Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 1

UNIT - IV
VECTOR DIFFERENTIATION
SYLLABUS :
Introduction, Scalar point functions, Vector point functions, Vector
differential operator  , Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Solenoidal,
irrotational, identities.

1. Define Gradient?
Solution :
Let  (x, y, z) define as a scalar field. That is  is differentiable
at each point (x, y, z) in a certain region of space. Then the Gradient of
 is denoted by   or grad  is defined by
     
grad  =  = i + y j + k
x z
grad  is vector field.

2. Define divergent?
Solution :
If F (x, y, z) is defined and differentiable vector point function at
each point (x, y, z) in a certain region of space. Then the divergent of F
is denoted by  . F or div F (div F is scalar field) is defined by
F1 F2 F3
div F =  .F = + +
x y z

3. Define curl?
Solution :
If F (x, y, z) is a differentiable vector point function in a certain
region of space. Then the curl (rotational) of F is denoted by   F
or Curl F (Curl F is vector field) is defined by
2 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I

i j k
  
Curl F =   F = x y z
F1 F2 F3

4. Define Solenoidal Vector?

Solution :
If a vector such that div F = 0 for all ponts in a region. Then it
is said to be a Solenoidal Vector in that region.
 .F = 0

5. Define Irrotational Vector(Lamellar Vector)?

Solution :
If F is a vector such that curl F for all ponts in a region. Then it
is called Irrotational Vector (Lamellar Vector) in that region.
curl F = 0
Formula :
     
1. Gradient   = i + y j + k
x z

F1 F2 F
2. Divergent   .F = + y + 3
x z

i j k
  
3. Curl F    F = x y z
F1 F2 F3

4. Solenoidal Vector   =0
5. Irrotational Vector   F =0

6. Unit normal vector to Surface  n̂ = |  |
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 3

a
7. Unit normal vector  n̂ = | a |

dr
8. Unit tangent vector  n̂ = | dr |

 . a
8. Directional Derivative Vector = | a | =   . n̂

9. Maximum Directional Directive =  

9. Magnitude of Maximum Directional Directive = |   |
9. Maximum Value of Maximum Directional Directive = |   |
9. Greatest rate of increase of  = |   |
10. Normal Derivative = |   |
1 . 2
10. Angle between the Surfaces = |  ||  |
1 2
 
11. Work done to the force =  Fdr
C

12. Equation of tangent to the plane is ( r – a ) .   = 0

   
Where Point (a1, a2, a3)  a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
  
and r = x i + y j + z k
13. Equation of normal to the line is ( r – a ) ×   = 0
4 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
PROBLEMS :

1. Prove that div grad (  ) =  2  .

Solution :
     
grad (  ) =   = i + y j + k
x z
  
F1 = F2 = y F3 =
x z

F1  2 F2  2 F3  2

= = y 2 =
x x 2 y z z 2
F1 F2 F3
 .F = + +
x y z

 2  2  2
div grad (  ) = + y 2 + y 2
x 2
=  2

2. If  = x2 + y2 + z2 – 8 then find grad  at (2, 0, 2).

Solution :
Fiunctiuon Point
 = x2 + y2 + z2 – 8 (2, 0, 2)
 
= 2x = 2(2) = 4
x x
 
= 2y = 2(0) = 0
y y

 
= 2z = 2(2) = 4
z z
     
grad  =  = i + y j + k
x z
  
= 4i + 0 j + 4k
 
= 4i + 4k
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 5
3. If  (x, y, z) = x2y – 2y2z3 find   at the point (1, – 1, 2).
Solution :
Fiunctiuon Point
 = x y – 2y z
2 2 3
(1, – 1, 2).
 
= 2xy = 2(1)(– 1) = – 2
x x
 
= x2 – 4y z3 = 1 – 4(– 1)(8) = 33
y y

 
= – 6 y2 z2 = – 6(1) (4) = – 24
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= – 2 i + 33 j – 24 k

4. If  = y2x – y2z find   at the point (1, 1, 2).

Solution :
Fiunctiuon Point
 =yx–yz
2 2
(1, 1, 2)
 
= y2 = 1
x x
 
= 2yx – 2yz = 2 –4=–2
y y

 
= – y2 = –1
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= i –2 j – k
6 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
5. If  = x + x2y + yz2 find   at the point (1, 0, 0).
Solution :
Fiunctiuon Point
 = x + xy + yz
2 2
(1, 0, 0)
 
= 1 + y2 = 1
x x
 
= 2 xy + z2 = 0
y y

 
= 2 yz = 0
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= i + 0 j + 0k

= i

6. If  (x, y, z) = 3x2y – y3z2 find   at the point (1, – 2, 1).

Solution :
Fiunctiuon Point
 = 3x y – y z
2 3 2
(1, – 2, 1).
 
= 6xy = 6(1)(– 2) = – 12
x x
 
= 3x2 – 3y2 z2 = 3 – 12 = – 9
y y

 
= – 2 y3 z = – 2(–2)3 (1) = 16
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= – 12 i – 9 j + 16 k
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 7
7. Find   at (1, 1, 1), if  = x2y + y2x + z2 .
Solution :
Fiunctiuon Point
 =xy+yx+z
2 2 2
(1, 1, 1)
 
= 2xy + y2 = 2+1=3
x x
 
= x2 + 2xy = 1+2=3
y y

 
= 2z = 2(1) = 2
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= 3i + 3 j + 2k

8. Find   , if  = 2xz – y2 at the point (1, 3, 2).

Solution :
Fiunctiuon
Fiunctiuon Point
 = 2xz – y2
(1, 3, 2)
 
= 2z = 4
x x
 
= – 2y = –6
y y

 
= 2x = 2
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= 4i – 6 j + 2k
8 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
9. Find   , if  = xyz – x2.
Solution :
Fiunctiuon
 = xyz – x2
  
= yz – 2x = xz = xy
x y z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = (yz – 2x) i + xz j + xy k

10. Find   , if  = x2 y3 z2.

Solution :
Fiunctiuon
 = x2 y3 z2
  
= 2xy3z2 = 3x2 y2 z2 = 2x2 y3z
x y z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= 2xy3z2 i + 3x2 y2 z2 j + 2x2 y3z k

11. What is the greates rate of increasing of  = x y z2 at (1, 0, 3).

Solution :
Fiunctiuon Point
 = x y z2 (1, 0, 3)
 
= y z2 = 0(3)2 = 0
x x
 
= x z2 = 1(3)2 = 9
y y
 
= 2x y z = 2(1)(0)(3) = 0
z z
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 9
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
   
= 0i + 9 j + 0k = 9 j

Greates rate of increasing = |   | = (0)2  (0) 2  (9)2 = 9


12. Compute curl F at the point (1, – 1, 1) for the vector function
   
F = x2z i + y3z2 j + xy2 z k .
Solution :
   
F = x2z i + y3z2 j + xy2 z k
F1 = x2z, F2 = y3z2, F3 = xy2 z

i j k i j k
     
Curl F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 x2z y3 z 2 xy 2 z
  
Curl F = (2xyz – 2y3z) i – (y2z – x2) j + (0 – 0) k
At the point (1, – 1, 1)
 
Curl F = [2(1)(–1)(1) – 2(–1)(1)] i – [(1)(1) – 1)] j
 
= [– 2 + 2] i – [1 – 1] j
= 0
  
13. If F = 3x2y i – 4xy2 j + 2xyz k , find curl F .
Solution :
   
F = 3x2y i – 4xy2 j + 2xyz k
F1 = 3x2y, F2 = – 4xy2, F3 = 2xyz

i j k i j k
     
Curl F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 3 x y  4 xy 2
2
2 xyz
  
= (2xz + 0) i – (2yz – 0) j + (– 4y2 – 3x2) k
  
= 2xz i – 2yz j – (4y2 + 3x2) k
10 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
  
