Introduction
• This is a very big chapter which covers many ways of
Integrating more difficult expressions
• You are sometimes told which method to use but in addition
must be able to identify the most appropriate way
• We also cover using Integration to work out volumes as well
as areas, as well as setting up and using equations (similar to
the chapter on differentiation)
Integration
You need to be able to integrate standard
functions
You met the following in C3, in the differentiation chapter:
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = ln(𝑓 𝑥 ) 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6A
Integration
You need to be able to integrate standard
functions
Therefore, you already can deduce the following
𝑥 𝑛+1
න 𝑥𝑛 = +𝐶 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑛+1
න 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶
1
න = ln |𝑥| + 𝐶 න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 න 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
The modulus sign is used here to
avoid potential problems with
negative numbers…
(More info on the next slide!) 6A
Integration
𝟏
𝒚=
𝒙
You need to be able to
integrate standard functions
Therefore, you already can deduce
the following As we are integrating
to find the Area, you
can see for any 2
1 points, the area will be
න = ln |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 the same for either
graph… 𝟏
𝒚=
→ Therefore you can −𝒙
This is saying when we Integrate use either x or –x in
either of the following, we get the the Integral
same result:
1 1 → However, you
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 = cannot find ln of a
𝑥 −𝑥
negative, just use
the positive value
instead!
6A
Integration As the terms are
3 separate you can
න 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 integrate them
You need to be able to integrate 𝑥
standard functions separately
Find the following integral:
3
න 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Remember
the + C!
6A
Integration As the terms are
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 separate you can
න − 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 integrate them
You need to be able to integrate 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
standard functions separately
Find the following integral:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
න 2
− 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Try to rewrite as
an integral you
‘know’
Remember
the + C!
6A
Integration
You can integrate using the 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥 + 3) Consider starting with
reverse of the Chain rule sin(2x + 3) and the answer
𝑑𝑦 that would give
= 2cos(2𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥
This technique will only work for This is double what we
linear transformations of are wanting to integrate
functions such as f(ax + b)
→ Therefore, we must
‘start’ with half the
Find the following integral: amount…
න cos 2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 Divide the original
‘guess’ by 2
This is a VERY common method of integration
– considering what we might start with that
would differentiate to our answer…
6B
Integration
You can integrate using the 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥+1 Consider starting with e4x + 1
reverse of the Chain rule and the answer that would
𝑑𝑦 give
= 4𝑒 4𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
This technique will only work for This is four times what we are
linear transformations of wanting to integrate
functions such as f(ax + b)
→ Therefore, we must ‘start’
with a quarter of the amount…
Find the following integral:
න 𝑒 4𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 Divide the original
‘guess’ by 4
6B
Integration
You can integrate using the 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 Consider starting with tan3x
reverse of the Chain rule and the answer that would
𝑑𝑦 give
= 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
This technique will only work for This is three times what we
linear transformations of are wanting to integrate
functions such as f(ax + b)
→ Therefore, we must ‘start’
with a third of the amount…
Find the following integral:
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Divide the original
‘guess’ by 3
6B
Integration
You can integrate using the න cos 2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑒 4𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
reverse of the Chain rule
1 1 1
= sin 2𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 4𝑥+1 + 𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4 3
This technique will only work for
linear transformations of
functions such as f(ax + b)
These three answers illustrate a
rule:
1) Integrate the function using what
1 you know from C3
න 𝑓 ′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐶
𝑎
2) Divide by the coefficient of x
3) Simplify if possible and add C
6B
1
