  ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 
 
\ ∇.∇φ = ∇2φ

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5.8 MatheMatics-i
Q14. If F is a conservative vector field show that curl F = 0.
Answer :
For a conservative vector field, (F)
F= φ
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
F =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  φ
 ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ
= iˆ +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
Then,
Curl F = ×F

iˆ ˆj kˆ
∂ ∂ ∂
=
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∂x ∂y ∂z

 ∂  ∂φ  ∂  ∂φ    ∂  ∂φ ∂ ∂φ     ∂  ∂φ  ∂  ∂φ  
= iˆ    −    − ˆj   −  + k    −   

 ∂y ∂z  ∂z  ∂y    ∂x  ∂z ∂z ∂x    ∂x  ∂y  ∂y ∂x 

= iˆ(0) − ˆj (0) + kˆ(0)

= 0
` d×F = 0
Q15. If A is a vector function, find div(Curl A).
Answer : Aug.-14, Set-2, Q1(vii)

The given vector function A can be written as,

A = A iˆ + A ˆj + A kˆ
1 2 3

iˆ ˆj kˆ
  ∂ ∂ ∂
Curl A = ∆ × A =
∂x ∂y ∂z
A1 A2 A3

 ∂A ∂A  ˆj  ∂A3 − ∂A1  + kˆ ∂A2 − ∂A1 

= iˆ 3 − 2  −
 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂y 

 iˆ∂ ˆj∂ kˆ∂    ∂A3 ∂A2   ∂A3 ∂A1  ˆ ∂A2 ∂A1  

div (Curl A) = ∇.(∇ × A) =  + + .  iˆ  ˆ  
   ∂y − ∂z  − j ∂x − ∂z  + k  ∂x − ∂y  
 ∂x ∂y ∂z      

∂  ∂A3 ∂A2  ∂  ∂A3 ∂A1  ∂  ∂A2 ∂A1 

− − − + −
∂x  ∂y ∂z  ∂y  ∂x ∂z  ∂z  ∂x ∂y 
=

∂ 2 A3 ∂ 2 A2 ∂ 2 A3 ∂ 2 A1 ∂ 2 A2 ∂ 2 A1
= − − + + −
∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂y∂x ∂y∂z ∂z∂x ∂z∂y
=0
\ div (Curl) A = 0

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.9
Q16. If f is a differentiable scalar field, then show that A vector point function is said to be solenoidal if and
d× df = 0v . only if,
Answer : Dec.-16, Q10 
Given that, ∇ .f = 0 ... (2)
f is a differentiable scalar field. Comparing equations (1) and (2),
Consider,
∇φ is solenoidal
d× (df) = Curl (Grad f)
From the property of curl,
df = <i 2 f + j F
2f 2f
2x 2y + k 2z ∇ × ∇φ = 0 ... (3)

=; Ei + < Fj + ; Ek
2f 2f 2f A vector f is said to be irrotational if and only if,
2x 2y 2z 
i j k ∇× f =0 ... (4)
2 2 2 Comparing equations (3) and (4),
⇒ Curl (Gradf) = 2x 2y 2z
2f 2 f 2 f ∇φ is irrotational
2x 2 y 2 z
∴ ∇φ is both solenoidol and irrotational.
= i=
22 f G 22 f F + = 22 f 22 f G
– j<
22 f 22 f
– – k –
2y2z 2y2z 2x2z 2x2z 2x2y 2x2y Hence proved.
=0
Q19. Define line integral.
\ d× (df) = 0v
Answer :
Q17. Show that the vector ex+y–2z ^ti + tj + kt h is solenoidal.
Line Integral
Answer : June/July-17, Q10
Consider a smooth curve ‘C’ in space, which is defined
Given function is,
by function r = f (t ) , as shown in figure (1),
f =ex+y – 2z ^it + tj + kth
B
A function Ft is said to be solenoidal if it satisfies the
condition,
d.f = 0 C
2 2 2
Since, d = i 2x + j 2y + k 2z A

Þ d.f = ;i 2x + j 2y + k 2z E .ex+y–2z (i + j + k)
2 2 2 Figure (1)
Where, A and B are the starting and terminating points
= 2x ^e x + y–2z h + 2y ^e x + y–2z)h + 2z ^e x + y–2z h
2 2 2 of a curve respectively.
= ex + y – 2z (1) + ex+y – 2z (1) + ex+y–2z(– 2) Differentiating a part of the r with respect to ‘S’ gives
unit vector along the tangent to the curve ‘C’ at point ‘P’.
= ex+y – 2z + ex+y–2z – 2ex+y –2z
= 2ex+y–2z – 2ex+y – 2z dr
i.e., = t
ds
=0
Where,
⇒ d.f = 0
ds – Differential of arc length at P ∈ C.
\ The vector is solenoidal.
Now, consider continuous vector point function F (r )
Q18. If f satisfies Laplace equation, show that Ñφ is which is defined along curve ‘C’. The component of F (r )
both solenoidal and irrotational. along the tangent at point ‘P’ is given as,
Answer :
F (r ).t
Given scalar point function is, φ
Then, the line integral of F along C is given as,
‘φ’ satisfies Laplace equation
i.e., ∇ 2 φ = 0
B
 dr 
⇒ ∇.(∇φ) = 0 ... (1) ∫ F . ds =
 ds 

∫ F .dr =
∫ F .t ds
C C A

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5.10 MatheMatics-i
Q20. Define surface integral. Q22. Define work.
Answer : Answer :
Surface Integral Work is defined as the integral of force acting on the
perpendicular displacement of a particle over some distance.
Surface integral is defined as an integral which is
evaluated over a surface. Let F be the force acting over a particle moving along
an arc AB, then the work done during a small displacement SR
Let’s consider a smooth surface r = f (u , v) and is given as,
continuous vector point function F (r ) which is defined over B
smooth surface as shown in figure (2). W= ∫ F.dR
A
N1
Q23. Define the term potential function.
Answer :
0 Potential Functions
s
A vector field that can be easily obtained from a scalar
field is defined by a function called vector function. This
function is represented by F , which is equal to the gradient
of a scalar field. So that,
Figure F = Grad (φ)
Figure (2) represents the region of the surface, which is i.e., F = ∇φ
divided into m sub regions of areas δs1, δs2 . . . δsi, . . . δsm. Where,
The vector area of Si is given as, F = Conservative vector and
δA i = ni δS i φ = Scalar potential.
Note
Where,
If F is conservative or irrotational then F = ∇ φ
ni – Unit normal of δS i
m
Q24. Prove that the work done by a force F depends
Consider the sum Im = Σ F (ri ).δAi = ΣF (ri ).ni .dsi on the end points and not on the path in a
i =1
conservative field.
As the number of sub surfaces increases the area of sub
Answer :
surfaces decreases. Let F represent the force acting on a particle moving
i.e., when m → ∞ δsi → 0, if it exists then integral is from A to B. During a small displacement δr , the work done
called normal surface integral which is given as, is F .δr .
B

∫s
F (r ).dA (or) ∫
s
F .n ds Total work done from A to B = ∫ F dr
A

Q21. Define volume integral. As the force F is conservative, there exists a scalar
Answer : function ‘g’ such that,
Volume Integral F = ∇g
∂g ∂g ∂g
Consider a vector point function F (r ) . If ‘V’ is the = i + j + k
∂x ∂y ∂z
volume enclosing the surface r = f (u , v) , then, divide volume ∴ Work done,
into m sub-regions, δV1, δV2 . . . δVi, . . . δVm.
B

∫ F .dr ∫ i ∂x + j ∂y + k ∂z  × [i dx + jdy + k dz ]

B
 ∂g ∂g ∂g 
If Pi (ri ) represents a point in δvi then, sum is given as, =
A A
m
B
Im = Σ F (ri )δVi  ∂g ∂g ∂g 
i =1 = ∫  ∂x dx + ∂y dy + ∂z dz 
When, m → ∞, δVi → 0 then volume integral is defined A
B

∫ dg = [g ]
B
as, = =B–A
A
A

∫ F (r )dv (or) ∫ F dvV

Thus, in a conservative field, the work done depends on
V the end points A and B and not on the path from A to B.

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.11
Q25. Find the work done by the force F v = 3x2i + 2

(2xz – y)j + zk along the straight line joining the = # ^5x 4

– 6x 2 + 6x5 – 12x3h dx
points (0, 0, 1) and (2, 1, 3). 1

Answer : SR 5.x5 6.x3 6x6 12.x 4 WVW2

= SSS – + – W
Given that, 5 3 6 4 W1
T X
Fv = 3x 2 i + ^2xz – yh j + zk = 6x5 – 2x3 + x6 – 3x 4@1
2

= 625 – 2 ]2g3 + ]2g6 – 3 ]2g4@

Points are (0, 0, 1) to (2, 1, 3)

Work done (W) = # Fv .drv – 6]1g5 – 2 ]1g3 + ]1g6 – 3 ]1g4@

C
Where, = 32 – 16 + 64 – 48 – 1 + 2 – 1 + 3
drv = dxi + dyj + dzk = 35
Þ Fv.drv = 3x 2 dx + ^2xz – yh dy + zdz \ # F .dr = 35.
^2, 1, 3h c

Þ Work done = # 73x 2 dx + ^2xz – yh dy + zdzA Q27. Write the statement of Green’s theorem.
^0, 0, 1h
Answer :
^ 2, 1, 3 h
= < 3 + c 2xzy –
3x 3 y2 m + z2 F If ‘S’ represents a closed region in xy plane bounded by
2 2 ^0, 0, 1h a simple closed curve ‘C’ and if M, N are continuous functions
of x and y, then,
= :8 + 2 ]2g]3g – 2 + 2 D – : 2 D
1 9 1
 ∂N ∂M 
=
1
8 + 12 + 4 – 2 ∫ Mdx + Ndy = ∫∫  ∂x − ∂y  dx dy
c s

=
1
24 – 2 Q28. State Stoke’s theorem.
Answer :
47
= 2 Let ‘S’ be a surface bounded by a closed non-intersecting
\ W =
47 curve C. If F is any differentiable vector point function,
2 units. then
Q26. If F = (5xy – 6x2) i + (2y – 4x) j then evaluate    

# F.dR along the curve y = x3 from the point

∫ ∫
F.dr = curl F .N dS

Where ‘C’ is traversed in positive direction and N is
(1, 1) to (2, 8).
outward drawn unit normal vector.
Answer :
Given that, Q29. State Gauss’s divergence theorem.
2
F = (5xy – 6x )i + (2y – 4x)j Answer :
Curve c is, y = x3 ... (1) Gauss’s divergence theorem states that, for a continuously
differentiable vector function located in the region E bounded
(x, y) varies from (1, 1) to (2, 8)
by the closed surface S, then,
The vector r can be written as,
r = xit + y tj ∫ F.NdS = ∫ div F dV
Þ dr = dxit + dy tj S E

F . dr = __5xy – 6x 2i i + ^2y – 4xh j i . ^dxit + dy tjh Where,

= _5xy – 6x 2i dx + ^2y – 4xh dy
N – Unit external normal vector.
From equation (1),
In cartesian form,
dy = 3x2dx.
2 For F(R) = f (x, y, z) I + φ(x, y, z) J + ψ(x, y, z)K then
# F .dr = # _^5x.x 3
– 6x 2h dx + ^2x3 – 4xh 3x 2 dx i Gauss’s divergence formula is given as,
c 1
2
 ∂f ∂φ ∂ψ 
= # ^^5x 4
– 6x 2h dx + ^6x5 – 12x3h dxh ∫∫ ( fdydz + φdzdx + ψdxdy) = ∫∫∫  ∂x + ∂y + ∂z dxdydz
S E
1

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5.12 MatheMatics-i
Q30. Write down the physical interpretation of Green’s theorem.
Answer :
Physical Interpretation of Green’s Theorem
Green’s theorem states that the amount of circulation around ‘C’ is equal to the total amount of circulation of all the area
inside ‘C’. (i.e., circulation in D).
C
D

Figure
It can also be said that Green’s theorem converts a line integral around a closed curve into a double integral.