14. Find curl F if F = xy i + yz j + zx k .
Solution :
   
F = xy i + yz j + zx k
F1 = xy F2 = yz F3 = zx

i j k i j k
     
Curl F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 xy yz zx
  
= (0 – y) i – (z – 0) j + (0 – x) k
  
= – yi – z j – xk
  
15. If F = xz3 i – 2xyz j + xz k , find curl F at (1, 2, 0).
Solution :
   
F = xz3 i – 2xyz j + xz k
F1 = xz3 F2 = – 2xyz F3 = xz

i j k i j k
     
Curl F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 xz 3  2 xyz xz
  
= (0 + 2xy) i – (z – 3xz2) j + (– 2yz – 0) k
  
= 2xy i – (z – 3xz2) j – 2yz k
At the point (1, 2, 0)
  
Curl F = 2xy i – (z – 3xz2) j – 2yz k
  
= 2(1)(2) i – (0 – 3(1)(0)2) j – 2(2)(0) k

= 4i

16. Find the directional derivative of xyz – xy2z3 at the point (1, 2, –1)

in the direction of the vector i – j – 3 k .
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 11
Solution :
Function Point
 = xyz – xy2z3 (1, 2, –1)
 
= yz – y2z3 = –2+4 =2
x x
 
= xz – 2xyz3 = –1+4 =3
y y

 
= xy – 3xy2 z2 = 2 – 12 = – 10
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 2 i + 3 j – 10 k
 
a = i – j – 3k

|a| = (1) 2  (1)2  ( 3)2 = 1  1  9 = 11
      
 . a (2i  3 j  10k ) . (i  j  3k )
Directional Derivative =  =
|a| 11

2  3  30 29
= =
11 113

17. Find the directional derivative of yz + xz + xy at (1, 1, 1) in the

direction i + j .
Solution :
Function Point
 = yz + xz + xy (1, 1, 1)
 
= z+y = 1+1 =2
x x
 
= z+x = 1+1 =2
y y
 
= y+x = 1+1=2
z z
12 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 2i + 2 j + 2k

a = i + j

|a| = (1) 2  (1) 2 = 1 1 = 2
     
 . a (2i  2 j  2k ) . (i  j )
Directional Derivative =  =
|a| 2
22 4
= = =2 2
2 2

18. Find the directional derivative of  = 4xz2 + x2yz at (2, –1, 2) in

  
the direction 2 i +3 j + 4 k .
Solution :
Function Point
 = 4xz2 + x2yz (2, –1, 2)
 
= 4z2 + 2xyz = 16 – 8 = 8
x x
 
= x2 z = (2)2 2 = 8
y y
 
= 8xz + x2y = 32 – 4 = 28
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 8 i + 8 j + 28 k
   
a = 2 i +3 j + 4 k

|a| = (2) 2  (3) 2  (4) 2 = 4  9  16 = 29

 . a
Directional Derivative = 
|a|
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 13
     
(8i  8 j  28k ) . ( 2i  3 j  4k )
=
29
16  24  112 152
= =
29 29

19. Find the directional derivative of  = 4xz2 + x2yz at (1, – 2, –1) in

  
the direction 2 i – j – 2 k .
Solution :
Function Point
 = 4xz2 + x2yz (1, – 2, –1)
 
= 4z2 + 2xyz = 4+4 =8
x x
 
= x2 z = (1)2 (–1) = –1
y y

 
= 8xz + x2y = – 8 – 2 = – 10
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 8 i – j – 10 k
   
a = 2i – j – 2k

|a| = (2) 2  (1) 2  (2) 2 = 4  1  4 = 3
      
 . a (8i  j  10k ) . ( 2i  j  2k )
Directional Derivative =  =
|a| 3

16  1  20 37
= =
3 3

9. Find the directional derivative of  = 2xy + 5yz + xz at (1, 2, 3)

  
in the direction 3 i – 5 j + 4 k .
14 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
Solution :
Function Point
 = 2xy + 5yz + xz (1, 2, 3)
 
= 2y + z = 4+3 =7
x x
 
= 2x + 5z = 2 + 15 = 17
y y

 
= 5y + x = 10 + 1 = 11
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 7 i + 17 j + 11 1k
   
a = 3i – 5 j + 4k

|a| = (3) 2  (5) 2  (4) 2 = 9  25  16 = 50 = 5 2
      
 . a (7i  17 j  11k ) . (3i  5 j  4k )
Directional Derivative =  =
|a| 5 2
21  85  44 20 4
= = – = =–2 2
5 2 5 2 2

20. Find the directional derivative of  = 2x2 + 3y2 + z2 at (2, 1, 3) in

 
the direction i – 2 k .
Solution :
Function Point
 = 2x + 3y + z
2 2 2
(2, 1, 3)
 
= 4x = 8
x x
 
= 6y = 6
y y

 
= 2z = 6
z z
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 15
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 8i + 6 j + 6k
  
a = i – 2k

|a| = (1) 2  (0) 2  (2) 2 = 1 4 = 5

 . a
Directional Derivative = 
|a|
    
(8i  6 j  6k ) . (i  2k )
=
5
8  12 4
= =–
5 5

21. Find the directional derivative of  = xyz – xy2z3 at (1, 2, – 1) in

  
the direction i – j – 3 k .
Solution :
Function Point
 = xyz – xy2z3 (1, 2, – 1)
 
= yz – y2z3 = –2+4=2
x x
 
= xz – 2xyz3 = –1+4=3
y y

 
= xy – 3xy2z2 = 2 – 12 = – 10
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 2 i + 3 j – 10 k
   
a = i – j – 3k

|a| = (1) 2  (1) 2  (3) 2 = 1  1  9 = 11
16 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I

 . a
Directional Derivative = 
|a|
     
(2i  3 j  10k ) .(i  j  3k )
=
11
2  3  30 29
= =
11 11

22. Find the directional derivative of  = 4xz2 + 2xyz at (1, 2, 3) in

  
the direction 2 i + j – k .
Solution :
Function Point
 = 4xz2 + 2xyz (1, 2, 3)
 
= 4z2 + 2yz = 36 + 12 = 48
x x
 
= 2xz = 6
y y

 
= 8xz + 2xy = 24 + 4 = 28
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 2 i + 3 j – 10 k
   
a = 2i + j – k

|a| = (2) 2  (1) 2  (1) 2 = 4  1  1 = 6

 . a
Directional Derivative = 
|a|
     
(48i  6 j  28k ) .(2i  j  k )
=
6
96  6  28 74
= =
6 6
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 17
23. Find the directional derivative of  = x2y2z2 at (1, – 1, 1) in the
direction of the tangent to the curve x = et, y = sin 2t + 1,
z = 1 – cos t at t = 0.
Solution :
Function Point
 =xyz2 2 2
(1, – 1, 1)
 
= 2 xy2z2 = 2(1)2(– 1)2(1)2 = 2
x x
 
= 2 x2yz2 = 2(1)2(– 1)(1)2 = –2
y y

 
= 2 x2y2z = 2(1)2(– 1)2(1) = 2
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
 = 2i – 2 j + 2k
   
Let r = xi + y j + z k
x = et y = sin 2t + 1 z = 1 – cos t
   
r = e i + (sin 2t + 1) j + (1 – cos t ) k
t


dr   
= et i + 2 cos 2t j + sin t k
dt

dr   
at t = 0, = e0 i + 2 cos 0 j + sin 0 k
dt
  
a = i +2 j

|a| = (1) 2  (2) 2 =
1 4 = 5
     
a (2i  2 j  2k ) . (i  2 j )
Directional Derivative =   .  =
|a| 5

24 2
= =–
5 5
18 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
24. In what direction from (3, 1, – 2) is the directional derivative of
 = x2y2z2 maximum? Find also the magnitude of this maximum.
Solution :
Function Point
 = x2y2z2 (3, 1, – 2)
 
= 2xy2z2 = 2(3)(1)2(–2)2 = 24
x x
 
= 2x2yz2 = 2(3)2 (1)(–2)2 = 72
y y

 
= 2x2y2z = 2(3)2(1)2(–2) = – 36
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 24 i + 72 j – 36 k
  
Maximum directional derivative =   = 24 i + 72 j – 36 k
| | = ( 24)2  (76)2  (36) 2 = 576  5776  1296 = 7648
Magnitude of Maximum directional derivative = |   |
= 7648