න 𝑓 ′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐶
𝑎
Integration
You can integrate using the 1 1) Integrate the function using
reverse of the Chain rule
න 𝑑𝑥 what you know
3𝑥 + 2
2) Divide by the coefficient of x
This technique will only work for 3) Simplify if possible and add C
linear transformations of
functions such as f(ax + b)
Find the following integral:
1
න 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 + 2
6B
න 𝑓 ′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 1
න 𝑓 ′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐶
𝑎
Integration
You can integrate using the 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)5
Consider a function that would
reverse of the Chain rule leave you with a power 4 and the
same bracket
This technique will only work for
Simplify after using the Chain rule
linear transformations of
functions such as f(ax + b)
Find the following integral:
න(2𝑥 + 3)4 𝑑𝑥
6B
Integration
You can use partial fractions Write as two
fractions and make
to integrate expressions the denominators
equal
This allows you to split a Combine
fraction up – it can sometimes
be recombined after
The numerators
integration… must be equal
Find: Calculate A and B by
choosing appropriate
𝑥−5 x values
න
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
2 1
න −
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2)
6D
Integration
You can use partial fractions
to integrate expressions
This allows you to split a
fraction up – it can sometimes
be recombined after
integration…
Find:
𝑥−5
න
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
2 1
න −
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2)
6D
Integration
1 1) Divide the first term by
You can use partial fractions 9𝑥 2 − 4 9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 the highest power
to integrate expressions
9𝑥 2 −4 − 2) Multiply the answer by
−3𝑥 + 6 the whole expression you’re
This allows you to split a dividing by
fraction up – it can sometimes
be recombined after 3) Subtract to find the
integration… remainder
4) Remember to write the
remainder as a fraction of
Find: the original expression
9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
න
9𝑥 2 − 4 9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 −3𝑥 + 6
= 1 +
9𝑥 2 − 4 9𝑥 2 − 4
6 − 3𝑥 Looks tidier!
= 1 +
9𝑥 2 − 4
6D
Integration
9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 6 − 3𝑥 We now need to write the
You can use partial fractions = 1 + remainder as partial
9𝑥 2 − 4 9𝑥 2 − 4 fractions
to integrate expressions
6 − 3𝑥 6 − 3𝑥
=
This allows you to split a 9𝑥 2 − 4 (3𝑥 + 2)(3𝑥 − 2)
fraction up – it can sometimes
be recombined after 𝐴 𝐵
= +
integration… (3𝑥 + 2) (3𝑥 − 2)
𝐴 3𝑥 − 2 + 𝐵(3𝑥 + 2)
Find: =
(3𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 + 2)
9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
න Set the numerators
9𝑥 2 − 4 𝐴 3𝑥 − 2 + 𝐵 3𝑥 + 2 = 6 − 3𝑥 equal and solve for A
Let x = 2/3 and B
4𝐵 = 4
𝐵=1
Let x = -2/3 −4𝐴 = 8
𝐴 = −2 Write the final answer
with the remainder
6 − 3𝑥 2 1 broken apart!
1 + = 1− +
9𝑥 2 − 4 3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 − 2 6D
Integration
9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 2 1
You can use partial fractions = 1− +
9𝑥 2 − 4 3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 − 2
to integrate expressions
2 1 Integrate
න1 − + separately
This allows you to split a 3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 − 2
fraction up – it can sometimes
be recombined after
2 1
integration… න1 න න
3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 − 2
Find: 1 1
=𝑥 = 2 ln |3𝑥 + 2| = ln |3𝑥 − 2|
3 3
9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
න 1
9𝑥 2 − 4 = ln | 3𝑥 + 2 2 |
3
1 2
1
= 𝑥 − ln 3𝑥 + 2 + ln 3𝑥 − 2 + 𝐶
3 3
You can combine the
1 (3𝑥 − 2) natural logarithms (be
= 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 +𝐶 careful, the negative
3 (3𝑥 + 2)2
goes on the bottom…)
6D
Integration
You can Integrate by using
standard patterns
You have seen how to integrate
fractions of the form:
1
2𝑥 + 3
Including using partial fractions where
an expression can be factorised
However, this method will not work for
integrals of the form:
1
𝑥2 + 1
Some expressions like this can by
integrated by using the ‘standard
patterns’ technique
6E
Integration
Notice that the denominator would
2𝑥
differentiate to become the numerator
You can Integrate by using න 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1 → This is a pattern we can use to figure
standard patterns
out what the integral is…
You have seen how to integrate Remember…
fractions of the form:
𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = ln |𝑓 𝑥 |
Some expressions can by 𝑑𝑦 𝑓′(𝑥)
integrated by using the ‘standard = So imagine starting with ln|denominator|
patterns’ technique 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
Find: 𝑦 = ln |𝑥 2 + 1|
2𝑥 In this case, we get straight
න 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 to the answer!