∫
∴ F.d s =
C
∫∫ circulation of F.dA
D

Q31. Write down the physical interpretation of stoke’s theorem.

Answer :
The cummulative rotational tendency of a fluid to spin across the surface ‘S’ is equal to the circulation of a fluid around
the boundry curve ‘C’. i.e.,

∫∫ (∇ ×V ).nˆds = ∫ V .Tds
S C

Where,
‘V’ – Velocity field of a fluid flow
Curl ‘V’ – Measure of tendency of the fluid to spin or rotate.
n̂ – Unit normal to the surface ‘S’.
T – Tangential component of the velocity field ‘V’.
Curl V T V

n
n

Surface (s)

Velocity field
V
Figure
Q32. Write down the physical interpretation of Gauss’s divergence theorem.
Answer :

If a vector field F represents the flow of a fluid, then Gauss divergence theorem has the physical interpretation that the
total expansion (or contraction) of the fluid inside three dimensional region ‘V’ equals the total flux out flow (or inflow) across
the boundary of V.
 v
i.e.,∫∫∫ (∇.F )dv = ##
F.ds
V 2s

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.13

Part-B
eSSay QueStionS with SolutionS

5.1 SCALAR And VECTOR FiELdS, GRAdiEnT OF A SCALAR FiELd, diRECTiOnAL dERiVATiVE,
diVERGEnCE And CURL OF A VECTOR FiELd
         
Q33. Prove that grad (F.G) = F × (∇ × G) + G × (∇ × F) + (F.∇)G + (G.∇)F.
Answer :
Given equation is,
         
grad ( F.G ) = F × (∇ × G ) + G × (∇ × F ) + ( F.∇)G + (G.∇) F. ... (1)
Consider L.H.S of equation (1),
" " " "
grad [ F.G ] = ∇[ F.G ]

2 " " 2 " " 2 " "

= i 2x [F.G] + j 2y [F.G] + k 2z [F.G]

2 " "
= /i 2x [F.G]

= < /i 2x F F .G + F. < /i 2x G F
2 " " " 2 "
... (2)

Consider,

F × [d × G] = F × >d i 2x + j 2y + k 2z n ×G H
" " "
2 2 2 "

= F × < /i 2x ×G F
"
2 "

= F × < /i × 2x F
"
"
2G

= / < F. 2x F i – (F./i) 2x
" "
"
2G "
2G

= /i < 2x .F F – F. d /i 2x n
"
2G " "
2G

= /i < 2x .F F – (F.d) G
2G " " "

F × [d × G] + (F.d) G = Σi d 2x .F n
"
" " " "
2G "
... (3)

Similarly

" " " "  ∂F 

G × [d × F] + (G.d) F = Σi  .G ... (4)
 ∂x 

Substituting equations (3) and (4) in equation (2),

" " " " " " " " " "
grad[ F.G ] = G × [d × F] + (G.d) F + F × [d × G] + (F.d) G
" " " " " " " " " "
\ grad[ F.G ] = F × [d × G] + G × (d × F ) + (F.d) G + (G.d) F

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5.14 MatheMatics-i

Q34. If r = x i + y j + zk , then show that, ∇2 (r ) = n(n + 1)rn – 2 where r = r .
n

Answer :
Given that,
r = xi + y j + z k

r = x i + y j + zk

r= x2 + y2 + z2
⇒ rn = (x2 + y2 + z2)n/2
 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2  n
∇ 2 (r n ) =  2 + 2 + 2  r
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

∂2
= ∑ ∂x 2
rn ... (1)

∂ n ∂r
(r ) = n.r n–1
∂x ∂x
x  ∂r x 
= n r n–1
r  ∂x = r 
 
= n.x.r n–2

∂2  n−2 n −3 ∂r   x2 
( r n ) = n  r .1 + x ( n − 2 ) r  = n r n − 2 + (n − 2)r n −3  = n.r n – 2 + n(n – 2)r n – 4 x2
∂x2
 ∂x 
Consider equation (1),  r 

∂2
∇2r n = ∑ ∂x 2
rn

= ∑
n−2
n.r + n ( n − 2) r n − 4 x 2

= 3n r n–2 + n(n – 2)r n–4 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2)

= 3n r n–2 + n(n – 2)r n–4 (r 2) [ r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2]
= 3n r n–2 + (n2 – 2n) r n–2
= r n–2 [3n + n2 – 2n]
= r n–2 [n 2 + n]
= n(n + 1) r n–2
∴ ∇ 2 (r n ) = n(n + 1) r n–2.

Q35. Evaluate ∇ 2 log r where r =

Answer :
Given that,
r = x2 + y2 + z2
But, r = xi + y j + z k
 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 
∇ 2
log r =  2
+ +  log (x2 + y2 + z2)
 ∂x ∂y 2 ∂z 2 

= < 2 + 2 + 2 F log (x 2 + y 2 + z 2)
22 22 22 8 a n log a = log a n B
2x 2y 2z

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.15

 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 
= 2 log ( x 2
+ y 2
+ z 2
) + log ( x 2
+ y 2
+ z 2
) + log ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
 ∂x ∂y 2
∂z 2


∂  2x  ∂  2y  ∂  2z 
=  2 2
+  2 2 +
∂ 2
∂ 2  2 
  x + y + z   x + y + z  ∂z  x + y + z  
x y 2 2

( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − y (2 y )
= +
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2

= 2> H
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – 2x 2 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 –2y 2 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – 2z 2
(x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 2

y2 + z2 − x2 + x2 + z2 − y2 + x2 + y2 − z2 x2 + y2 + z2 1
= 2. 2 2 2 2 = 2. 2 2 2 2 = 2.
(x + y + z ) (x + y + z ) x + y2 + z2
2

2
= [ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 ]
r2
2
∴ ∇ 2 log r =
r2
    
Q36. Find the scalar potential (φ) such that F = ∇φ where F = 2xyz3 i + x2z3 j + 3x2yz2 k .
Answer :
Given that,
   
F = 2xyz3 i + x2 z3 j + 3x2yz2 k
Gradient of a function is expressed as,
∂φ  ∂φ  ∂φ 
∇φ = i+ j+ (k )
∂x ∂y ∂z

F = ∇φ
   ∂φ  ∂φ  ∂φ 
⇒ 2xyz3 i + x2 z3 j + 3x2yz2 k = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
  
Comparing i , j , k terms on both sides,
∂φ
= 2xyz3 ... (1)
∂x
∂φ
= x2z3 ... (2)
∂y
∂φ
= 3x2yz2 ... (3)
∂z
Integrating equations (1), (2) and (3),
∂φ
∫ ∂x = ∫ 2 xyz .dx
3

2x2 3
⇒ φ = yz + f(y, z) = x2 yz3 + f(y, z) ... (4)
2
∂φ
∫ ∂y = ∫ x
2 3
z .dy

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5.16 MatheMatics-i
⇒ φ = x yz + g(z, x)
2 3
... (5)
2φ
2z = # 3x yz dz2 2

3x 2 yz3
φ= 3 + h (x, y)
⇒ φ = x2yz3 + h(x, y) ... (6)
The equations (4), (5), (6) will be consistent only when f(y, z) = g(z, x) = h(x, y) = 0
∴ φ = x2yz3 + Constant
Q37. Find the directional derivative of the scalar point function φ(x, y, z) = 4xy2 + 2x2yz at the point A(1, 2, 3)
in the direction of the line AB where B = (5, 0, 4).
Answer :
Given function is, φ(x, y, z) = 4xy2 + 2x2yz.
Point A = (1, 2, 3), Point B = (5, 0, 4)
The position vectors of ‘A’ and ‘B’ with respect to origin ‘O’ are,
OA = i + 2j + 3k and
OB = 5i + 0j + 4k = 5i + 4k
∴ AB = OB – OA = 5i + 4k – i – 2j – 3k
= 4i – 2j + k ... (1)
The directional derivative = e.∇φ
Where,
‘e’ = Unit vector in the direction of AB

e = > 2 H
4i – 2j + k 4i − 2 j + k 4i − 2 j + k
⇒ = =
2 2
(4) + (–2) + (1) 16 + 4 + 1 21

∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∇φ = i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2 2
= (4 y + 4 xyz)i + (8 xy + 2 x z ) j + (2 x y )k
Substituting values of ‘e’ and ∇φ in equation (1),
∴ The directional derivative is,
4i − 2 j + k
e.∇φ = .(4 y 2 + 4 xyz)i + (8 xy + 2 x 2 z ) j + (2 x 2 y )k
21

4(4 y 2 + 4 xyz) − 2(8 xy + 2 x 2 z ) + 2 x 2 y [ i.i = j. j = k .k = 1]

=
21
At point (1, 2, 3) [ a i.j = j.k = k.i = 0]
4(4(2) 2 + 4(1)(2)(3)) − 2(8(1)(2) + 2(1) 2 (3)) + 2(1) 2 2
e.∇φ =
21
4(16 + 24 ) − 2(16 + 6) + 4 160 − 44 + 4
= =
21 21
160 − 40 120
= =
21 21
120
\ Directional derivative at A(1,2,3) is
21

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.17
Q38. Find the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = x 2
2f
Partial derivative of f with respect to z is, 2z = 2xyz + x
+ y + z at (1, 2, 3) in the direction of the vector
2 2
2f
2 ti + 3jt + 6kt . Grad f = 4 f = i 2x /
Answer : Dec.-17, Q17(b) 2f 2f 2f
= i 2x + j 2y + k 2z
Given that,
= i _ yz 2 + z i + j ^ xz 2h + k ^2xyz + xh
f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2
` 4 f = i _ yz 2 + z i + j ^ xz 2h + k ^2xyz + xh
Point, P(x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3)
Direction vector, br = 2i + 3j + 6k 4 f at (1, 1, 1) = i 61 ]1 g2 + 1@ + j ^1 ]1 g2 h + k ^2 ]1 g]1 g]1 g + 1h
= 2i + j + 3k
The gradient of a scalar function f(x, y, z) is,
2f 2f 2f Similarly,
df (x, y, z) = i 2x + j 2y + k 2z
2g 2 2g 2g
= i 22x (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) + j 22y (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) + k 22z (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 2x = 3y , 2y = 6xy + 1 and 2z = – 1

grad g = 4 g = i _3y 2 i + j ^6xy + 1h + k ]– 1g

= i(2x) + j(2y) + k (2z)
\ 4 g = 3y 2 i + ^6xy + 1 h j – k
df = 2xi + 2jy + 2zk
4 g at (0, 1, 1) = 3(1)2i + (6(0) (1) + 1)j – k
df (1, 2,3) = 2(1) i + 2(2) j + 2(3) k
= 3i + j – k
= 2i + 4j + 6k
Unit vector normal to surface g is,
2i + 3j + 6k
Unit vector, bt = 4g 3i + j – k
4 + 9 + 36 =
4g ]3g2 + ]1 g2 + ]– 1g2
2i + 3j + 6k
= 3i + j – k
49 =
11
2i + 3j + 6k
= 7 4g 3i + j – k
The directional derivative of f in the direction of \ =
4g 11
2i + 3j + 6k,
Directional derivative of f in the direction of the normal
= df.bv
to the surface g,
= (2i + 4j + 6k). 2i + 3j + 6k
7 4g
4 + 12 + 36 52 Directional derivative = 4 f .
= = 7 4g
7
Substituting the corresponding values in above equation,
\ Directional derivative = 52 7 .
Directional Derivative = ^2i + j + 3k h . = G
3i + j – k
Q39. Find the directional derivative of xyz + xz at (1, 2
11
1, 1) in a direction of the normal to the surface
3xy2 + y = z at (0, 1, 1). ]2ig ]3ig + j.j + ]3k g ]– k g
=
Answer : 11
Given that, =
6 +1– 3
=
4
11 11
f = xyz2 + xz
4
P1 = (1, 1, 1) \ Directional derivative =
11
.

g = 3xy2 + y – z Q40. Find the normal vector and unit normal vector
P2 = (0, 1, 1) to the surface z2 = x2 – y2 at ^2, 1, 3 h .