25. Find the maximum directional derivative of  = 2x2 + 3y2 + 5z2

at the point (1, 1, – 4).
Solution :
Function Point
 = 2x + 3y + 5z
2 2 2
(1, 1, – 4)
 
= 4x = 4(1) = 4
x x
 
= 6y = 6(1) = 6
y y
 
= 10z = 10(–4) = – 40
z z
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 19
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 4 i + 6 j – 40 k
  
Maximum directional derivative =   = 4 i + 6 j – 40 k

| | = (4) 2  (6) 2  (40) 2

= 16  36  1600 = 1652
Magnitude of Maximum directional derivative = |   |
= 1652

26. Find the normal derivative of  = x3 – y3 + z at (1, – 1, 1).

Solution :
Function Point
 = x3 – y3 + z (1, – 1, 1)
 
= 3x2 = 3(1)2 = 3
x x
 
= – 3y2 = –3(–1)2 = –3
y y

 
= 1 = 1
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= 3i – 3 j + k

| | = (3) 2  (3) 2  (1) 2

= 9  9 1 = 19
Normal Derivative = |   | = 19
20 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
27. Find the unit normals to the surface z2 = xy at (1, 1, – 1).
Solution :
Function Point
 = z – xy
2
(1, 1, – 1)
 
= –y = – (1) = – 1
x x
 
= –x = – (1) = – 1
y y

 
= 2z = 2(– 1) = – 2
z z
        
 = i + y j + k = – i – j –2 k
x z

| | = ( 1) 2  ( 1) 2  ( 2) 2 = 11 4 = 6

  
  i  j  2k
Unit normal vector ( n̂ ) = =
|  | 6

28. Find the unit normals vector to the surface x3 + y2 = z at the points
(1, 1, 2).
Solution :
Function Point
 =x +y –z
3 2
(1, 1, 2)
 
= 3x2 = 3 (1) = 3
x x
 
= 2y = 2 (1) = 2
y y
 
= –1 = –1
z z
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= 3i + 2 j – k
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 21
| | = 9  4  1 = 14
  
 3i  2 j  k
Unit normal vector ( n̂ ) = =
|  | 14

29. Find a unit normal vector to the plane 2x + y + 2z = 6 .

Solution :
Function
 = 2x + y + 2z – 6
  
=2, y
= 1, =1
x z

     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= 2i + j + k
| | = 4 11 = 6
  
 2i  j  k
Unit normal vector ( n̂ ) = |  |
=
6

30. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x2 + y2 = z at (1, – 2, 5)

Solution :
Function Point
 =x +y –z
2 2
(1, – 2, 5)
 
= 2x = 2 (1) = 2
x x
 
= 2y = 2 (– 2) = – 4
y y

 
= –1 = –1
z z
        
 = i + y j + k = 2i – 4 j – k
x z
| | = 4  16  1 = 21
22 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
  
 2i  4 j  k
Unit normal vector ( n̂ ) = =
|  | 21

31. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x2 + y2 + 2z2 = 4 at

(1, 1, 1).
Solution :
Function Point
 = x + y + 2z – 4
2 2 2
(1, 1, 1)
 
= 2x = 2 (1) = 2
x x
 
= 2y = 2 (1) = 2
y y
 
= 4z = 4(1) = 4
z z
        
 = i + y j + k = 2i + 2 j + 4k
x z
| | = 4  4  16 = 24
  
 2i  2 j  4k
Unit normal vector ( n̂ ) = =
|  | 24

32. Find the angle between the normals to the surface x2 = yz at the
points (1, 1, 1) and (2, 4, 1).
Solution :
Function Points
 = x – yz
2
(1, 1, 1) (2, 4, 1)
 1 2
= 2x = 2 = 4
x x x

 1 2
= –z = –1 = –1
y y y

 1 2
= –y = –1 = –4
z z z
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 23
1  1    2  2  2 
 1 = i + y j + 1 k  2 = i + y j + k
x z x z
     
 1 = 2 i – j – k  2 = 4 i – j – 4 k
|  1 | = 4 11 |  2 | = 16  1  16
= 6 = 33
Angle between the Surfaces :
1 . 2
cos θ = |  ||  |
1 2
     
( 2i  j  k ).(4i  j  4k )
=
6 33
8 1 4 13
= =
198 198

1  13 
θ = cos  
 198 

33. Find the angle between the surface x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 and

z = x2 + y2 – 3 at (2, – 1, 2).
Solution :
Function Point Function Point
 1 = x + y + z – 9 (1, 1, – 1)
2 2 2
 1 = x +y –z–3 (2, – 1, 2)
2 2

1 1 2 2

= 2x = 2 = 2x = 4
x x x x
1 1 2 2
y
= 2y y
= 2 y
= 2y y
= –2

1 1 2 2

= 2z = –2 = –1 = –1
z z z z
1  1  1  2  2  2 
 1 = i + y j + k  2 = i + y j + k
x z x z
     
 1 = 2 i + 2 j – 2 k  2 = 4 i – 2 j – k
|  1 | = 444 |  2 | = 16  4  1
= 12 = 21
24 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
Angle between the Surfaces :
1 . 2
cos θ = |  ||  |
1 2
     
(2i  2 j  2k ).(4i  2 j  k )
=
12 21
842 6 1
= = =
12 21 2 3 3 7 7

34. Find ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that the surface ax3 – by2z = (a + 3) x2 and
4x2y – z3 = 11 cut orthogonally at (2, – 1, – 3).
Solution :
Let  1 = ax3 – by2z – (a + 3) x2 and  2 = 4x2y – z3 – 11
1
Function Point
 1 = ax – by2z – (a + 3) x2
3
(2, – 1, – 3)
1 1
= 3ax2 – 2(a +3) x = 3a(2)2 – 4 (a + 3)
x x
= 8a – 12
1 1
= – 2byz = – 2b(–1)(–3) = – 6 b
y y

1 1
= – by2 = – b (–1)2 = – b
z z
1  1  1 
1 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= (8a – 12) i – 6 b j – b k
Function Point
 2 = 4x y – z3 – 111
2
(2, – 1, – 3)
2 2
= 8xy = 8 (2) (–1) = – 16
x x
2 2
= 4x2 = 4 (2)2 = 16
y y
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 25
2 2
= – 3z2 = – 3(– 3)2 = – 27
z z
2  2  2 
2 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= – 16 i + 16 j – 27 k
If two surface cut orthogonally then cos θ = 0
(   1). (   2 ) = 0
     
[(8a – 12) i – 6 b j – b k ] . [– 16 i + 16 j – 27 k ] = 0
(8a – 12)(– 16) – 6b (16) – b(– 27) = 0
– 128a – 192 – 96 b + 27 b = 0
128a + 69 b + 192 = 0
128a + 69 b = – 192 ..... (1)
Since the point (2, – 1, – 3) lies on the surface  1(x, y, z) = 0
a(2)3 – b(–1)2(–3) – (a + 3) (2)2 = 0
8a – 3b – 4(a + 3) = 0
8a – 3b – 4a – 12 = 0
4a – 3b = 12 ....... (2)
Eq (1)  128 a + 69 b = – 192
Eq (2)  23  92 a – 69 b = 276
220 a = 276
276 69
a = =
220 55
69
Subst a = in eq (2)
55

 69 
4  – 3b = 12
 55 

 69 
3b = 4   – 12
 55 

 23   23  55 
b = 4  55  – 4 = 4  55 
   

  32  128
= 4  = –
 55  55
26 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
35. Find ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that the surface ax2 – byz = (a + 2) x and
4x2y + z3 = 4 cut orthogonally at (1, – 1, 2).
Solution :
Let  1 = ax2 – byz – (a + 2) x and  2 = 4x2y + z3 – 4
Function Point
 1 = ax – byz – (a + 2) x
2
(1, – 1, 2)
1 1
= 2ax – (a + 2) = 2a(1) – (a + 2) = a – 2
x x
1 1
= – bz = – b(2) = – 2b
y y

1 1
= – by = – b (–1) = b
z z
1  1  1 
1 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= (a – 2) i – 2 b j + b k
Function Point
 2 = 4x y + z3 – 4
2
(1, – 1, 2)
2 2
= 8xy = 8 (1) (–1) = – 8
x x
2 2
= 4x2 = 4 (1)2 = 4
y y
2 2
= 3z2 = 3(2)2 = 12
z z
2  2  2 
2 = i + y j + k
x z
  