𝑥 +1 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1
2𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 1
= ln 𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝐶
6E
𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = ln |𝑓 𝑥 | 𝑑𝑦 𝑓′(𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
Integration
You can Integrate by using
standard patterns
You have seen how to integrate
fractions of the form:
Some expressions can by
integrated by using the ‘standard
patterns’ technique
Find:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥
3 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
6E
Integration
Consider the power on the bracket
You can Integrate by using න 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥
standard patterns → As it is a power 3, it must have
been a power 4 before differentiation
You have seen how to integrate
fractions of the form:
Some expressions can by
integrated by using the ‘standard
patterns’ technique
Find:
න 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥
6E
Integration To integrate this, you need to
replace the x terms with
න 𝑥 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 equivalent u terms, and replace
It is sometimes possible to simplify an the dx with an equivalent du
integral by changing the variable. This
is known as integration by substitution. 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5
Differentiate Rearrange to find x
Use the substitution:
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 5 = 2𝑥
=2
𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥
Rearrange to 1
get dx 𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 − 5) = 𝑥
To find: = 𝑑𝑥 2
2
න 𝑥 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥
න 𝑥 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥
Replace each ‘x’ term with
an equivalent ‘u’ term
1 𝑑𝑢
න (𝑢 − 5) 𝑢
2 2
Rearrange – you should
leave ‘du’ at the end
1
න 𝑢−5 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4 Combine terms including the
square root, changed to a
1 3 5 1 power ‘1/2’
න 𝑢2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
4 4 6F
Integration
It is sometimes possible to simplify an
integral by changing the variable. This
is known as integration by substitution.
Use the substitution:
𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5
To find:
න 𝑥 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥
6F
Integration
It is sometimes possible to simplify
an integral by changing the
variable. This is known as
integration by substitution.
Use integration by substitution to find:
2
න 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥
0
Sometimes you will have to decide on a
substitution yourself.
In this case, the bracket would be hardest
to integrate so it makes sense to use the
substitution:
𝑢 =𝑥+1
An alternative method is to replace the
‘u’ terms with x terms at the end and
then just use the original ‘x’ limits –
either way is fine!
6F
Integration
You can use integration by parts to In C3 you met the following: (the product rule)
integrate some expressions
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Rearrange by
subtracting vdu/dx
𝑑(𝑢𝑣)
𝑑𝑥 Integrate each term
with respect to x
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 The middle term is just
න𝑢 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 a differential
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → Integrating a
differential cancels
This is the formula used for them both out!
Integration by parts!
→ You get given this in the
booklet
The other terms do not cancel as only part of them are
differentiated…
6G
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 Unlike when using the product
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 rule, we now have one function
Integration
to differentiate, and one to
integrate…
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
You can use integration by parts to න𝑢 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣
integrate some expressions 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Find:
න 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now replace the relevant parts to find the integral…
You can recognise that Integration by
parts is needed as we have two
functions multiplied together…
As a general rule, it is easiest to let u = anything of the form xn. The exception
is when there is a lnx term, in which case this should be used as u
6G
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integration
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
You can use integration by parts to න𝑢 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
integrate some expressions
Find:
න 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
You can recognise that Integration by
parts is needed as we have two
functions multiplied together…
Let u be lnx!
6G
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integration
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣
You can use integration by parts to 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
integrate some expressions
Find:
න 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
You can recognise that Integration by
parts is needed as we have two
functions multiplied together…
Sometimes you will have to use the
process twice!
This happens if the new integral still
has two functions multiplied together…
6G
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 When integrating lnx, you MUST
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
think of it as ‘lnx times 1, and
Integration use lnx as ‘u’ and 1 as ‘dv/dx’
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
You can use integration by parts to න𝑢 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
integrate some expressions
Evaluate:
2
න 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Leave your answer in terms of natural
logarithms…
→You will be asked to leave exact
answers a lot so make sure you know
your log laws!!
6G