Partial derivative of f with respect to x is, Answer : June/July-17, Q9

2f 2 Given surface is,

2x = yz + z
f = x2 – y2 = z2
2f
Partial derivative of f with respect to y is, 2y = xz 2 Þ f = x2 – y2 – z2

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5.18 MatheMatics-i
Point, P = (2, 1, 3 ) 2f
2y = – 2z
Normal vector to the surface is given as, 2f
2f 2f 2f 2z = – 2y.
df = i
2x + j 2y + k 2z
... (1)
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (4)
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
4 f = (10x – 9) i + (– 2z) j + (– 2y)k
df = i(2x) + j(– 2y) + k(– 2z)
4f (1, – 1, 2)
= i(10(1) – 9) – 2(2) j – 2(– 1)k
= 2xi – 2yj – 2zk
\ Normal vector = 2xi – 2yj – 2zk Þ n1 = (10 – 9) i – 4j + 2k

df (2, 1, 3 ) = 2 (2) i – 2 (1) j – 2 ( 3 ) k Þ n1 = i – 4j + 2k

= 4i – 2j – 2 3 k Consider,
2 2 2 2g 2g 2g
Vf ( 2, 1 , 3 ) = (4) + 2 + (2 3 ) 4 g = 2x i + 2y j + 2z k
= 16 + 4 + 12
From equation (2)
= 32
2g
=2 8 2x =ay(2x) = 2ayx

Unit normal vector to the surface is given as, 2g 2

2y = ax
df df
... (2)
| df | = | df | (2, 1, 3 ) 2g 2 2
2z = b.(3z ) = 3bz
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (2),
Vf 4i – 2j – 2 3 k Substitutin the corresponding values in equation (5),
| Vf | = 2 8 4 g = 2ayxi + ax2j + 3bz2k
2i – j – 3 k 4g (1, – 1, 2)
= 2a(– 1) (1) i + a(1)2 j + 3b(2)2k
=
8
Þ n 2 = – 2ai + aj + 12bk
2i – j – 3 k
\ Unit normal vector = .
8 As n1 and n 2 are normal vectors to surfaces (1) and (2)
respectively,
Q41. Find the constants a, b such that the surfaces
n1 . n 2 = 0
5x2 – 2yz – 9x = 0 and ax2y + bz3 = 4 cut orthogo-
Þ (i – 4j + 2k).(– 2ai + aj + 12bk) = 0
nally at (1, –1,2).
Þ 1(– 2a) – 4(a) + 2(12b) = 0
Answer :
Þ –2a – 4a + 24b =0
Given surfaces are,
Þ – 6a + 24b = 0
f(x, y, z) Þ 5x2 – 2yz – 9x = 0 ... (1)
Þ – 6(a – 4b) = 0
g(x, y, z) Þ ax2y + bz3 = 4 ... (2)
Þ a = 4b.
p(x, y, z) = (1, – 1, 2)
Substituting a = 4b in equation (3),
Þ x = 1, y = – 1, z = 2
– 4b + 8b = 4
Substituting x, y, z values in equation (2)
4b = 4 Þ b = 1
a(1)2 (– 1) + b(2)3 = 4
Substituting b = 1 in equation (3),
Þ – a + 8b = 4 ... (3)
8–4=a
Consider,
2f 2f 2f Þ – a + 8(1) = 48
4 f = 2x i + 2y j + 2z k ... (4)
Þ –a+8=4
From equation (1),
Þ a=4
2f
2x = 5(2x) – 9 = 10x – 9 \ a = 4, b = 1
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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.19
Q42. Find the angle between the surfaces ax + y + z – xy = 1 and conservative bx y + y z + z = 1 at (1, 1, 0).
2 2 2 2 2

Answer :
Given surfaces are,
ax2 + y2 + z2 – xy = 1
bx2y + y2z + z = 1
point p = (1, 1, 0)
The angle between the two surfaces is the angle between the normal to the surfaces at (1, 1, 0)
let f1 = ax2 + y2 + z2 – xy – 1 ; f2 = bx2y + y2z + z – 1
2f1 2f1 2f1
n1 = 4 f1 = i 2x + j 2y + k 2z

n1 = i(2ax – y) + j (2y – x) + 2zk

n1 | (1, 1, 0) = i(2a (1) – 1) + j(2(1) – 1) + 2(0)k

Þ n1 | (1, 1, 0) = (2a – 1) i + j
2f 2 2f 2 2f 2
n2 = 4 f 2 = i 2x + j 2y + k 2z
= i(2bxy) + j(bx2 + 2yz) + k(y2 + 1)
n2 ( 1 , 1, 0) = i(2b(1) (1)) + j(b(1)2 + 2(1) (0) + k ((1)2 + 1)
n2 ( 1 , 1, 0) = 2bi + jb + 2k
Let q be the angle between f1 and f2, then,
n.n
cosq = | n 1| | n2 |
1 2

((2a – 1) i + j) . (2bi + jb + 2k)

=
(2a – 1) 2 + (1) 2 (2b) 2 + (b) 2 + (2) 2

(2a – 1) (2b) + 1 (b)

=
(4a 2 – 4a + 2) (4b 2 + b 2 + 4)

4ab – 2b + b
=
(4a 2 – 4a + 2) (5b 2 + 4)

4ab – b
=
(4a 2 – 4a + 2) (5b 2 + 4)

q = cos–1 e o
4ab – b
Þ
(4a 2 – 4a + 2) (5b 2 + 4)

  1 3
Q43. If prove that ∇. r∇  3   = , where r = x 2 + y2 + z 2 .
r    r
4

Answer :
 
Consider, ∇.r∇ 1 
3
  r 
  
  1  ∇.  r ∇  1
∇.r∇ 3  =  
  r   x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3  
 

  1 
= ∇.  r ∇  2 2 2 3/2  
  ( x + y + z )  

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5.20 MatheMatics-i
RS VW
SS ^ WW
= d SS r > i 2x d 2 2 2 3/2 n + j 2y d 2 2 2 3/2 n + k 2z d 2 2 2 3/2 n HWW
2 1 ^ 2 1 ^ 2 1
SS (x + y + z ) (x + y + z ) (x + y + z ) WW
S W
RST R X V
SS SS WWVWWW
= d SSS r SSS i f p + jf p + kf pWWWWWW
S S ^ –3/2 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 1/2 (2x) 2
^ –3/2 (x + y + z )
2 2 1/2
(2y) 2
^ –3/2 (x + y + z )
2 2 1/2
(2z) WW
2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3
SS SS ( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z )
S T WWWWW
T XX
  −3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 2 2 2 1/2 ˆ 2 2 2 1/2  
= ∇.  r iˆ − ˆj 3 y ( x + y + z ) − −3 zk ( x + y + z )  
2 2 2 3
  ( x + y + z ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z )3 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3  

 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/ 2 
= ∇.( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/ 2 2 2 2 3
(−3 xiˆ − 3 yˆj − 3 zkˆ)
 (x + y + z ) 
 1 
= ∇. 2 2 2 2
(−3 xiˆ − 3 yˆj − 3 zkˆ)
 ( x + y + z ) 

xi + yj + zk
= – 3 ∇.
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2

 ∂  xiˆ   yˆj  ˆ ∂  zkˆ 

= – 3 iˆ  2  + ˆj ∂   + k  
 ∂x  ( x + y + z )  ∂y  ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2  ∂z  ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2  
2 2 2

∂  x  ∂  y  ∂  z 
=–3  2 2 2
+  2 2 2
+  2 2 2

 ∂x  ( x + y + z )  ∂y  ( x + y + z )  ∂z  ( x + y + z )  
2 2 2

 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 − x × 2 × 2 x( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 − y × 2 × 2 y ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 
=–3 + 
 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )4 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )4 
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 
 + ( x + y + z ) − z × 2 × 2 z ( x + y + z ) 
 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )4 

 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 − 4 x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 − 4 y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 
=–3 + 
 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )4 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )4 
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 
 + (x + y + z ) – 4z (x + y + z ) 
 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )4 

–3 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 2 2 2
= [(x + y + z ) – 4x 2 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – 4y 2 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 –4z 2]
(x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 4

−3
= [ −3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3 y 2 + x 2 + z 2 − 3 z 2 + x 2 + y 2 ]
( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3
−3
= [− x 2 − y 2 − z 2 ]
( x + y 2 + z 2 )3
2

3[ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ] 3
= 2 2 2 3 =
(x + y + z ) (x + y 2 + z 2 )2
2

3
= = RHS
(r ) 4

  1  3
\ ∇.r∇ 3  =
  r  (r ) 4

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.21
Q44. Prove that div.(grad r ) = m(m + 1) r m m–2

Answer :
Given that,
∇2(rm) = m(m+1)rm–2 ... (1)
Position vector, r = xi + y j + z k
And r = | r |
Þ r = x i + y j + zk

Þ r= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = (x2 + y2 + z2)1/2
Þ rm = (x2 + y2 + z2)m/2
Consider, LHS of equation (1) i.e., ∇2rm
Where,
∇2 – Laplacian operator
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
= 2
+ 2
+
∂x ∂y ∂z 2

 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 
∇2(rm) =  2 + 2 + 2  rm

 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

∂2
= ∑ ∂x 2
rn ... (2)

2 m ∂r
2x (r ) = m.r ∂x
m–1
Take

x  ∂r x 
 ∂x = r 
= m r m–1
r  
= m.x.r m–2

(r m) = m :r m - 2 .1 + x (m–2) r m–3 2r D
2
2 2r
2x 2

= m :r m–2 + (m–2) r m–3

x2 D
r
= m.r m – 2 + m(m – 2)r m – 4 x2
Consider equation (2), we get,

∂2
∇2rm = ∑ ∂x r 2
m

= / m.r
m–2
+ m (m–2) r m–4 x2
= 3m r m–2 + m(m – 2)r m–4 (x2 + y2 + z2)
= 3m r m–2 + m(m – 2)r m–4 (r 2) [ r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2]
= 3m r m–2 + (m2 – 2m) r m–2
= r m–2 [3m + m2 – 2m]
= m(m + 1) r m–2
\ ∇2(rm) = m(m + 1) r m–2 = R.H.S

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5.22 MatheMatics-i
Q45. Find curl fr where fr = grad (x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz).
Answer :
Given that,
F = grad (x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz)
Let, f = x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
2f 2f 2f
grad f = i 2x + j 2y + k 2z

2 2 2
= i 2x [x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz] + j 2y [x3 + y3 + z3 –3xyz] + k 2z [x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz]

= i[3x2 – 3yz] + j [3y2 – 3xz] + k [3z2 – 3xy]

\ F = i[3x2 – 3yz] + j [3y2 – 3xz] + k [3z2 – 3xy]
Curl of a function is given as,
i j k
2 2 2
Curl F = 2x 2y 2z
2F 2F 2F
2x 2y 2z

i j k
2 2 2
= 2x 2y 2z
[3x 2 – 3yz] [3y 2 – 3xz [3z 2 – 3xy]

= i[– 3x – (–3x)] – j [– 3y – (– 3y)] + k [– 3z – (– 3z)]

=0

\ Curl F = 0.