= – 8 i + 4 j + 12 k
If two surface cut orthogonally then cos θ = 0
(   1). (   2 ) = 0
     
[(a – 2) i – 2b j + b k ] . [– 8 i + 4 j + 12 k ] = 0
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 27
(a – 2)(– 8) – 2b (4) + b(12) = 0
– 8a + 16 – 8b + 12 b = 0
– 8a + 4b + 16 = 0
8a – 4b = 16
2a – b = 4 ..... (1)
Since the point (1, – 1, 2) lies on the surface  1(x, y, z) = 0
a(1)2 – b(–1)(2) – (a + 2) (1) = 0
a + 2b – (a + 2) = 0
a + 2b – a – 2 = 0
2b – 2 = 0
2b = 2
b = 1
Subst b = 1 in eq (1), we get
2a – 1 = 4
2a = 4+1
2a = 5
5
a =
2

36. Find the unit tangent vector for the curve

   
r = a cos t i + a sin t j + ct k .
Solution :
x = a cos t y = a sin t z = ct
dx dy dz
= – a sin t = a cos t = c
dt dt dt
   
r = xi +y j +zk

dr dx  dy  dz 
= i + j + k
dt dt dt dt
 
dr  
= – a sin t i + a cos t j + c k
dt

dr
dt
= a 2 sin 2 t  a 2 cos 2 t  c 2

= a 2 (sin 2 t  cos 2 t )  c 2

= a2  c2
28 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I

dr   
dt  a sin t i  a cos t j  ck
Unit tangent vector ( n̂ ) = =
dr 2
a c 2

dt

37. Find the unit tangent vector for the curve

x = t2 + 1, y = 4t – 3, z = 2t2 – 6t at t = 2.
Solution :
x = t2 + 1 y = 4t – 3 z = 2t2 – 6t
dx dy dz
= 2t = 4 = 4t – 6
dt dt dt
   
r = xi +y j +zk

dr dx  dy  dz 
= i + j + k
dt dt dt dt

dr   
= 2 t i + 4 j + (4t – 6) k
dt

dr   
At t = 2 , = 4 i + 4 j + (8 – 6) k
dt
  
= 4i +4 j +2 k

dr
dt
= ( 4) 2  ( 4) 2  ( 2) 2

= 16  16  4
= 36 = 6

dr
dt
Unit tangent vector ( n̂ ) =
dr
dt
     
4 i  4 j  2k 2i 2 j k
= =
6 3
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 29
38. Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface
2xz2 – 3xy – 4x =7 at (1, – 1, 2)
Solution :
Function Point
 = 2xz – 3xy – 4x –7
2
(1, – 1, 2)
 
= 2z2 – 3y – 4 = 2(2)2 – 3(– 1) – 4 = 7
x x
 
y
= – 3x y
= – 3(1) = – 3

 
= 4 xz = 4(1)(2) = 8
z z
        
 = i + y j + k = 7i – 3 j + 8k
x z
Given point : (1, – 1, 2)
       
a = i – j + 2 k and r = xi + y j + zk
    
r – a = (x – 1) i + (y + 1) j + (z – 2) k

Equation of the tangent plane = ( r – a ) .   = 0
     
[(x – 1) i + (y + 1) j + (z – 2) k ]. [7 i – 3 j + 8 k ] = 0
7 (x – 1) – 3 (y + 1) + 8 (z – 2) = 0
7 x – 7 – 3y – 3 + 8 z – 16 = 0
7 x – 3y + 8 z – 26 = 0

39. Find the equation of the normal plane to the surface

2xz2 – 3xy – 4x =7 at (1, – 1, 2)
Solution :
Function Point
 = 2xz – 3xy – 4x –7
2
(1, – 1, 2)
 
= 2z2 – 3y – 4 = 2(2)2 – 3(– 1) – 4 = 7
x x
 
y
= – 3x y
= – 3(1) = – 3

 
= 4 xz = 4(1)(2) = 8
z z
30 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
  
  = 7i – 3 j + 8k
Given point : (1, – 1, 2)
   
a = i – j + 2k
   
r = xi + y j + zk
    
r – a = (x – 1) i + (y + 1) j + (z – 2) k
To find equation of the tangent plane :

( r – a ) ×   = 0

i j k
x 1 y 1 z  2
= 0
7 3 8
  
i [8(y + 1) + 3(z – 2)] – j [8(x – 1) –7(z – 2)]+ k [–3(x – 1)–7(y + 1)] = 0
  
Comparing i , j , k
8(y + 1) + 3(z – 2) = 0 8(x – 1) – 7(z – 2) = 0
8(y + 1) = – 3(z – 2) 8(x – 1) = 7(z – 2)
y 1 z2 x 1 z2
= ..... (1) = ... (2)
3 8 7 8
–3(x – 1)–7(y + 1) = 0
– 3(x – 1) = 7(y + 1)
– 3(x – 1) = 7(y + 1)
x 1 y 1
= ..... (3)
7 3
Equation eq (1), (2) and (3) we get
x 1 y 1 z2
= =
7 3 8
This is the required equation.
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 31
  
40. If   = yz i + xz j + xy k , find  .
Solution :
     
 = i + y j + k
x z

= yz   = xyz + C1 (integrate)
x

y
= xz   = xyz + C2


= xy   = xyz + C3
z
 = xyz + C
  
41. If   = 2xyz3 i + x2z3 j + 3x2yz2 k , find  (x, y,, z)
z given that
 (1, –2, 2) = 4.
Solution :
     
 = i + y j + k
x z

= 2xyz3   = x2yz3 + C1 (integrate)
x

= x2z3   = x2yz3 + C2
y

= 3x2yz2   = x2yz3 + C3
z
 = x2yz3 + C
 
42. Find  if F = ( 6xy + z3) i + (3x2 – z) j + (3xz2 – y) k .
Solution :
     
F = i + y j + k
x z
32 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I

= 6xy + z3   = 3x2y + xz3 + C1
x

y
= 3x2 – z   = 3x2y – yz + C2


= 3xz2 – y   = xz3 – yz + C3
z
 = 3x2y – yz + xz3 + C

43. Find  if F = ( y2 cosx + z2) i + (2y sinx – 4) j + 3xz2 k
Solution :
     
F = i + y j + k
x z

= y2 cosx + z2   = y2 sin x + xz2 + C1
x

y
= 2y sinx – 4   = y2 sin x – 4y + C2


= 3xz2   = xz3 + C3
z
 = y2 sin x + xz2 – 4y + xz3 + C
 
44. If   = ( 6xy + z3) i + (3x2 – z) j + ( 3xz2 – y) k , find 
Solution :
     
F = i + y j + k
x z

= 6xy + z3   = 3x2y + xz3 + C1
x

y
= 3x2 – z   = 3x2y – yz + C2


= 3xz2 – y   = xz3 – yz + C3
z
 = 3x2y + xz3 – yz + C
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 33
 
45. Find  , if   = (y + sin z) i + x j + x cos z k
Solution :
     
F = i + y j + k
x z

= y + sin z   = xy + x sin z + C1
x

= x   = xy + C2
y


= x cos z   = x sin z + C3
z
 = xy + x sin z + C
 
46. If   = (3x3 + 2y2 +1) i + (4xy – 3y2 z – 3) j + (2 – y2) k , find  .
Solution :
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
 3 4
= 3x3 + 2y2 + 1   = x + 2xy2 + x + C1
x 4


y
= 4xy – 3y2 z – 3   = 2xy2 – y3 z – 3y + C2


= 2 – y2   = 2z – y2z + C3
z
3 4
 = 4
x + 2xy2 + x – y3 z – 3y + 2z – y2z + C
  
47. If   = 2xyz i + x2 z j + yx2 k , find the scalar potential 
Solution :
     
 = i + y j + k
x z
34 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I

= 2xyz   = x2 yz + C1
x

y
= x2 z   = x2 yz + C2


= yx2   = x2 yz + C3
z
 = x2 yz + C

48. Find the divergence and curl of the vector F = xyz i + 3x2y j +
(xz2 – y2z) k at the point (2, – 1, 1).
Solution :

F = xyz i + 3x2y j + (xz2 – y2z) k

F1 = xyz, F2 = 3x2y, F3 = xz2 – y2z
Fiunctiuon Point
(2, – 1, 1)
F1 F1
= yz = – 1(1) = – 1
x x
F2 F2
= 3x2 = 3(2)2 = 12
y y
F3 F3
= 2xz – y2 = 2(2)(1) – (–1)2 = 3
z z
F1 F2 F3
.F = + +
x y z
= – 1 + 12 + 3
= 14

i j k i j k
     
F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 xyz 3 x 2 y xz 2  y 2 z

  F = (– 2yz – 0) i – (z2 – xy) j + (6xy – xz) k

Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 35
At the point (2, – 1, 1)
  F = – 2(–1)(1) i – [(1)2 – (2)(–1)] j + [6(2)(–1) – (2)(1)] k

