VECTOR
Grad (gradient of a scalar function)
•If a scalar function ɸ (x, y, z) is continuously differentiable with respect
to its variables x, y, z, throughout the region, then the gradient of ɸ,
written grad ɸ or , is defined as the vector
grad ɸ = i + + k
Note that while ɸ is a scalar function, grad ɸ is a vector function.
Example 1: ɸ = 2x2yz3. Find grad ɸ
grad ɸ = 2x2yz3)i + + k
= 4xyz3i + 2x2z3 + 6x2yz2k
•Example
2: If ɸ = x2yz3 + xy2z2,determine grad ɸ at the point P(1, 3, 2).
ɸ = x2yz3 + xy2z2 grad ɸ = i + + k
= 2xyz3 + y2z2 = 2(1)(3)(2)3 + (3)2(2)2 = 84
= x2z3 + 2xyz2 = (1)2(2)3 + 2(1)(3)(2)2 = 32
= 3x2yz2 + 2xy2z = 3(1)2(3)(2)2 + 2(1)(3)2(2) = 72
grad ɸ = (2xyz3 + y2z2)i + (x2z3 + 2xyz2)j + (x2z3 + 2xyz2)k
grad ɸ = 84i + 32j + 72k
DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES
= a . grad
is thus the projection of grad on the unit vector a and is called
the directional derivative of in the direction of a. it gives the rate
of change of with distance measured in the direction of a
•Example:
Find the directional derivative of the function = x2z + 2xy2 + yz2 at
the point (1, 2, -1) in the direction of the vector A = 2i + 3j – 4k
= x2z + 2xy2 + yz2)i + + k
= (2xz + 2y2)i + (4xy + + k
at (1, 2, -1)
= [2(1)(-1) + 2(2)2]i + [4(1)(2) + + k
= 6i + 9j - 3k
• = A
A
|A|
|A| = = =
A = 2i + 3j – 4k
= 2i + 3j – 4k . 6i + 9j - 3k = 1 (2i + 3j – 4k) . (6i + 9j - 3k)
= 12 + 27 +12 = 51 = 9.47
UNIT NORMAL VECTOR
•The
unit vecor N in the direction of grad is called the unit normal vector
at P.
Unit normal vector N =
||
•Example:
Find the unit normal vector to the surface x3y + 4xz2 + xy2z + 2 = 0 at the
point (1, 3, -1).
= x3y + 4xz2 + xy2z + 2 )i + + k
= (3x2y + 4z2 + y2z)i + +k
At (1, 3, -1)
= [3(1)2(3) + 4(-1)2 + (3)2(-1)]i + +k
= 4i -5j + k
|| = = =
N= = 4i -5j + k
||
DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR
FUNCTION
•The
operator . (notice the dot) can be applied to a vector function A(x,
y, z) to give the divergence of A written in short as div A.
If A = axi + ayj + azk
div A = .A = i + + k . (axi + ayj + azk )
div A = .A = + +
Note that
i. The grad operator acts on a scalar and gives a vector
ii. The div operator . acts on a vector and gives a scalar
•Example
1: If A = x2yi – xyzj + yz2k. Find .A
.A = x2y) - +
.A = 2xy - xz + 2yz
Example 2: If A = 2x2yi – 2(xy2 + y3z)j + 3y2z2k. Find .A, i.e div A
.A = 2x2y) - 2 +
.A = 4xy – 2(2xy + 3yz) + 6yz
.A = 4xy – 4xy - 6yz + 6yz = 0
Curl of a vector function
•The
curl operator denoted by x, acts on a vector and gives another
vector as a result
If A = axi + ayj + azk , then curl A = x A
i.e. curl A = x A = i + + k x (axi + ayj + azk )
= i j k
ax ay az
•x A = i( - )- ( - ) + k(- )
If x A = 0, then A is said to be irrotational
Example: If A = (y4 – x2z2)i + (x2 + y2)j – x2yzk, determine curl A at the point (1, 3, -2)
Curl A = x A = i j k
y4 – x2z2 x2 + y2 – x2yz
x A = i[(– x2yz) - (x2 + y2)]- [(– x2yz) - (y4 – x2z2)] + k[(x2 + y2) - (y4 – x2z2)]
x A = i[– x2z] – j[-2xyz + 2x2z)] + k[2x - 4y3]
At (1, 3, -2)
x A = i[-(1)2(-2)] – j[-2(1)(3)(-2) + 2(1)2(-2)] + k[2(1) – 4(3)3]
x A = 2i -8j – 106k
•Example
2: If = x2y2 + x3yz – yz2 and F = xy2i – 2yzj + xyzk, determine for the point
P(1, -1, 2)
(a) (b) unit normal (c) .F (d) x F
(a) = x2y2 + x3yz – yz2)i + + k
= (2xy2 + 3x2yz)i + ()j + )k
At (1, -1, 2)
=[2(1)(-1)2 + 3(1)2(-1)(2)]i + []j + [(1)]k
= -4i – 4j + 3k
•(b) Unit normal N =
||
|| = = =
Unit normal N = -4i – 4j + 3k
(c) .F = xy2) - +
= y2 - +
= (-1)2 – 2(2) + (1)(-1)
= -4
•(d) x F = i j k
xy2 –2yz xyz
x F = i[(xyz) - (-2yz)] – j[(xyz) - (xy2)] + k[(-2yz) - (xy2)]
x F = i(xz + 2y) – j(yz) + k(-2xy)
x F = i[(1)(2) + 2(-1)] – j(-1)(2) + k(-2)(1)(-1)
x F = 2j + 2k