 A × r  (2 − n)A n( r .A)r
Q46. Prove that ∇ ×  n  = + n+ 2 .
 r  rn r
Answer :

Given equation is,

 A×r  ( 2 − n) A n( r . A ) r
∇ ×  n  = + n+2 ... (1)
 r  rn r
But,
r = xi + yj + zk and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 ... (2)
∂r ∂r ∂r
=i = j =k
∂x , ∂y , ∂z
Differentiating partially equation (1),

∂r ∂r x
2r = 2x ⇒ =
∂x ∂x r

Similarly,

∂r y ∂r z
= =
∂y r
, ∂z r

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.23
Consider,
 A×r 
L.H.S = ∇ ×  n 
 r 
∂  A×r  ∂  A×r  ∂  A×r 
= i×  + j×  +k ×  

∂x  r 
n  
∂y  r 
n  ∂z  r n 

∂  A×r 
= ∑ i × ∂x  
r n 

∂  A×r  ∂ r
  = A ×  
 n 
∂x  r  ∂x  r n 

 r n i − r nr n −1  ∂r
= A× 
 r 2n  ∂x
 n n −1 x 
 r i − r nr r  r n i − r nr n − 2 x 
= A× 2n  = A× 
 r   r 2n 
 
A ×i n
= − .x ( A × r )
rn r n+2
∂  A×r 
i ×  n  = i × ( A × i ) − nx .i × ( A × r )
∂x  r  rn r n+2
(i .i ) A − (i . A )i nx
= – [(i .r ) A − (i . A )r ]
rn r n+2
A − (i . A )i nx
= − [(i .r ) A − (i . A )r ] ... (3)
r n
r n+2
Suppose,

A = A1i + A2 j + A3 k ... (4)

Multiplying ‘ i ’ on both sides of equation (4),

i . A = A1
Equation (3) becomes,
∂  A × r   A − A1i  nx
 =  −
i×
∂x  r n   r n  r n + 2 [ xA − A1r ]

Taking ‘Σ’ on both sides,
∂  A×r   A − A1i  nx
∑ i × ∂x   =
r n 
∑  −
r n  r n + 2
[ xA − A1r ]

Simplifying the above equation,

3A − A n nr
= − n+2
(r 2 A ) + ( A1 x + A2 y + A3 z )
r n
r r n+2
2A n nr
= − (r 2 A ) + (Ar )
rn r n .r 2 r n+2
 A×r  ( 2 − n) A nr
\ ∇ ×  n  = n
+ n + 2 ( A.r )
 r  r r

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5.24 MatheMatics-i
Q47. Prove that div (A × B) = B.curl A – A.curl B.
Answer :
Let, A = A1i + A2 j + A3k and  Curl A = ∇ × A 
 Curl B = ∇ × B 
B = B1i +B2 j + B3k  
Consider,
+ − +
i j k
A × B = A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
= i (A2B3 – A3B2) – j (A1B3 – A3B1) + k (A1B2 – A2B1)
= i(A2B3 – A3B2) + j(A3B1 – A1B3) + K(A1B2 – A2B1)
= ∑ i( A B 2 3 − A3 B2 )

 ∂ ∂ ∂    ∂ ∂ ∂ 
∇.(A × B) =  i + j + k .
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∑ i( A B 2 3 − A3 B2 )  ∇ =  i + j + k 
  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

∂
= ∑ ∂x ( A B 2 3 − A3 B2 ) [ i.i = j. j = k .k = 1]

 ∂B3 ∂A ∂B ∂A 
= ∑  A 2
∂x
+ B3 2 − A3 2 − B2 3 
∂x ∂x ∂x 

Consider,
+ − +
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
(∇ × B) =
∂x ∂y ∂z
B1 B2 B3

 ∂B ∂B   ∂B3 ∂B1   ∂B2 ∂B1 

= i 3 − 2  − j  −  + k − 
 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂y 

 ∂B3 ∂B2   ∂B ∂B   ∂B ∂B 
= i − + j  1 − 3  + k  2 − 1 
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 

 ∂B3 ∂B2 
= ∑ i ∂y −
∂z



 ∂B3 ∂B2 
A.(∇ × B) = ( A1i + A2 j + A3 k ) ∑ i ∂y −
∂z



 ∂B3 ∂B2 
∴ A.(∇ × B) = ∑ A  ∂y
1 −
∂z


... (1)

Similarly,
 ∂A3 ∂A2 
B.(∇ × A) = ∑ B  ∂y 1 −
∂z


... (2)

Subtracting equations (1) and (2),

 ∂A3 ∂A2   ∂B3 ∂B2 

B.(∇ × A) – A.(∇ × B) = ∑ B  ∂y1 −
∂z
 −

∑ A  ∂y
1 −
∂z


... (3)

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.25
Expanding equations (1) and (5),
∇.(A × B) = B.(∇ × A) – A.(∇ × B)
(or)
\ div(A × B) = B.curl A – A. curl B
Q48. Prove that ∇ × (∇ × A) = –∇2A + ∇(∇.A).
Answer :
Consider,

∂ ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × (∇ × A) = i × (∇ × A) + j × (∇ × A) + k × (∇ × A)  ∇ = i + j + k 
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

∂
Þ ∇ × (∇ × A) = ∑ i × ∂x (∇ × A)
∂ ∂  ∂A ∂A ∂A 
i× (∇ × A) = i ×  i × + j× + k × 
∂x ∂x  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

 ∂2 A ∂2 A ∂ 2 A 
= i ×  i × 2 + j × +k×
 ∂x ∂x∂y ∂x∂z 

 ∂2 A   ∂ 2 A   ∂ 2 A 
= i ×  i × 2  + i ×  j × + i×k ×
 ∂x   ∂x∂y  
 ∂x∂z 

 ∂2 A  ∂2 A  ∂2 A   ∂2 A 
=  i 2 i − 2 +  i  j + i
 
k
 [ i.i = 1, i.j = 0, i.k = 0]
 ∂x  ∂x  ∂x∂y   ∂x∂z 

= i 2x d i 2x n + j 2y d i 2x n + k 2z d i 2x n –
2 2A 2 2A 2 2A 22 A
2x 2
2
∂  ∂A  ∂ A
i× (∇ × A) = ∇  i.  − 2
∂x  ∂x  ∂x

∂ ∂A ∂2 A
∑ i×
∂x
(∇ × A) = ∇ ∑ i ∂x − ∑ ∂x 2

 ∂2 A ∂2 A ∂2 A 
= ∇(∇.A) –  2 + 2 + 2  = ∇ (∇. A) – ∇2A
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∴ ∇ × (∇ × A) = ∇(∇.A) – ∇2A

Q49. Prove that curl(a × b) = a div b – b div a + ( . ) a – (a. )b.

Answer :

Curl (a × b) = d × (a× b) < a d.A = i 2A + j 2A + k 2A F

2x 2y 2z
∂ ∂ ˆ ∂
= iˆ × (a × b ) + ˆj × (a × b ) + k × (a × b )
∂x ∂y ∂z

 ∂a ∂b  ˆ  ∂a ∂b   ∂ ∂a ∂b 
 + < 2z ×b + a × 2z F
2a 2b
= iˆ ×  × b + a × + j × ×b +a × ∴ ∂x (a + b ) = ∂x × (b + a ) × ∂x 
 ∂x ∂x   ∂y ∂y 

^ 2a ^ 2b 2a ^ 2b ^ 2a ^ 2b
= i × 2x × b + i × a 2x j × 2y × b + j × a 2y + k × 2z × b + k × a × 2z

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5.26 MatheMatics-i
  ∂b  ∂b  
= > (i. b ) 2x – b d i 2x n H +  ( ˆj.  a − (iˆ.a )  + ( ˆj.b )
^ 2a ^ 2a ∂a  ∂a    ∂b ∂b 
− b  ˆj.   + ( ˆj. a − ( ˆj.a ) 
 ∂x  ∂x   ∂y  ∂y    ∂y ∂y 

 ˆ ∂b ˆ ∂b 
+ d (k. b ) 2z – (k 2z ) b n +  (k . ∂z )a − (k .a ) ∂z 
^ 2a ^ 2a

 
( a × (b × c ) = b (a.c ) − c (a.b ))
∂a ∂a ∂a  ˆ ∂b   ∂b   ∂b    ∂a   ∂a   ∂a  
= (iˆ.b ) + ( ˆj.b ) + (kˆ.b ) +  i .  a +  ˆj  a +  kˆ.  a −  b  iˆ  + b  ˆj  + b  kˆ.  
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x   ∂y   ∂z    ∂x   ∂y   ∂z  

– (iˆ.a ) ∂b + ( ˆj.a ) ∂b + (kˆ.a ) ∂b

∂x ∂y ∂z
d a ( a .d) f = ( a .i) n
^ 2f ^ 2f ^ 2f
= ( b .d) a + (d. b ) a – (d. a ) b – ( a .d) b 2x + (a .j) 2y + ( a .k) 2z
= a (d.b ) – b (d. a ) + ( b .d) a – ( a .d) b

= adivb − bdiva + (b .∇)a − (a .∇)b

Curl(a×b) = adivb − bdiva + (b .∇)a − (a .∇)b

Q50. Show that 4 . (4 .F) = 4 × (4 × F) + 4 2 F

Answer :
Consider,
∂ ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × (∇ × F) =i× (∇ × F) + j × (∇ × F) + k × (∇ × F)  ∇ = i + j + k 
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

Þ ∇ × (∇ × F) = / i × 22x ]4 × F g
∂ 2 JKK 2F 2F 2F NOO
(∇ × F) = i × Ki× + j× +k×
2z O
Þ i×
∂x 2x
L
2x 2y
P
JK 2 2 F 22 F 2 2 F NOO
= i × KKKi × 2 + j × +k× O
2x2y 2x2z O
L 2x P
JK 2 2 F ON J
K 2
2 FO N
O J
K 2 2 F NOO
= i × KKKi × 2 OOO + i × KKK j × OO + i × KKk ×
2x2y 2x2z OP
L 2x P L P L
JK 2 2 F NO J 2 N J 2 N
OO i – 2 F + KKKi 2 F OOO j + KKi 2 F OO k
2
= KKKi 2 O K 2x2z O [ i.i = 1, i.j = 0, i.k = 0]
L 2x P 2x 2 KL 2x2y OP L P
JK 2F NO
2 2 JK 2F NO 2 JK 2F NO 2 2 F
KKi
= i OO + j KKi OO + k Ki O–
2x
L 2x P 2y L 2x P 2z KL 2x OP 2x 2
J 2F NO 2 2 F
]4 × F g = 4 KKKi
2
Þ i× OO – 2
2x L 2x P 2x
Applying summation on both sides,
2
Þ / i × 22x ]4 × F g = 4 / i 22Fx – / 22xF 2

JK 2 2 F 2 2 F 2 2 F NO
= ∇(∇.F) – KKK 2 + + OO
2x 2y 2 2z 2 O
L P
= ∇ (∇. F) – ∇2F
Þ ∇ × (∇ × F) = ∇(∇.F) – ∇2F
Þ Curl (curl F) = Grad div F – d 2 F
∴ 4 . (4 . F ) = 4 × (4 × F ) + 4 2 F

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.27
Q51. Find div , where = rn . Find n if it is solenoidal.
Answer :
Given that,
 
F = rn r

F is solenoidal,

The vector r can be expressed as,

r = x iˆ + y ĵ + z k̂

⇒ |r | = x 2 + y 2 + z 2

⇒ r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 ... (1)

Partially differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, y and z,

∂r
2r = 2x
∂x

∂r x
⇒ =
∂x r

Similarly,

∂r y
⇒ = r
∂x
∂r z
⇒ =
∂z r
 
div F = ∇. rn r

 ∂ ∂ ˆ ∂ 
=  iˆ + ˆj + k  .(x iˆ + y ĵ + z k̂ ) rn
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

∂ ∂ ∂
= ( xr n ) + ( yr n ) + ( zr n )
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂r ∂r ∂r
= rn + nrn–1 (x) + rn + nrn–1 ∂y y + rn + nrn–1 ∂z z
∂x

 ∂r ∂r ∂r 
= 3rn + nrn–1  x ∂x + y ∂y + z ∂z 
 

 x.x y. y z.z 
= 3rn + nrn–1  + + 
 r r r 

 x2 + y2 + z2 
= 3rn + nrn–1  
 [ From equation (1)]
 r 

(r 2 )
= 3rn + nrn–1
r
= 3rn + nrn
= rn(n + 3)
"
` div F = r n (n + 3)

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

5.28 MatheMatics-i

The vector F is said to be solenoidal if, it satisfies the following condition,

∇. F = 0
⇒ rn(n + 3) = 0
⇒ n+3=0
⇒ n=–3
\ n=–3

Q52. Show that F = (y 2 – z 2 + 3yz – 2x) ri + (3xz + 2xy)rj + (3xy – 2xz + 2z) kr is both solenoidal and irrotational.
Answer :
Given function is,
F = (y2 – z2 + 3yz – 2x) ir + (3xz + 2xy) rj + (3xy – 2xz + 2z) kr
(i) Fr is solenoidal if and only if 4 .F = 0