= 2 i – [1 + 2] j + [– 12 – 2] k

= 2 i – 3 j – 14] k

49. If F = x2y i + y2z j + z2x k , then find curl curl F .

Solution :

F = x2y i + y2z j + z2x) k

F1 = x2y, F2 = y2z, F3 = z2 x

i j k i j k
     
F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 x2 y y2z z2x
 
  F = (0 – y2) i – (z2 – 0) j + (0 – x2) k
 
  F = – y2 i – z2 j – x2 k
 F1 = – y2, F2 = – z2, F3 = – x2

i j k
  
 (  F) = x y z
 y2  z2  x2
 
= (0 + 2z ) i – (– 2x) j + (0 + 2y) k
 
= 2z i + 2x j + 2y k
  
50. Prove that F = x2z2 i + xyz2 j – xz3 k is solenoidal.
Solution :
F1 = x2z2 F2 = xyz2 F3 = – xz3
F1 F2 F3
= 2xz2 = xz2 = – 3xz2
x y z
If F is solenoidal   .F = 0
36 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
F1 F2 F3
 .F = + +
x y z
= 2xz2 + xz2 – 3xz2
= 3xz2 – 3xz2 = 0
Therefore F is solenoidal vector..
  
51. Prove that F = (2x2y + yz) i + (xy2 – xz2) j – ( 6xyz + 2x2y2) k is
solenoidal.
Solution :
F1 = 2x2y + yz F2 = xy2 – xz2 F3 = –6xyz– 2x2y2
F1 F2 F3
= 4xy = 2xy = – 6xy
x y z
If F is solenoidal   .F = 0
F1 F2 F3
 .F = + +
x y z
= 4xy + 2xy – 6xy
= 6xy – 6xy = 0
Therefore F is solenoidal vector..

52. Find ‘a’ such that

 
F = (3x – 2y + z) i + (4x + ay – z) j + (x – y + 2z) k is solenoidal.
Solution :
F1 = 3x – 2y + z F2 = 4x + ay – z F3 = x – y + 2z
F1 F2 F3
= 3 = a = 2
x y z
Given F is solenoidal   .F = 0
F1 F2 F3
+ + = 0
x y z
3+a+2 = 0
a = –5
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 37
53. Show that F = (4xy – z3) i + 2x2 j – 3xz2 k is irrotational .
Solution :
F1 = 4xy – z3 F2 = 2x2 F3 = – 3xz2

i j k i j k
     
F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 4 xy  z 3 2x2  3 xz 2

= (0 – 0) i – (– 3z2 + 3z2) j + (4x – 4x) k

= (0) i – (0) j + (0) k = 0

 × F = 0  Therefore F is irrotational.

54. Prove that F = ( y2 cosx + z3) i + (2y sinx – 4) j + 3xz2 k is

irritation and hence find its scalar potential.
Solution :
F1 = y2 cosx + z3 F2 = 2y sinx – 4 F3 = 3xz2
If F is irrotational  × F =0

i j k i j k
     
F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 y 2 cos x  z 3 2 y sin x  4 3 xz 2

= (0 – 0) i – (3z2 – 3z2) j + (2y cosx – 2y cosx) k

= (0) i – (0) j + (0) k = 0

Therefore F is irrotational.

= y2 cosx + z3   = y2 sinx + xz3 + C1
x

y
= 2y sinx – 4   = y2 sinx – 4y + C2


= 3xz2   = xz3 + C3
z
scalar potential  = y2 sinx + xz3 – 4y+ C
38 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I

55. Prove that F = ( y2–z2 +3yz–2x) i +(3xz + 2xy) j +(3xy–2xz + 2z) k
is irritational.
Solution :
F1 = y2–z2 + 3yz – 2x F2 = 3xz + 2xy F3 = 3xy–2xz + 2z
If F is irrotational  × F =0

i j k i j k
     
F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 y 2  z 2  3 yz  2 x 3xz  2 xy 3xy  2 xz  2 z

= (3x – 3x) i – (3y – 2z + 2z – 3y) j + (3z + 2y – 2y + 3z ) k

= (0) i – (0) j + (0) k

= 0
Therefore F is irrotational.

56. If F = (x + 2y + az) i + (bx – 3y – z) j + (4x + cy + 2z) k is

irrotational find a, b, c. Also find its scalar potential.
Solution :
F1 = x + 2y + az F2 = bx – 3y – z F3 = 4x + cy +2z
Given F is irrotational  × F =0

i j k
  
x y z = 0
F1 F2 F3

i j k
  
x y z = 0
x  2 y  az bx  3 y  z 4 x  cy  2 z

(c + 1) i – (4 – a) j + (b – 2 ) k = 0
Comparing i, j, k
c+1 = 0 4–a = 0 b –2 = 0
c = –1 a = 4 b = 2
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 39
 x2
= x + 2y + 4z   = + 2xy + 4xz + C1
x 2
 3y2
y
= 2x – 3y – z   = 2xy – – yz + C2
2

= 4x – y +2z   = 4xz – yz + z2 + C3
z
x2 3y2
 = + 2xy + 4xz – – yz + z2 + C
2 2

57. Prove that F = (x2 – y2 + x) i – (2xy + y) j is irritation and hence

find its scalar potential.
Solution :
F1 = x2 – y2 + x F2 = – 2xy – y F3 = 0
If F is irrotational  × F =0

i j k i j k
     
F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 x 2  y 2  x  2 xy  y 0

= (0 – 0) i – (0 – 0) j + (– 2y + 2y) k

= (0) i – (0) j + (0) k

= 0
Therefore F is irrotational.
 x3 x2
= x2 – y2 + x   = – xy2 + + C1
x 3 2
 y2
y
= – 2xy – y   = – xy2 – + C2
2

= 0   = C3
z
x3 x2 y2
 = – xy2 + – +C
3 2 2
40 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
1. Prove that rn r is irrotational.
Solution :
  
rn r = rn (x i + y j + z k )
  
= rn x i + rn y j + rn z k
F1 = rn x F2 = rn y F3 = rn z
If F is irrotational  × F =0

i j k i j k
     
F = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 rnx rn y rnz

i j k
  
= rn x y z
x y z

= rn [(0 – 0) i – (0 – 0) j + (– 2y + 2y) k ]

=rn [(0) i – (0) j + (0) k ]

= 0
Therefore rn r is irrotational.