4 .F = ci 2x + j 2y + k 2z m _ y 2 – z 2 + 3yz – 2x) i + (3xz + 2xy) j + (3xy – 2xz + 2z) k i

2 2 2

= 2x c y 2 – z 2 + 3yz – 2x) + 2y (3xz + 2xy) + 2z (3xy – 2xz + 2z) m

2 2 2

= 0 – 0 + 0 – 2 + 0 + 2x + 0 – 2x + 2 = 0
\ 4 .F = 0 ... (1)
(ii) F is irrotational if 4 ×F = 0

i j k
2 2 2
4 ×F = 2x 2y 2z
y 2 –z 2 + 3yz – 2x 3xz + 2xy 3xy – 2xz + 2z

= i c 2y (3xy – 2xz + 2z) – 2z (3xz + 2xy) m – j c 2y (3xy – 2xz + 2z) – 2z (y 2 – z 2 + 3yz – 2x) m
2 2 2 2

+ k c 2x (3xz + 2xy) – 2y (y 2 – z 2 + 3yz – 2x) m

2 2

= i((3x – 0 + 0) – (3x + 0)) – j((3y – 2z + 0) – (0 – 2z + 3y – 0)) + k((3z + 2y) – (2y – 0 + 3z – 0))

= i (3x – 3x) – j(3y – 2z + 2z – 3y) + k(3z + 2y – 2y – 3y)
= i(0) – j(0) + k(0)
=0
\ 4 ×F = 0 ... (2)
From equations (1) and (2)
F is both solenoidal and irrotational.

v = (x2 – yz) ti + (y 2 – zx) tj + (z 2 – xy) kt is irrotational and find its scalar

Q53. Show that the vector function V
potential.

Answer : Dec.-16, Q15(a)

Given vector function is,

V = _ x 2 – yz i i + _ y 2 – 3x i j + _ z 2 – xy i k ... (1)

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.29
i j k
2 2 2
Curl V = Ñ × V = 2x 2y 2z
x 2 – yz y 2 – zx z 2 – xy

= i ; 2y _ z 2 – xy i – 2z _ y 2 – zx iE – j : 2x _ z 2 – xy i – 2z _ x 2 – yz iD + k ; 2x _ y 2 – zx i – 2y _ x 2 – yz iE
2 2 2 2 2 2

= i 6]– xg – ]– xg@ – j 6]– 4g – ]– 4g@ + k 6– z – ]– zg@

= i 5– x + x? – j 6– y + y@ + k 5– z + z? = 0i + 0j + 0k = 0.
\ Curl V = 0
\ V is irrotational.
But, V = Ñf
i2f j2f k2f
Þ V = 2x + 2y + 2z ... (2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2),
2f 2
2x = x – yz ... (3)
2f 2
2y = y – zx ... (4)

2f 2
2z = z – xy ... (5)
Integrating equation (3),
2f
# 2x = # _ x2 – yz idx
Þ f = # x2 dx – # yzdx

x3
Þ f = 3 – xyz + c1 ... (6)
Integrating equation (4),
2f
# 2y = # _ y2 – zxidy
Þ f = # y 2 dy – # zxdy
y3
Þ f = 3 – xyz + c2 ... (7)
Integrating equation (5),
2f
2z = # _ z2 – xyidz
Þ f= # z2 dz – # xydz
z3
Þ f = 3 – xyz + c3 ... (8)
From equations (6), (7), (8),
3
x3 y z3
f = 3 + 3 + 3 – xyz + c

x3 + y3 + z3
\ Scalar potential (f) = 3 – xyz + c .

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5.30 MatheMatics-i

5.2 LinE, SURFACE And VOLUmE inTEGRALS Q55. If F = (5xy – 6x2) i + (2y – 4z) j , evaluate ∫ F.dr,
c

Q54. If F = xyi – zj + x k and C is the curve x = t ,

2 2 along the curve c in the xy - plane given by
y = x3 from the point (1, 1) to (2, 8).
y = 2t, z = t3 from t = 0 to t = 1. Evaluate F.dr . ∫
C
Answer : Dec.-17, Q15(b)
Answer :
Given that,
Given that,
F = (5xy – 6x2) + (2y – 4z) ĵ
2
F = xyi – zj + x k
Curve c is, y = x3 ... (1)
x = t , y = 2t, z = t and t = 0 to 1
2 3

(x, y) varies from (1, 1) to (2, 8)

dx = 2t dt, dy = 2 dt, dz = 3t2dt ... (1)

∴ F = xyi – zj + x2k The vector r can be written as,
= t2 (2t)i – t3j + (t2)2k 
r = x iˆ + y ĵ + z k̂
3 3 4
= 2t i – t j + t k

And dr = dxi + dyj + dzk ⇒ r = x iˆ + y ĵ [ In xy plane, z = 0]

1
⇒ dr = dx iˆ + dy ĵ
∴
∫
C
F.dr =
∫ (2t i − t
3 3
j + t 4 k ) (dxi + dyj + dzk)
0
F .d r = [(5xy – 6x2) iˆ + (2y – 4z) ĵ ] . (dx iˆ + dy ĵ )
1

∫ (2t i.idx − t = (5xy – 6x2) dx + (2y – 4z) dy

3 3
= j. jdy + t 4 k .kdz )
0
= (5xy – 6x2) dx + 2y dy
[ i.i = j.j = k.k = 1] [ z = 0]
1

∫ (2t dx − t dy + t dz)
= 3 3 4 From equation (1),
0 dy = 3x2 dx ... (2)
1 2
=
∫
0
2t 3 2t dt − t 3 2 dt + t 4 3t 2 dt ∴ ∫ ∫
F .dr = (5 x 4 – 6 x 2 ) dx + 2( x 3 )(3 x 2 ) dx
c 1

[∴ From equation (1)]

[ From equations (1) and (2)]
1

∫ [4t
4 2
= − 2t 3 + 3t 6 ]dt
∫
4 2 5
0
= (5 x – 6 x ) dx + 6 x dx
1
5 1 4 1 7 1
4t 2t 3t 2
= − +  5x 5 6 x 3 6 x 6 
5 0
4 0
7 0 = – + 
 5 3 6 
1
4 2 3
= – +
5 4 7 5(2) 5 6(2) 3 6(2) 6 5 6 6
= – + – + –
5 3 6 5 3 6
3 3
= +
10 7
5(32 ) 6 2 (8)
= – + 64 – 1 + 2 – 1
21+ 30 51 5 3
= =
70 70
= 80
51
∴
∫
C
F.dr =
70
∴ ∫ F .dr = 80
c

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.31
Q56. Find the circulation of F = e :sin 2 – sin 0D
v round the curve c p
where Fv = (ex sin y)i + (ex cos y)j and c is the
= e[1 – 0]
rectangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (1, 0), b1, 2 l , =e
p

b 0, p l .
\ # F.dr = e.
2 BC
Answer : Along CD
Given that, Here, y = 2 Þ dy = 0
p

Fv = (ex sin y) i + (ex cos y)j x varies from 1 to 0

Let, A(0, 0), B(1, 0) C(1, 2 ) and D(0, 2 ) be the vertices # ;e x sin b p2 ldx + e x cos p2 0E
p p
# F.dr =
of a rectangle as illustrated in figure. CD CD
0
Y = # e x dx
1

= 6e x@1
p 0
D(0, 2 ) p
C (1, 2 ) = e0 – e1
=1–e
\ # F.dr = 1 – e.
A(0, 0) X
B(1, 0) CD
Along DA:
Figure
Here, x = 0 Þ dx = 0
Circulation of F is given as, p
y varies from 2 to 0
# F.dr = # F.dr + # F.dr + # F.dr + # F.dr ... (1)
# F.dr = # e0 sin y]0g + e0 cos y dy
C AB BC CD DA
DA DA
F.dr = _e x sin y i + e x cos y j i . ^dxi + dyj + dzk h 0

= e x sin y dx + e x cos y dy
= # cos y dy
p
2
Along AB:
= 6sin y@ p
0
Here, y = 0 Þ dy = 0 2

x varies from 0 to 1. =0–1

=–1
# F.dr = # e x sin ]0gdx + e1 cos ]0g]0g \ # F.dr = – 1
AB AB
DA
=0+0 Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
=0 # F.dr =0+e+1–e–1=0
\ # F.dr = 0. C

AB \ # F.dr = 0.
Along BC: C

Here, x = 1 Þ dx = 0
p
Q57. Evaluate
∫∫ A.n ds where A = 18z i − 12j + 3yk
y varies from 0 to 2 . S
and S is that part of the plane 2x + 3y + 6z = 12
# F.dr = # e]1g sin y]0g + e1 cos y dy
BC BC which is located in the first octant.
p
2
Answer :
= e # cos y dy
0 Given that,

= e 6sin y@ 0
p
2 A = 18 z i − 12 j + 3 y k

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

5.32 MatheMatics-i
Let, φ = 2x + 3y + 6z = 12 ... (1) At y = 0, x = 6

12 − 2 x − 3 y ∴ x varies from ‘0’ to ‘6’

z=
6 12 − 2 x
y varies from ‘0’ to
∇φ 3
A .n = [18 z i − 12 j + 3 y k ]. ... (2)
| ∇φ |
6(12 − 2 x ) / 3 
Considering,
∫∫ A.nds = ∫ 

x =0  y =0
∫
(6 − 2 x)dy  dx

 ∂ ∂ ∂ S 
∇φ = i + j + k  (2x + 3y + 6z – 12)
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  6
(12− 2 x ) / 3
∫ [6[ y]
−2 x / 3
= − 2 x[ y ]12
y =0 ]dx
y =0
= 2 i + 3 j + 6k x =0

∇φ 2i + 3 j + 6k 6
∴ =  [12 − 2 x] [12 − 2 x] 
n=
| ∇φ | 4 + 9 + 36 = ∫ 6
x =0
3
− 2x
3 dx

2i + 3 j + 6k
= ... (3) 6

7 4x 2 
=
∫ 24 − 4 x − 8 x +

x =0 
3 
 dx
Substituting equation (3) in (2),
1 6
A.n = [18 zi − 12 j + 3 yk ] × [2i + 3 j + 6k ]  4x 2 
7 = ∫
x =0

 3
− 12 x + 24 dx

1
= [36 z − 36 + 18 y ]
7 6 6 6
x2
1  [12 − 2 x − 3 y ] 
4 ∫ 3
dx − 12 ∫ ∫
x dx + 24 dx
= 36 − 36 + 18 y  = x =0 x =0 x =0
7 6 
6 6
 12 − 2 x − 3 y  4  x3   x2 
 z =  =   − 12  + 24[ x]6x =0
 6  3  3  2
  x =0
x =0
1
= [72 – 12x – 18y – 36 + 18y] 4 12
7
∫∫ A.n ds = 9 [6 ] − 2 [36] + 24[6]
3

S
1
∴ A.n = [36 − 12 x]
7 4× (216)
= 9 – 6 (36) + 24 (6)
If R be the projection of S on the xy-plane,
dxdy dxdy 7 = 96 – 216 + 144 = 24
∴ ds = = = dx dy
| n.k | 6 6
 
 
7 ∴ ∫∫ A.n ds = 24
S
dxdy
∴ ∫∫ A.n ds = ∫∫
S R
( A.n)
| n.k | Q58. Evaluate # # F.nds
v t v = 6z ti – 4jt + ykt
where F and
S

1 7 S is the portion of the plane 2x + 3y + 6z = 12 in

= ∫∫ 7 (36 − 12 x) 6 dx dy
R
the first octant.
Answer : June/July-17, Q15(b)
= ∫∫ (6 − 2 x)dx dy Given that,
[ From equation (1)]
Fr = 6zi – 4 rj + ykr
∴ R of xy-plane is 2x + 3y = 12
Plane, 2x + 3y + 6z = 12
3y = 12 – 2x
Let,
12 − 2 x
y=
3 f = 2x + 3y + 6z – 12

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.33
2 2 2
df = i 2x ) (2x + 3y + 6z – 12) + j 2y (2x + 3y + 6z – 12) + k 2z (2x + 3y + 6z – 12)
= i(2) + j(3) + k(6)
= 2i + 3j + 6k
2i + 3j + 6k
\ Unit normal, nr =
22 + 32 + 62
2i + 3j + 6k 2i + 3j + 6k
= = 7
49
If R is the portion of S on xy-plane, then,
dx.dy
\ # # Fr .nds
r = # # Fr .nr
1nr.kr1
S R
Now,
(2i + 3j + 6k) 12z – 12 + 6y
Fr .nr = (6zi – 4j + yk) 7 = 7

nr.kr = ; E .k
2i + 3j + 6k r
7
= 67

nr.kr = 67

Limits of x and y in R-plane.

2x + 3y + 6z = 12
\ R of xy-plane is,
2x + 3y = 12

Þ y = 12–3 2x
If y = 0
12 – 2x = 0
Þ x=6
Thus ‘x’ varies from 0 to 6 and y varies from 0 to b 12–2x l
3
dxdy
\ Surface integral, r = # # Fr .nr
# # Fr .nds 1nr.kr1
S R

b 12–2x l
3
(12z – 12 + 6y) 7
= # # 7 6 dx dy
0 0

b 12–2x l
3

= # # (2z – 2 + y) dx dy
0 0

b 12–2x l
6 3
;2 c m – 2 + yE dx dy
12z – 12 + 3y
= # # 6
[ a From equation (2)]
0 0

b 12–2x l
6 3

= # # b 4 – 2 x – y – 2 + y l dx dy
3
0 0

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

5.34 MatheMatics-i
12–2x 1
6 3 36 − 4 x 2
3 3 36 − 4 x 2 −9 y 2
# # b 2 – 2 x l dx dy
=
0 0
3 V =
∫
0
∫
0
∫ dz dy dx
0
12–2x
6 3
= # :2– 32 xDdx # dy 3
1
3
36 − 4 x 2 

0
6
0
= ∫ 
 ∫ (36 − 4 x 2 − 9 y 2 )dy  dx

b 2– 2x l6 y@0 3
12–2x 0 0
= #  
3
0
1
6 3 36 − 4 x 2
 9 y3  3
= 32 # [3 – x] [6 – x] dx ∫
2
= (36 − 4 x ) y −  dx
0  3 
0 0
6
= 32 # [x2 – 9x + 18] dx 3 1

= ∫ [(36 − 4 x ) y − 3 y ]
36 − 4 x 2
2 3 3
0 0 dx
0
= 32 ; x – 9 x + 18xE
3 2 6

3 2 0 3
 1 3 
∫ (36 − 4 x
2
= ) 36 − 4 x 2 − (36 − 4 x 2 ) 3 / 2  dx
= 32 ; 216 – 9 E
(36) 3 27 
3 2 + 18×6 0

3
= 32 [72 – 162 + 108] =
1
∫  3 (36 − 4 x
2 32
) −
1
(
36 − 4 x 2 )
3/ 2 
 dx
0
9 
= 32 [18] = 12
3
 2
∫ (36 − 4 x
2 32
) ×  dx
\ # # Fr .nds
r = 12 =
9
0
S

3
Q59. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant 2
∫ (36 − 4 x
2 32
= ) dx
bounded by the paraboloid, z = 36 – 4x2 + z2 – 9
9y2. 0

Answer : 3
2
∫ (4(9 − x
2
= )) 3 2 dx
Given that, 9
0
z = 36 – 4x2 + z2 – 9y2
3
2
Consider, =
9 ∫
(2 2 ) 3 2 (9 − x 2 ) 3 2 dx
0
z = 0 to 36 – 4x2 – 9y2
3
z = 36 – 4x2 – 9y2 2
z =0
=
9 ∫
8(9 − x 2 ) 3 2 dx
0
2 2
9y = 36 – 4x 3
16
y=
1
36 − 4 x 2
=
9 ∫
(9 − x 2 ) 3 / 2 dx
0
3
3
1 16
y = 0 to 36 − 4 x 2
∴
3 V =
9 ∫
(9 − x 2 ) 3 / 2 dx
0
Substituting y = 0, z = 0
Let, x = 3 sin θ ⇒ dx = 3 cos θ dθ
4x2 = 36
x = 3sinθ ⇒ 0 = 3 sinθ ⇒ sinθ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
x2 = 9 ⇒ x = 3
x = 3 sin θ ⇒ 3 = 3 sin θ ⇒ sin θ = 1 ⇒ θ = 2
π
⇒ x = 0 to 3
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.35
π From Green’s theorem,
2
V=
16
∫
(9 − 9 sin 2 θ) 3 / 2 3 cos θ dθ # Mdx + Ndy = # # ; 22Nx – 2y E dx dy
2M
... (1)
9
0
M = x 2y ; N = y3
π
2M 2N
2y = x ;
2
16
2
2x = 0
=
9 ∫
(32 ) 3 2 (1 − sin 2 θ) 3 / 2 3 cos θ dθ
0 Consider,
π y = x, y = x3
2
16 4 Þ x = x3
=
9 ∫
(3) cos 4 θ dθ
0
Þ x3 – x = 0
Þ x(x2 – 1) = 0
 4 −1   4 − 3   π  Þ x = 0, x2 = 1
= 144    
 4−0  4−2  2 Þ x = 0, x = 1
\ x varies from 0 to and y varies from x3 to x.
3π Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
= 144 ×
16 1 x

= 27π # Mdx + Ndy = # # (0 – x 2) dx dy

x = 0 y = x3
1 x
\ V = 27π cubic units
=– # # x 2 dx dy
0 x3
5.3 GREEn’S ThEOREm in A pLAnE, GAUSS’S RS x VW
1
S WW
diVERGEnCE ThEOREm, STOkES ThEOREm
=– # 2S #
x S dyWW dx
S
(wiThOUT pROOFS) And ThEiR VERiFiCATiOn 0
SSx3 WW
T X
Q60. State Greens theorem in plane and apply the 1
=– # x2 6 y@xx dx 3

theorem to evaluate # x2 ydx + y3 dy , where C 0

C 1
is the closed path formed by y = x, y = x3 from =– # x2 6x – x3@dx
(0,0) to (1, 1). 0
1
Answer : =– # (x3 – x5) dx
0
Green’s theorem in a Plane
= – ;x – x E
4 6 1
For answer refer Unit-5, Q27.
4 6 0
Given integral is,
= – : 4 – 6 D = – :12 D = 12
1 1 1 –1
#x 2
ydx + y dy 3

C \ # x2 ydx + y3 dy = –121
Where, C is the closed path formed by the lines y = x, C
y = x3
Q61. Using Green’s theorem, find the area of the
The points are O(0, 0) and P(1, 1) are shown in figure.
region in the first quadrant bounded by the
Y 1 x
P curves y = x, y = x , y = 4 .
(1, 1) Answer :
x
= Given curves are,
y
R c1 → y = x
y = x3
1
X c2 → y =
O (0, 0) x
x
Figure c3 → y =
4
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5.36 MatheMatics-i
The area of the region bounded by the curves in the first quadrant is shown in figure,
)
1 ,1
B(
Y
1
N
x 1 OOO
y= JK , 2 P
KK2
A= L

x
y=
x
y = 4

X
O(0, 0)

Figure
The area bounded by the closed curve ‘c’ is given as,
1
A=
2
# ^ xdy – ydxh
c

R V
Þ A= S # #
1 SSS ^ xdy – ydxh + ^ xdy – ydxh + ^ xdy – ydxhWWW
WW
# ... (1)
2 Sc c2 c3
T 1
X
Consider,
c1 : y = x
dy = dx

# ^ xdy – ydxh = # ]x.dx – x.dxg

c1 c1

= # ]0 g
c1

=0
Consider,
1
c2 : y =
x
–1
dy = 2 dx
x
1
J J N N
# ^ xdy – ydxh = # KKKK xKKK –x 1OOOdx – 1x dxOOOO
2
c2 2 L L P P
1
J N
= # KKK –x1 dx – 1x dxOOO
2 L P
1
J N
= # KKK –x2 OOOdx
2 L P
1
J N
= –2 # KKK 1x OOOdx
2 L P

= – 2 6log x@2
1

= – 2 [log 1 – log 2]
= – 2(0 – log 2)
= 2 log 2
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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.37
x y
Consider, c3 : y =
4 y = x2 y=x

1 A(1, 1)
dy = dx C2
4 C1
x
0
JK 1 x N O(0, 0)
# ^ xdy – ydxh = # KK x. dx – dxOOO
c3 1 L 4 4 P

0
J N
= # KKK 4x dx – 4x dxOOO Figure
1 L P
From figure,
0

= # ]0 g = 0 # Mdx + Ndy = # Mdx + Ndy + # Mdx + Ndy ... (3)

1 C1 C2

Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1), (i) Along C1 i.e., OA

60 + 2 log 2 + 0@ = log 2
1 x = 0 to 1
A=
2
y = x2
\ Area of the region = log2 square units.
dy = 2xdx
Q62. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate the line

integal # (xy + x2) dx + (x2 + y2) dy , where C is # Mdx + Ndy = # _ xy + x2idx + _ x2 + y2i2xdx
C1 C1
c
the closed curve of the region bounded by y = 1
x and y = x2. = # _ x^ x2h + x2idx + _ x2 + ^ x2h2i2xdx
0
Answer : Dec.-16, Q15(b)
1

Given integral is, = # ^ x3 + x2hdx + ^ x3 + x5h2.dx

0
# _ xy + x2idx + _ x2 + y2idy ... (1)
1 1 1 1
C

By Green’s theorem,
= # x dx + # x
3 2
dx + # 2x dx + # 2x5 dx
3

0 0 0 0

# Mdx + Ndy ## ; 2N – 2M E dxdy = ; x E + ; x E + 2. ; x E + 2. ; x E

3 1
4 1 6 4 1 1
= 2x 2y ... (2)
R 4 0 3 0 4 0 6 0

Comparing equation (1) with L.H.S. of equation (2);

= ;1 – 0 E + ;1 – 0 E + 2 ;1 – 0 E + 2 ;1 – 0 E
4 4 3 3 4 4 6 6
4 4 3 3 4 4 6 6
M = xy + x2 ; N = x2 + y2
= : 4 – 0D + : 3 – 0D + 2 : 4 – 0D + 2 : 6 – 0D
1 1 1 1
Given curves are,
y = x and y = x2 1 1 2 2
= 4 +3 +4 +6
2
Þ x=x
17
= 12
Þ x2 – x = 0
Þ x(x – 1) = 0 \ # Mdx + Ndy = 17
... (4)
12
Þ x = 0, x = 1 C1
(ii) Along C2 i.e., AO
If x = 0, then y = 0 Þ (0, 0)
x = 1 to 0
If x = 1, then y = 1 Þ (1, 1)
y =x
\ The intersecting points are (0, 0), (1, 1) as shown
in figure below, dy = dx

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5.38 MatheMatics-i
From equations (6) and (7),
# Mdx + Ndy = # _ xy + x2idx + _ x2 + y2idy
C2 C2
0 # Mdx + Ndy = ## c 22Nx – 2y m dxdy
2M

= # ^ xx + x2hdx + ^ x2 + x2hdx
1 Hence, Green’s theorem is verified.
0
= # ^ x2 + x2hdx + 2x2 dx Q63. State stoke’s theorem and verify the theorem for
1 F = (x + y) i + (y + z) j – xk and S is the surface
0 0
of the plane 2x + y + z = 2, which is in the first
= # 2x2 dx + 2x2 dx = # 4x2 dx octant.
1 1

Answer :
= 4 ; x E = 3 603 – 13@ = 3
4 3 0 –4
3 1 Stokes theorem
–4
\ # Mdx + Ndy = 3 ... (5)
C2 For answer refer Unit-5, Q28.
Substituting equations (4) and (5) in equation (3), Given that,
F = ^ x + yh i + ^ y + z h j – xk
17 4
# Mdx + Ndy = 12 – 3
1
= 12 The surface of the plane 2x + y + z = 2 lies on XY - plane
\ # 1
Mdx + Ndy = 12 ... (6) (i.e., z = 0) forms a triangle with the lines x = 0, y = 0 and
2x + y = 2.
Since,
By Stoke’s theorem,
M = xy + x2 ; N = x2 + y2
2m
;
2N # F.dr = ## 4 × F .Unds
2y = x 2x = 2x C s

2N 2M z
2x – 2y = 2x – x = x
From figure, limits of x are 0 to 1, C(0, 0, 2)
2
limits of y are x + x.