2. If   is solenoidal vector then prove that  is solution of

Laplcace equation.
Solution :
If   is solenoidal
 (  ) = 0
        
 i j  k   i j k  = 0
 x y z   x y z 

 2  2  2
+ 2 + = 0
x 2 y z 2
This equation is called Laplace Equation.
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 41
3. Prove that grad (  +  ) = grad (  ) + grad ( )
Solution :
grad (    ) = (   )
   
=  i j  k  (   )
 x y z

         
=  i x  j y  k z  +  i
x
j
y
k
z

   
= grad (  ) + grad ( )

4. Prove that div grad (  ) =  2 

Solution :
     
grad  =  = i + y j + k
x z
  
F1 = F2 = F3 =
x y z

F1  2 F2  2 F3  2

= = =
x x 2 y y 2 z z 2

F1 F2 F3

div grad (  ) = + +
x y z

 2  2  2
= + 2 +
x 2 y z 2
=  2

5. For what values of n is the vector r n r solenoidal?
Solution :
If   is solenoidal

 (r n r ) = 0
 
r  (r n) + r n  ( r ) = 0

r  (r n) + 3 r n = 0 ......... (1)
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
42 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r
   
 rn =  i j  k  . rn
 x y z

r  r  r 
= n rn – 1 y i + n rn – 1 y j + n rn – 1 k
z
x y z
= n rn – 1 [ + j + r k]
r i r
nr n 1   
= [x i + y j + z k ]
r

= n r n–2 r
From eq (1)
 
r [n r n – 2 r ] + 3 r n = 0

n r n–2 r 2 + 3 rn = 0
n r n–2 r2 + 3 rn = 0
n r n + 3 rn = 0
(n + 3) r n = 0
n
r  0 so (n + 3) = 0  n =–3
   
6. Prove that div ( u + v ) = div ( u ) + div ( v )
Solution :
F1 F2 F3
div F =  .F = + +
x y z
       
Let u = u1 i + u2 j + u3 k and v = v1 i + v2 j + v3 k
    
 u + v = (u1 + v1) i + (u2 + v2) j + (u3 + v3) k

   
div ( u + v ) =  . (u +v )
      
=  i j  k  . [(u1 + v1) i + (u2 + v2) j + (u3 + v3) k ]
 x y z 

(u1  v1 )  (u2  v2 )  (u3  v3 )

= + +
x y y
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 43
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3
= + + + + +
x x y  y z z
u1 u2 u3 v1 v2 v3
= [ + + ]+[ + + ]
x y z x y z
 
= . u + . v
 
= div. u + div. v
   
7. Prove that curl ( u + v ) = curl ( u ) + curl ( v ).
Solution :
       
Let u = u1 i + u2 j + u3 k and v = v1 i + v2 j + v3 k
    
 u + v = (u1 + v1) i + (u2 + v2) j + (u3 + v3) k
F1 = u1 + v1 F2 = u2 + v2 F3 = u3 + v3

i j k i j k
     
 
curl ( u + v ) = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 u1  v1 u 2  v2 u3  v3

i j k i j k
     
= x y z + x y z
u1 u2 u3 v1 v2 v3
 
= curl ( u ) + curl ( v )

8. Prove that grad (  ) =  grad (  ) +  grad ( ).

Solution :
grad(  ) = ( )
   
=  i j  k  . (  )
 x y z

         
=   i x  j y  k z  +   i x  j y  k z 
   
=  grad (  ) +  grad ( )
44 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I

9. If r is the position vector of the point P(x, y, z), then
 
prove that  . | r |2 = 2 r .
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r

 . | r |2 =  .r2

r  r  r 
= 2r i + 2r j + 2r k
x y z
 r r r 
= 2r  i x  j y  k z 
 
x y z
= 2r [ + j + r k]
r i r
2r   
= [x i + y j + z k ]
r

= 2r

10. Prove that  . r = 3.
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k

div r =  . r
      
=  i j  k  .(x i + y j + z k )
 x y z 

x y z
=  
x y z
= 1+1+1=3
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 45

r
11. Prove that  r = .
r
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r
   
r =  i j  k  ..(r)
 x y z 

r  r  r 
= i + j + k
x y z
x  y  z 
= i + j + k
r r r
1   
= [x i + y j + z k ]
r
1 
= r
r

2
12. Prove that  r̂ = .
r
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2

| r | = x2  y2  z2 = r
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x y
r r z
= y
= =
x r r z r
 
r r

Unit Vector r̂ = | r | =
r
46 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I

r 
 r̂ =  
r

 1 1 
= r    +  .r
r r
 1 3
 r̂ = r   + ...... (1)
r r

1     
  =  i j  k   1 
r  x y z   r 

r  1  r  1  r  1 
= i    j    k  2 
x  r 2  y  r 2  z  r 

1  r r r 
= –  i j  k 
r2  x y z 

1  x y z
= – i  j  k 
r2  r r r
1   
= – 3 [x i + y j + z k ]
r

1 r
 .  = –
r r3
From eq (1)

r  3
 = r    +
1
. 
r
  r
  r

 
  r  3
= r  r3  +
  r

r2 3 1 3
= – 3 + = – +
r r r r
2
=
r
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 47

13. Prove that curl r = 0.
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k
F1 = x F2 = y F3 = z

i j k i j k
     

curl r = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 x y z

= i (0 – 0) – j (0 – 0) + k (0 – 0) = 0

curl r = 0

 r 
14. Prove that curl 2  = 0.

r 
Solution :

    r x  y  z 
Let r = x i + y j + z k  2 = 2 i + 2 j + 2 k
r r r r
x y z
F1 = F2 = F3 =
r2 r2 r2

i j k i j k
      
curl r = x y z
=
x y z
F1 F2 F3 x y z
r2 r2 r2

 2 z r 2 y r
= i (–
r 3 y +
r 3 z
)

 2z y 2y z
= i (– 3
r r
+ 3 )
r r

=  i (0)
= 0
48 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I

15. Prove that  rn = n r n – 2 r and  .(  rn) = n (n + 1) r n – 2.
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r
   
 rn =  i j  k  . rn
 x y z 

r  r  r 
= n rn – 1 y i + n rn – 1 y j + n rn – 1 k
z
x y z
= n rn – 1 [ i + j + k]
r r r

nr n1   
= [x i + y j + z k ]
r

= n r n–2 r

 .(  rn) =  .(n r n – 2 r )
 
= r  .(n r n – 2 ) + n r n – 2  .( r )
 x y z
= r n(n – 2 ) r n – 3[ i + j + ] + n r n – 2 (3)
r r r k
   
= r n(n – 2 ) r n – 4 [x i + y j + z k ] + 3 n r n–2
 
= r n(n – 2 ) r n – 4 r + 3 n r n – 2

= n(n – 2 ) r n – 4 r 2 + 3 n r n – 2
= n(n – 2 ) r n – 4 r 2 + 3 n r n – 2
= n(n – 2 ) r n –2 + 3 n r n – 2
= n r n – 2 [n – 2 + 3]
= n r n – 2 (n + 1)
 .(  rn) = n (n + 1).
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 49
16. Prove that  × (  rn) = 0.
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r
   
 rn =  i j  k  . rn
 x y z

r  r  r 
= n rn – 1 y i + n rn – 1 y j + n rn – 1 k
z
x y z
= n rn – 1 [ i + j + k]
r r r

nr n1   
= [x i + y j + z k ]
r
  
 rn = n r n–2 xi + n r n–2 y j + n r n–2 z k
F1 = n r n – 2 x F2 = n r n – 2 y F3 = n r n – 2 z

i j k i j k
     
   rn = x y z
=
x y z
F1 F2 F3 nr n 2 x nr n2 y nr n2 z

y z 
= [n(n – 2 ) r n – 3 z – n(n – 2 ) r n – 3 y ] i
r r
x z 
– [n(n – 2 ) r n – 3 z – n(n – 2 ) r n – 3 x ] j
r r
y x 
+ [n(n – 2 ) r n – 3 x – n(n – 2 ) r n – 3 y ] k
r r
  
= (0) i – (0) j + (0) k
= 0
50 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I

17. Prove that  (r n r ) = (n + 3) r n.
Solution :
  
 (r n r ) = r  (r n) + r n  ( r
 
 (r n r ) = r  (r n) + 3 r n ........... (1)
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r
   
 rn =  i x  j y  k z  . rn
 
r  r  r 
= n rn – 1 y i + n rn – 1 y j + n rn – 1 k
z
x y z
= n rn – 1 [ i + j + k]
r r r

nr n1   
= [x i + y j + z k ]
r

= n r n–2 r
From eq (1)
 
 (r n r ) = r  (r n) + 3 r n
 
= r [n r n – 2 r ] + 3 r n + 3 r n

= n r n–2 r 2 + 3 rn
= n r n–2 r2 + 3 rn
= n r n + 3 rn
= (n + 3) r n

1 r
18. Prove that  .   = 
r r3
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 51
r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r