Þ ## c 22Nx – 2y m dxdy =
2M
x.dxdy ## B(0, 2, 0)
1S
R x WVW O y
SS
= #
SS #
x.dyWWW dx
A(1, 0, 0)
SS 2 WW 2x + y = 2
x=0 y=x x
T X
1 Figure (1)
= # 6xy@xx dx 2

x=0 Calculating the value of # F .dr over the plane triangle

1
as shown in figure (1)
= # 6x.x – x.x2@dx (i) Along AB
x=0
1 x varies from 1 to 0
= # ^ x 2 – x3h dx
z = 0 ; dz = 0
x=0
1 1
# x2 dx – # x3 dx = ; x2 – 4E
3 1 2x + y + z = 2 Þ 2x + y + 0 = 2
= x4
0
x=0 x=0 Þ 2x + y = 2
1 0 1 0 1 Þ y = 2 – 2x
= 3 – 3 – 4 + 4 = 12
Þ dy = 0 – 2dx
\ ## c 22Nx – 2y m dxdy = 12
2M 1
... (7)
Þ dy = – 2dx

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.39
0 (iii) Along CA
# F .dr = # ^^ x + yh i + ^ y + z h j – xk h . ^dxi + dyj + dzk h
x varies from 0 to 1
AB 1
0 y = 0 ; dy = 0
= # ^ x + yh dx + ^ y + z h dy – xdz 2x + y + z = 2 Þ 2x + 0 + z = 2
1
0 Þ 2x + z = 2
= # ]x + 2 – 2xgdx + ]2 – 2x + 0g]– 2dxg – x]0g Þ z = 2 – 2x
1
0 Þ dz = 0 – 2dx
= # ]– x + 2g dx + ]2 – 2xg]– 2g dx – 0
Þ dz = – 2dx
1
0 1

= # ]– x + 2gdx + ]4x – 4gdx # F .dr = # ^^ x + yhi + ^ y + zhj – xk h.^dxi + dyj + dzk h

1 CA 0
0
1
= # ]– x + 2 + 4x – 4gdx = # ^ x + yhdx + ^ y + zhdy – xdz
1
0
0

= # ]3x – 2gdx 1

1 = # ]x + 0gdx + ]0 + 2 – 2xg0 – x]– 2dxg

SR 3.x 2 VW0
= SSS W 0
– 2xWW
2 1
T X 1

= ^]0g2 – ]1g2h – 2 50 – 1? # xdx + 0 + 2xdx

3 =
2
0
3
= ]– 1g – 2 ]– 1g 1
2
–3 1
= # ]x + 2xgdx
= +2= 0
2 2
1 R 2 V1
# 3x dx = SSSS 32x WWWW
(ii) Along BC
y varies from 2 to 0 =
0
T X
x = 0 ; dx = 0
0

3 3
2x + y + z = 2 Þ 2(0) + y + z = 2 = ^]1g2 – 0 2h =
Þy+z=2 2 2
Þz=2–y
Þ dz = 0 – 2dy
\ # F .dr = # F .dr + # F .dr + # F .dr
AB BC CA
Þ dz = – 2dy 1 3
0 = –4+ =–2
2 2
# F .dr = # ^^ x + yhi + ^ y + zhj – xk h.^dxi + dyj + dzk h
BC 2
0
\ # F .dr = – 2 ... (1)

= # ^ x + yhdx + ^ y + zhdy – xdz Y

2
B(0, 2)
0

= # ^0 + yh]0g + ^ y + 2 – yhdy – 0.dz

2 Q
0 R 2x + y = 2
= # 0 + 2dy – 0
2
O X
0 P A(1, 0)
= # 2dy = ^2yh 0
2
2
= 2(0) – 2(2) = – 4 Figure (2)

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5.40 MatheMatics-i
i j k
2 2 2
Ñ×F =
2x 2y 2z
x+y y+z –x
SR 2 2 WV RS 2 2 VW SR 2 2 WV
= i SSS ]– xg – ^ y + z hWWW – j SSS ]– xg – ^ x + yhWWW + k SSS ^ y + z h – ^ x + yhWWW
2y 2z 2x 2z 2x 2y
T X T X T X
= i 60 – ]0 + 1g@ – j 5– 1 – 0? + k 60 – ]0 + 1g@

= i ]– 1g – j ]– 1g + k ]– 1g
=–i+j–k
Let, f = 2x + y + z, then
4 φ dx dy
nt.ds = .
4φ nt.kt
2i + j + k dx dy
= .
4 +1+1 2i + j+k t
.k
4 +1+1
2i + j + k dx dy
= . J
6 KK 2 j k OON t
KK i+ + O .k
L 6 6 6 OP
2i + j + k dx dy
= .J
6 KK 1 NOO
KK OO
L 6P
= (2i + j + k) dx dy
1 2 – 2x

\ ## 4 × F .nds
t = # # ^ – i + j – k h . ^2i + j + k h dx dy
s 0 0
1 2 – 2x

= ## ]– 2 + 1 – 1g dx dy
0 0
1 2 – 2x

= ## – 2 dx dy
0 0
1 2 – 2x

= ## ^ – 2dyh dx
0 0
1 1

= # 6– 2y@0
2 – 2x
dx = # 6– 2]2 – 2xg + 2]0g@dx
0 0
1 1

= # 5– 4 + 4x + 0?dx = # ]– 4 + 4xgdx
0 0
1R
2 V1 RS V
= # SSSS– 4x + 4. x2 WWWW 0
= SSS– 4 ]1g + 4 ]0g +
4 ]1g2
2
–4
]0g2 WW
2 W
W
0 T X T X
=–4+0+2–0
=–2

\ ## 4 × F .nds
t =–2 ... (2)
s

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.41
From equations (1) and (2),

\ # F .dr = ## 4 × F .nds
t =–2
C s

Hence, Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Q64. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = (x2 – y2) i + 2xy j over the box bounded by the planes x = 0, x = a, y = 0,
y = b, z = 0, z = c.
Answer :
Given that,

F = (x2 – y2) i + 2xy j and

x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0 and z = c

By Stoke’s theorem,

∫ F .dr = ∫ curl F .n d s
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇.F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2
( x − y ) 2 xy 0

∂ ∂  ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ 2 
= i  (0) − (2 xy ) − j  (0) − ( x 2 − y 2 ) + k  (2 xy ) − ( x − y 2 )
 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂y 

= i (0) − j (0) + k [2 y − (− 2 y )]

= k (2 y + 2 y ) = 4

R.H.S

∫ curl F .n d s = k (4 y )n .ds

 k .n ds = dx dy and R is a region on xy-plane.

a b a b 
∫ curl F .n.ds = ∫ ∫ 4 y. dy dx = ∫ ∫
0 0 0
 4 y dy  dx
0




a b a
4y2 
∫ [2 y
2 b
= ∫
0
  dx =
 2  0 0
]0 dx

a a

∫ ∫
2
= 2 [b − 0] dx = 2b dx
2

0 0

a
= 2b 2 [ x]0 = 2b2[a – 0]

∫ curl F .n.ds = 2ab

2
∴ = R.H.S

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5.42 MatheMatics-i
L.H.S
dr = i dx + j dy

F = (x2 – y2) + (2 xy)

∫ F.dr = ∫ [( x
2
− y 2 )i + (2 xy ) j ][dx i + dy j ]

= ∫ [( x
2
− y 2 )dx + (2 xy )dy ] ... (1)
z
z =c
y=b
D C

A B
x
x=0
y=0 x=a
z=0
Figure
Along AB axis, y = 0, dy = 0
By substituting in equation (1),
a a
= ∫
0
[( x 2 − 0)dx + 0] =
∫[x
2
] dx
0

Along BC axis, x = a, dx = 0
By substituting in equation (1),
b b
= ∫
0
[0 + (2 ay )dy ] =
∫ 2ay dy
0
Along CD axis, y = b, dy = 0
By substituting in equation (1),
a a

= ∫
0
[( x 2 − b 2 )dx + 0] =
∫ [( x
2
− b 2 )dx]
0

Along AD axis, x = 0, dx = 0
By substituting in equation (1),
b

∫ [(0 − y
2
= )0 + 0] = 0
0
a b a

∴
∫ F.dr = AB + BC – CD – AD = ∫ 0
∫
0
∫
x 2 .dx + 2ay.dy − ( x 2 − b 2 )dx − 0
0

a b a
 x3   y2   x3  2 a  a3   b2   a3 
=   +  2 a  −   + b [ x ]0 =  − 0  +  2 a − 0 −  − 0 + b 2 [a − 0]
 3  0  2 
0  3  0  3   2   3 

a3 2 a3
= + ab − + ab 2 = 2ab2
3 3
∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
∴
∫ F .dr = ∫ curl F .n.ds = 2 ab
2

Hence, Stoke’s theorem is verified.

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.43
→ → → →
Q65. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = (2x – y) i – yz2 j – y2 z k where S is the upper half surface x2 + y2 + z2 =
1 of the sphere and C is its boundary.
Answer :
Given that,

F = (2x – y) i – y z2 j – y2 zk

Surface, x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 in xy-plane.

By Stoke’s theorem,
∫ F.d r = ∫∫ curl F.xdS
C S

i j k
curl F = ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂z
2 x − y − yz 2 − y2z

 ∂ ∂ 2   ∂ ∂   ∂ 2 ∂ 
2
= i (− y z ) + ( yz )  − j  (− y 2 z ) − (2 x − y )  + k  (− yz ) − (2 x − y ) 
 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂x 

= i (–2yz + 2yz) – j (0 – 0) + k (0 + 1) = k

dx dy
∫∫ curl F.n dS = ∫∫ n .k
R
n .k
S

Where, R is the projection in xy-plane,

1 1− x 2

∫∫ dx dy = 4 ∫ ∫ dy dx [x2 + y2 = 1 Þ y = 1 − x2 ]
R x =0 y =0

=4 ∫
x =0
1 − x 2 dx

1
x 2 1 −1 
= 4  1 − x + sin x 
 2 2 0
 1 −1 
= 4  sin (1)
2 
2π
= =π ... (1)
2

∫ F .d r = ∫ (2 x − y) dx
C C
( z = 0, i.e., xy-plane)

Let, x = cos θ ⇒ dx = – sinθ dθ

y = sin θ
θ = 0 to 2π
2π

∴ ∫ ∫
F .d r = (2 x − y ) dx = ∫ (2 cos θ − sin θ) (–sin θ) dθ
0
C C

2π

∫ [− sin 2θ + sin
2
= θ]dθ
0

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5.44 MatheMatics-i
2π 2π
cos 2θ 1 − cos 2θ
=
2 0
+ ∫
0
2
dθ

2π 2π
cos 4π cos 0 1 cos 2θ
=
2
−
2
+ ∫
0
2
dθ −
0
2 ∫
dθ

1 1 1 2p 1 sin 2θ 2p
= 2 – 2 + 2θ –2 2 ; ;
0 0

2π 1 sin 0
= 0+ − .sin 4π +
2 4 4
= 0+π+0+0= π ... (2)
∴ From equations (1) and (2)

∫ F.d r = ∫∫ curl F.ndS

C S
Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Q66. Use stokes theorem to evaluate the integral # A.dr where, A = 2y i + 3x j – (2x + z)k, and C is the
2 2

boundary of the triangle whose vertices are (0, 0, 0) (2, 0 0), (2, 2, 0).
Answer :
Given that,

A = 2 y 2 iˆ + 3 x 2 ˆj – (2 x + z )kˆ

The vertices of triangles are (0, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0), (2, 2, 0)

  
By stoke’s theorem, ∫ A. dr = ∫∫ (curl A.nˆ) ds
c s

iˆ ˆj kˆ
  ∂ ∂ ∂
Curl ∫c
A = ∇× A =
∂x ∂y ∂z
2y2 3x 2 – (2 x + z )

 ∂ ∂ 2  ˆj  ∂ (–(2 x + z ) − ∂ (2 y 2 )  + kˆ  ∂ (3 x 2 ) − ∂ (2 y 2 ) 
= iˆ  (–(2 x + z ) − (3 x )  –  ∂x 
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z   ∂x ∂y 

= iˆ(0) – ˆj (–2) + kˆ(6 x – 4 y )

= 2 ˆj + (6 x – 4 y )kˆ

∴ Curl A = 2 ˆj + (6 x – 4 y )kˆ

The z co-ordinate of each vertex of the triangle is zero. Therefore the triangle lies in the xy - plane as shown in the figure.