1     
  =  i j  k   1 
r  x y z   r 

r  1  r  1  r  1 
= i  2   j  2   k  2 
x  r  y  r  z  r 

1  r r r 
= –  i j  k 
r2  x y z 

1  x y z
= – 2
i  j  k 
r  r r r
1   
= – 3 [x i + y j + z k ]
r

1 r
 .  = –
r r3

r  2
19. Prove that  .   =
r r
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r

r   1 1 
.   = r    +  .r
r r
  r

r   1 3
.   = r   + ...... (1)
r r r

1     
  =  i j  k   1 
r  x y z   r 
52 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
r  1  r  1  r  1 
= i  2   j  2   k  2 
x  r  y  r  z  r 

1  r r r 
= –  i j  k 
r2  x y z 

1  x y z
= – 2
i  j  k 
r  r r r
1   
= – 3 [x i + y j + z k ]
r

1 r
 .  = –
r r3
From eq (1)

r   1 3
.   = r    +
r r r

  r 3
= r   r 3  +
  r

r2 3 1 3
= – 3 + = – +
r r r r
2
=
r

r
20. Prove that  f (r) = f ' (r)
r
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r
   
 f (r) =  i j  k  f (r)
 x y z 
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 53
r  r  r 
= f ' (r) i + f ' (r) j + f ' (r) k
x y z
 r r r 
= f ' (r)  i j  k 
 x y z 

 x y z
= f ' (r)  i  j  k 
 r r r

 i x  j y  kz 
= f ' (r)  

 r 

r
 f (r) = f ' (r)
r

2
21. Prove that  2 f (r) = f '' (r) + f ' (r).
r
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r
    
 f (r) =  i j  k  f (r)
 x y z 

r  r  r 
= f ' (r) i + f ' (r) j + f ' (r) k
x y z
 r r r 
= f ' (r)  i j  k 
 x y z 

 x y z
= f ' (r)  i  j  k 
 r r r

 i x  j y  kz 
= f ' (r)  

 r 
54 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
r
 f (r) = f ' (r)
r
2
To Prove :  2 f (r) = f '' (r) + f ' (r)
r

1     
  =  i j  k   1 
r  x y z   r 

r  1  r  1  r  1 
= i  2   j  2   k  2 
x  r  y  r  z  r 

1  r r r 
= –  i j  k 
r2  x y z 

1  x y z
= – 2
i  j  k 
r  r r r
1   
= – 3 [x i + y j + z k ]
r

1 r
 .  = –
r r3

r
 2 f (r) =  [f ' (r) ]
r

r 1 1
=  [f ' (r) ] + f ' (r) (  . r ) + r f ' (r)(  )
r r r

r r 1 1  r r r 
= [f '' (r) ] + f ' (r) (3) – r f ' (r) 2  i
x
j
y
 k 
z 
r r r r 

r2 3 1  x y z
= 2 f '' (r) + f ' (r) – r f ' (r) 2  i r  j r  k r 
r r r  

3 1   
= f '' (r) + f ' (r) – r f ' (r) 3 [x i + y j + z k ]
r r

3 r
= f '' (r) + f ' (r) – r f ' (r) 3
r r
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 55
3 1
= f '' (r) + f ' (r) – f ' (r)
r r
2
= f '' (r) + f ' (r)
r

22. Prove that curl (grad  ) = 0.

Solution :
     
 = i + y j + k
x z

i j k
  
curl F =   F = x y z
F1 F2 F3

i j k
  
curl grad  =   (grad  ) = x y z
  
x y z

  2  2     2  2     2  2  
     
=  yz  zy  i –  xz  zx  j +  xy  yx  k
     
= 0
    
23. If F = z i + x j + y k then prove that curl (curl r ) = 0.
Solution :
   
Let F = z i + x j + y k
F1 = z F2 = x F3 = y

i j k
  
curl F = F =
x y z
z x y
  
= (1 – 0) i – (0 – 1) j + (1 – 0) k
56 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
  
= i + j + k
F1 = 1 F2 = 1 F3 = 1

i j k
  
curl(curl F ) = x y z
1 1 1
  
= (0 – 0) i – (0 – 0) j + (0 – 0) k
= 0
curl(curl F ) = 0

24. Prove that

         
  ( A  B ) = ( B .  ) A – (  . A ) B – [( A .  ) B – (  . B ) A ]
Solution :
      
  (A  B) =   i  x (A  B) 
 
  A     B 
=  i   
 x
 
 B   A 
 x


   
 
    A      B 
  (A  B) =  i    B  +  i   A  
x 
..... (1)
 x  

        
We know that a  ( b  c ) = ( a . c ) b – ( a . b ) c
 
  A      A  
  x 
i    B  Here a = i , b =
x
c = B
 
  
  A      A   A   
 i   x  B  =  (i .B) x   i . x  B
   
 
  A   A  
=  (i .B) –  i .  B

x   x 
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 57
 
  A   A  
=  (B . i )
x
–  i .
 x  B

 

       A  
=  B.i


x  A
– i .
 x  B

 

       A  
= 
B. i  A –
 x   i .
 x  B

 
   
= ( B .  ) A – (  . A ) B ........ (2)
 
   B       B
 i   A 


x 
Here a = i, b = A c =
x
  
   B    B     B 
 
i A

 =
x 

 i . A  (i .A)
 x 

x 
 
  B     B
= 

 
 i . x  A –

 
A.i
x

  B       
= 
i .  A –
 x 


 A.i B
x 
 

  B     
=  i .  A –  A. i   B
 
 x  x
   

  B     
=  i .  A –  A. i   B
 
 x  x
   
   
= (  . B ) A – ( A .  ) B ........ (3)
Subst eq (2) and (3) in (1) we get
         
 (A  B ) = (B . )A – ( .A )B + ( .B)A – (A . )B
       
= ( B .  ) A – (  . A ) B – [( A .  ) B – (  . B ) A ]
Hence Proved
58 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
  
25. Prove that   (   A ) =  . (  . A ) –  2. A .
Solution :
   
Let A = A1 i + A2 j + A3 k
F1 = A1 F2 = A2 F3 = A3

i j k i j k
      
 A = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 A1 A2 A3

  A 3 A 2    A3 A1    A A 
= i  y  z  – j    + k  2  1 
   x z   x y 

 A 3 2 A   A
1 3 A   A
2 1 A 
F1 =  y  z  F2 =  z  x  F3 =  x  y 
     

i j k
   
 (  A ) =
x y z
A 3 A 2 A1 A3 A 2 A1
  
y z z x x y

   2 A 2  2 A1    2 A1  2 A 3 
=  i  xy  
y 2   z 2
 
xz 


  2 A 2  2 A1  2 A1  2 A3 
=  i  xy  y 2
 2 
z xz 


   2 A 2  2 A 3    2 A1  2 A1 
=  i  xy  xz    y 2
 
z 2 


  2 A 2  2A3     2 A1  2 A1 
=  i  xy  xz  –  i  y 2
 
z 2 
 
=  . (  . A ) –  2. A
  
Therefore   (   A ) =  . (  . A ) –  2. A
Hence Proved.
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 59
    
26. If a is a constant vector and r = x i + y j + z k then show that
  
  (a  r ) = 2a .
Solution :
       
Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and r = x i + y j + z k

i j k
  a1 a2 a3
ar =
x y z

    
ar = i ( z a2– ya3 ) – j (za1 – xa3) + k (ya1 – xa2)

i j k
  
 
 (a  r ) = x y z
za2  ya3 xa3  za1 ya1  xa2
  
= i (a1+ a1 ) – j (– a2 – a2) + k (a3 + a3)
  
= i (2 a1) + j (2 a2) + k (2 a3)
  
= 2 [a1 i + a2 j + a3 k ]

= 2 a
  
27. If A is a constant vector prove that  ( A . r ) = A
Solution :
   
Let A = A1 i + A2 j + A3 k where A1, A2, A3 are constant
   
r = xi + y j + z k

       
A . r = (A1 i + A2 j + A3 k ). (x i + y j + z k )
= A1 x + A2 y + A3 z
       
 (A.r ) = [ i + j + k ] [A1 x + A2 y + A3 z]
x y z
  
= A1 i + A2 j + A3 k
  
 (A.r ) = A
60 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
    1  
28. If v = w  r prove that w = curl v where w is a constant
2
vector..
Solution :
       
Let w = w1 i + w2 j + w3 k and r = x i + y j + z k

i j k
   w1 w2 w3
v = wr =
x y z

   
v = i ( z w2– yw3 ) – j (zw1 – xw3) + k (yw1 – xw2)

i j k
   
Curl v =
x y z
zw2  yw3 xw3  zw1 yw1  xw2
  
= i (w1+ w1 ) – j (– w2 – w2) + k (w3 + w3)
  
= i (2 w1) + j (2 w2) + k (2 w3)
  
= 2 [w1 i + w2 j + w3 k ]

= 2 w
1  
Curl v = w
2

29. Prove that div (curl F) = 0.

Solution :

i j k
  
curl F =   F = x y z
F1 F2 F3

 F3 F2    F3 F1    F2 F1  

=    i –    j +   
 y z   x z   x y  k
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 61
 F3 F2   F3 F1   F2 F 
1
F1 =    F2 = –    F3 =  x  y 
 y z   x z   

F1 F2 F3

div (curl F) = + +
x y z

  2 F3  2 F2    2 F3  2 F1    2 F2  2 F1 
     
=  xy  xz  –  xy  yz  +  xz  yz 
     

 2 F3  2 F2  2 F3  2 F1 2
 2 F2  F1
= – – + + –
xy xz xy yz xz yz
= 0

Formula involving
30. Prove that  . (  F) =  (  .F) +  .F OR
div (  F) =  div F + grad  .F
Solution :
  
Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k and  is a scalar function
     
 . (  F) = [ i + y j + k ] [  F]
x z

           
=  [ i + y j + k ] (F) +[ i + y j + k ] (F)
x z x z
        
=  [ i + y j + k ] .(F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ) +  .F
x z

F1 F2 F3

=  [ + + ] +  .F
x y z
F1 F2 F3
=  [ + + ] +  .F
x y z
 . (  F) =  (  .F) +  .F
div (  F) =  div F + grad  .F
62 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
31. Prove that  × (  F) = (   ) × F +  (  × F)
OR
Curl (  F) = grad  × F +  Curl F
Solution :
  
Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k and  is a scalar function
  
 × (  F) =   i  x ( F) 
   F 
=  i   x F   x 
   F
=  i x  F +   i  x
 × (  F) = (   ) × F +  (  × F)
Curl (  F) = grad  × F +  Curl F

32. Prove that

         
grad ( A . B ) = ( B .  ) A + ( A .  ) B + B ×Curl A + A ×Curl B
Solution :
RHS

     B 
A × Curl B = A × 
i 

 x 



    B 
=  A   i  
x 
 
        
We know that a  ( b  c ) = ( a . c ) b – ( a . b ) c
 
  A        B
 i    B  Here a = A , b = i c =
 x  x
 
  B     B 
=   
 A. i  (A.i ) 
 x  x 
 
  B     B
=   A. i –
 x 
 

(A . i )
x
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 63

  B       
=   A. i –
 x    A . i x 
B
 

    B    
A × Curl B = 
 A. i – ( A
 x 
 
. )B ............... (1)


     A 
B × Curl A = B ×  i 
  x


 

    A 
= B   i  
x 
 
        
We know that a  ( b  c ) = ( a . c ) b – ( a . b ) c

     A
Here a = B , b = i c =
x
 
  A     A 
= 
 B .
 x 
 i  (B . i ) 
x 

  A       
= 
 B.
 x  i –
  B.i  A
 x 
 

  A       
= 
 B.
 x i –
  B.i  A
 x 
 

    A    
B × Curl A =  
 B. x i – ( B .  ) A ............... (2)
 
Adding eq (1) and (2) we get
 
      B       A  
( A ×Curl B )+( B ×Curl A ) =   A. i – ( A .  ) B
 x 
 
+   B.
 x i

 
 
– (B. )A
 
  B  A      
=   A. 
 x  B. x i –( A .  ) B –( B .  ) A
 
64 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
        
=   i x (A.B)  – ( A .  ) B – ( B .  ) A
     
= grad ( A . B ) – ( A .  ) B – ( B .  ) A
         
( A .  ) B + ( B .  ) A +( A ×Curl B )+( B ×Curl A ) = grad ( A . B )
         
grad ( A . B ) = ( B .  ) A + ( A .  ) B + B ×Curl A + A ×Curl B
LHS = RHS
Hence Proved
     
33. Prove that div. ( A × B ) = B .curl A – A . curl B
OR
     
 . ( A × B ) = B .(  × A ) – A . (  × B )
Solution :
LHS
     
 . (A×B) =  i .  x (A  B) 
 
  A   B 
= 
i . (  B)  (A  ) 
 x x 
 
  A      B 
= 
i .  B  + 
i . A  
x 
 x  
   
We know that a  b = – b  a
 
  A     B  
= 
i .  B  – 
i .  A 
 x   x 
        
We know that a . ( b  c ) = b . ( c  a ) = c . ( a  b )
 
  A     B  
= 
i .  B  – 
i .  A 
 x   x 
 
   A     B 
=  
B. i 
 x

 – 
A .i 
x


   
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 65
 
   A     B 
= B. i   – A.  i 



 x 
  x 
     
 . ( A × B ) = B .(  × A ) – A . (  × B )
     
div. ( A × B ) = B .curl A – A . curl B
Hence Proved.

r
34. Prove that  log r = 2
r
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z

r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r
   
 log r =  i j  k  log r
 x y z 

1 r  1 r  1 r 
= i + j + k
r x r y r z

1 x  1 y  1 z 
= i + j + k
r r r r r r

1   
= 2 (x i + y j + z k )
r

r
=
r2

1
35. Prove that  2 log r =
r2
Solution :
   
Let r = x i + y j + z k and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
r r r
2r = 2x 2r y
= 2y 2r = 2z
x z
66 VECTOR DIFFERETIATE - I
r x r y r z
= y
= =
x r r z r
   
 log r =  i j  k  log r
 x y z 

1 r  1 r  1 r 
= i + j + k
r x r y r z

1 x  1 y  1 z 
= i + j + k
r r r r r r
1   
= 2 (x i + y j +z k)
r

r
 log r =
r2

r
 2 og r =  (  log r) =  ( 2 )
r
1   1
= 2  (r ) + r  ( 2 )
r r
1  2 r  1 r  1 r 
= 2 (3) + r [– 3 i – 3 j– 3 k]
r r x r y r z
3  2 x  y  z 
= 2 – r 3 [ i + j + k]
r r r r r

3 2r   
= 2 – 4 (x i + y j + z k )
r r

3 2r 
= – 4 r
r2 r
3 2r 2
= –
r2 r4
3 2
= 2 –
r r2
1
=
r2
Allied Mathematics - II Tagore college - 67
36. Prove that  2 (  ψ ) =   2 ( ψ ) + 2   .  ψ + ψ  2 (  )
Solution :
2    
 2 ( ψ ) =  x 2
( ψ) =  x  x ( ψ) 
  ψ  
=  x  x  ψ x 
  2 ψ  ψ  2  ψ 
=   2 
 x
 x x
 ψ  
x 2 x x 

=   2 ( ψ ) + 2   .  ψ + ψ  2 ( )

37. Prove that  . (   A ) = 0.
Solution :
   
Let A = A1 i + A2 j + A3 k
F1 = A1 F2 = A2 F3 = A3

i j k i j k
      
 A = x y z = x y z
F1 F2 F3 A1 A2 A3

  A 3 A 2    A3 A1    A A 
= i  y  z  – j    + k  2  1 
   x z   x y 

 A3 2 A   A
1 3 A   A 2 A 
1
F1 =  y  z  F2 =  z  x  F3 =  x  y 
     

F1  2 A3  2A 2
= –
x xy xz

F2  2 A1  2 A3
y
= –
yz xy

F3  2A 2  2 A1
= –
z xz yz

  2 A3 2
 2 A 2  A1  2 A3  2A 2  2 A1
 . (  A ) = – + – + – = 0
xy xz yz xy xz yz