∴ nˆ = kˆ

Curl A. nˆ = (2 ˆj + (6 x – 4 y ) kˆ). kˆ

= 6x – 4y

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.45
y Cube is bounded by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1
By Gauss divergence theorem,

# # F .nds = # # # 4 .F dv
s v
B (2, 2)
Calculating the value of # # F .nds over the six faces
s
of the cube, as shown in figure,
Z

E F
x
O (0, 0) A(2, 0) A
B

Y
G H
Figure D
C
2–0 X
The equation of the line OB is y – 0 = ( x – 0)
2–0 (i) For the face ABCD, nt = it , x = 1
Þ y=x 1 1

   # # Fr .nds
t = # # (4xzi – y2 j + zyk) idy
t dz

∫
∴ A. dr =
c
∫∫
(curl A. nˆ ) ds
s
ABCD 0
1
0
1

2 x
= # # 4xz.dy dz
= # # (6x – 4y) dxdy 0
1
0
1
x=0 y=0
= # # 4 (1) .zdz.dy [ a x = 1]
x
2  0 0

∫∫
=  (6 x – 4 y ) dy  dx

1
2 1
0 0  = # 4c z2 m0 dy
0
2 x
 4y2  1

0
∫
=  6 xy –
2
 dx

0
= # 4 2 2
2 (1 – 0 ) dy
0
2 1
= ∫
0
(6 x 2 – 2 x 2 ) dx 4
=2 # dy
0

= 2 6 y@0
2 2
 4x3  4 1
= ∫
0
(4 x 2 ) dx = 
 3


0
4
= 2 [1 – 0]
4 32
= (8) = = 2(1) = 2
3 3
  32 (ii) For the face HFEG, nt = – it , x = 0
∫
∴ A. dr =
3 1 1
c
# # Fr .nds
t = # # (4xzi – y2 j + zyk) (– i) dy dz
Q67. State Gauss divergence theorem in plane and HFEG 0 0
verify the theorem for Fr = 4xz ri – y 2rj + zykr over 1 1
the cube x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z= 0, z = 1. = # # – 4xz.dy dz
Answer : 0 0

1 1
For answer refer Unit-5, Q29.
=– # # – 4 (z) 0.dy dz [ a x = 0]
Given that, 0 0

F = 4xzi – y2j + zyk =0

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5.46 MatheMatics-i

(iii) For the face HFBC, nt = tj , y = 1

1 1
# # Fr .nds
t = # # (4xzi – y2 j + zyk) tjdx dz
HFBC 0 0

1 1
= # # – y2 dx dz
0 0

1 1
=– # # (1) 2 dx dz [ a y = 1]
0 0

1 1 1
=– # # dxdz =– # [x]10 dz
0 0 0
1
=– # (1 – 0) dz
0
1
=–1 # 1dz
0

= – 1 5 z?10
= – 1(1 – 0) = – 1
(iv) For the face AEGD, nt = – tj , y = 0
1 1
# # Fr .nds
t = # # (4xzi – y2 j + zyk) (– tj) dx dz
AEGD 0 0

1 1
=– # # y 2 dx dz
0 0

1 1
=– # # (0) 2 dxdz [ a y = 0]
0 0

=0
(v) For the face AEFB, nt = kt , z = 1
1 1
t = # # (4xzi – y 2 j + zyk) kdx dy
# # Fr .nds
AEFB 0 0

1 1
= # # zy.dx dy
0 0

1 1
= # # (y dy) dx [ a z = 1]
0 0

1 1
2 1
= # c y2 m0 dx = 12 # (12 – 02) dx
0 0
1
1 1 5x?1
= 2 # 1dx = 2 0
0
1 1
= 2 ( 1 – 0) = 2

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.47
(vi) For the face GHCD, nt = – kt , z = 0
1 1
# # Fr .nds
t = # # (4xzi – y 2 j + zyk) (– k) dx dy
GHCD 0 0

1 1
= # # – zy.dx dy
0 0

1 1
= # # (– 0) y.dxdy [ a z = 0] =0
0 0

\ # # F .nds
t = # # F .nds
t + # # F .nds
t + # # F .nds
t + # # F .nds
t + # # F .nds
t + # # F .nds
t
ABCD HFEG HFBC AEGD AEFB GHCD
Substituting the corresponding values in above equation,
1
# # F .nds
t = 2 + 0 + (– 1) + 0 +
2 +0
3
=2

3
\ # # F .nds
t =
2 ... (1)
1 1 1
# # # 4 .Fr .dv = # # # 4 . (4xzi – y2 j + zyk) dv
v 0 0 0
1 1 1
= # # # ci 22x + j 22y + k 22z m (4xzi – y j + zyk) dv 2

0 0 0
1 1 1
= # # # c 22x (4xz) – 22y (y2) + 22y (zy) mdx dy dz
0 0 0
1 1 1
= # # # (4z – 2y + z) dx dy dz
0 0 0
1 1 1
= # # # (5z – 2y ) dx dy dz
0 0 0
1 1
2 1
= # # c5zy – 2. y2 m0 dx dz
0 0
1 1
= # # [5zy – y2]10 dx dz
0 0
1 1 1 1
= # # (5z (1) – (1) ) – (5z (0) – 0 )) dx dz = # # (5z – 1) dx dz
2 2

0 0 0 0

1 1
# ;5. z2 – zE dx = # dd5c (12) m – (1) n – d 5 c (0) m – 0 nn dx
2 1 2 2
=
0 2
0 0
1 1
= # cb5b 12 l– 1 l – 0 mdx = # 3
2 dx
0 0
1
3
=2 # 1dx = 32 5x?10 = 32 (1 – 0) = 32
0

\ # # # 4 .Fr .dv = 32 ... (2)

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5.48 MatheMatics-i
From equations (1) and (2),

# # F.nt ds = # # # 4 .F dv
v

Hence, Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Q68. Evaluate #s F.ds using Gauss divergence theorem, where F = 2xy ri + yz2rj + zkr and S is the surface of the
region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + 2z = 6.
Answer :
Given that,
F = 2xyir + yz 2 rj + zkr
S is the surfac of the region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, x + 2z = 6
From Gauss divergence theorem,

# F .ds = # 4 .F dv
S v

Þ r = # # # ; 22Fx1 + 22Fy2 + 22Fz3 E dxdydz

# # (2xyi + yz2 j + zk) .nds
S v

Where, F1 = 2xy, F2 = yz , F3 = z 2

2F1 2F2 2 2F3

2x = 2y, 2y = z and 2z = 1

\ # # (2xyi + yz2 j + zk) .nds

r = # # # (2y + z 2 + 1) dxdydz
S v

x + 2z = 6
When x = 0, 2z = 6
Þ 2z = 6
Þ z=3
\ z varies from 0 to 3
x = 6 – 2z
Þ x varies from 0 to 6 – 2z
x + 2z = 6 indicates XZ plane.
If xy plane is considered, then
x + 2y = 6
When x = 0, 2y = 6
Þ y=3
\ y varies from 0 to 3
3 3 6 – 2z
\ # F .d s = # # # (2y + z 2 + 1) dx dy dz
S 0 0 0

3 3
= # # (2y + z2 + 1) [x] 60 – 2z dy dz
0 0

3 3
= # # (2y + z2 + 1) (6 – 2z – 0) dy dz
0 0

3 3
= # # (2y (6 – 2z) + z2 (6 – 2z) + 6 – 2z) dy dz
0 0

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Unit-5 Vector Calculus 5.49
3 3
= # # (12y – 4yz + 6z2 – 2z3 + 6 – 2z) dy dz
0 0

3
# <122y – 2 z + 6z 2 y – 2z3 y + 6y – 2yzF dz
2 3
4y 2
=
0
0

3
= # [6 (3) 2 – 2 (3) 2 z + 6z2 (3) – 2z3 (3) + 6 (3) – 2 (3) z] dz
0
3
= # [54 – 18z + 18z2 – 6z3 + 18 – 6z] dz
0

3
= # (72 – 24z + 18z2 – 6z3) dz
0

= ;72z – 24 z + 18 z – 6 z E
2 3 4 3
2 3 4 0

= <72 (3) – 24 F
2 3 4
( 3) ( 3) (3)
2 + 18 3 – 6 4 – 0
243
= 216 – 108 + 162 – 2

297
= 2

\ # F.ds = 297
2
S

Q69. Evaluate ### div FdV , where F = y i + xj + z 2

k over the surface of the cylinder x2 + y2 = a2, z = 0 and
V
z = h.
Answer :
Given vector field is,
F = yi + xj + z2k
The cylindrical region is bounded by x2 + y2 = a2, z = 0 and z = h
Z

Figure

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5.50 MatheMatics-i

### 4 .F dV = ### 4_ yi + xj + z k idx dy dz 2

V V

a a2 – x2 h
J N
= # # # KKKi 22x + j 22y + k 22z OOO _ yi + xj + z k idx dy dz
2

–a – a2 – x2 0
L P

a a2 – x2 h
J N
= # # # KKK 22x y + 22y x + 22z z OOOdx dy dz
2

–a – a2 – x2 0
L P

a a2 – x2 h

= # # # ]0 + 0 + 2zgdx dy dz
–a – a2 – x2 0

a a2 – x2 h

= # # # 2z.dz.dx dy
–a – a2 – x2 0

a2 – x2
a RS 2 VWh
= # # SS z WW dx dy
S2. 2 W0
–a – a2 – x2 T X
a a2 – x2

= # # 6h 2 – 0@ dx dy
–a – a2 – x2

a a2 – x2 a

= h 2
# # dy dx = h 2 # 6 y@ –
a2 – x2

a2 – x2
dx
–a – a2 – x2 –a
a

= h2 #7 a 2 – x 2 + a 2 – x 2A dx
–a
a a

= h 2
#2 2 2
a – x dx = 2h 2
# a 2 – x 2 dx
–a –a
RS J x ONVWWa
Sx a2 –1 K
= 2h 2 SS 2 2 K OW
S 2 a – x + 2 sin K a OWW– a
T L PX
SRSSRS a V R
a 2 –1 JK a NOWW SS – a a2
V
J – a NOWVWWW
2h 2 SSSS KK OOWW – SS –1 K
KK OOWWWW
= a 2
– a 2
+ sin a 2
– ]– ag2 + sin
SS 2 W S WW
TT
2 L a PX T 2 2 L a PXX
RS VW
a2 a2
2h 2 SSS ]0g + W
a a 2
= sin –1 ]1g + a – a2 – sin –1 ]– 1gWW
2 2 2 2
T X
RS 2J N 2 VW
S a K π O a a W
= 2h 2 SS0 + KK OO + ]0g + sin –1 ]1gWWW
S 2 L2P 2 2
T X
RS 2 2 J NV W RS 2 2 V
= 2h 2 SSS
a π a KK π OOWW = 2h 2 SS a π a π WWW
+ 0 + +
S 4 2 KL 2 OPWW S 4 4 W
T X T X
2h 2 .2a 2 π
= = h2a2π
4
\ ### 4 .F dV = h a π.
2 2

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