Integration

2023
Standard Integration
➢ Integration is the reverse of differentiation, the sign for integral ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬,for example.
➢ When we differentiate 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 ,we multiply by 𝑛 and subtract 1from the exponent like
𝑑 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑡
➢ For integration we first add 1 to the exponentand then divide by 𝑛 + 1 , for all
integral we add a constant 𝐶 because is not easily to trace any constan𝑡 after differentiatio𝑛
𝑠ince the derivative of a constant is zero.
𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1
➢ →‫׬‬ 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥= 𝑛+1 + 𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ −1,
𝑑
𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 = 2𝑥
𝑎)𝑖𝑓 𝑐 = 0
𝑑 2𝑥 1+1
➢ Consider: 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 3 = 2𝑥 → ‫ ׬‬2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑏) 𝑖𝑓 𝑐 = −3
1+1
𝑑 𝑐) 𝑖𝑓 𝑐 = 2
𝑐) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 2 = 2𝑥
➢ Therefore, for any integral we add the constant 𝑐 to accommodate the original form of the three
equations.
1 𝑑 1
➢ For 𝑛 = −1, ‫ 𝑥𝑎 ׬‬−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ‫ 𝑥𝑛𝑙𝑎 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬+ 𝑐 , since 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥
Integral of a constant

0 0 𝑘𝑥 0+1
Integral of a constant:‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬ 𝑘 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑘 ׬ = 𝑥𝑑𝑘 ׬‬ + 𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐.
0+1

Examples;
5𝑥 3
1. ‫׬‬ 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
3

2 2𝑥 −2 1
2. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 𝑑𝑥 =‫׬‬ 2𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 = −2 + 𝑐 = − 𝑥2 + 𝑐

𝑥 0+1
3. ‫ ׬‬6𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬6𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 = 6 + 𝑐 = 6𝑥 + 𝑐
1

‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒇 ׬ 𝒌 = 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒇𝒌 ׬‬
Note that:
‫ )𝒙(𝒇 ׬‬± 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ‫ 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒇 ׬‬± ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒈 ׬‬

3 1
4.‫ ׬‬3𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬3 ‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬3𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 3 + 𝑐
More combined examples

Evaluate the following:

a) ‫ ׬‬3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

2𝑥 3 −3𝑥 1 2 4 1 4
b) ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =‫׬‬ 𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥 = 6 𝑥 3 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

4𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 −3𝑥
c)‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥2

1 3
4 3 3
d) ‫ ׬‬3 𝑥 + + 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬3𝑥 + 2 4𝑥 −1 + 3𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 4𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
𝑥 𝑥2

1
1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
e) ‫׬‬
1 1 3 1
1+𝑥 2 −2 4 3 2 5
f) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 =‫𝑥 ׬‬ + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 +
2 2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 +𝑐
𝑥 3 5

1−𝑥 2 1
g) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬−1 − 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑥
Integral of 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒏

The derivative of 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑛−1 (𝑚)

therefore the integral of 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑛

𝑛
𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑛+1
න 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑚(𝑛 + 1)
Examples:
10 𝑑𝑥 1−2𝑥 11 1 11
1. ‫ ׬‬1 − 2𝑥 =
(−2)(11)
+𝑐 =−
22
1 − 2𝑥 +𝑐

1 6
1 5 3𝑥+4 1 12𝑥+1 6
2. ‫ ׬‬3𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
4 6(3) 18 4

3
1 1 2 3
1 1 2 3
𝑥−4 1 2
3.‫׬‬ 𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥 = 3 1 +𝑐 =2 𝑥 −4 +𝑐
3 3 3
2 3

−4 𝑑𝑥 1−5𝑥 −3 1 −3
4. ‫ ׬‬1 − 5𝑥 = + 𝑐 = 15 1 − 5𝑥 +𝑐
(−3)(−5)
Exercises
Determine the following integrals
2
3𝑥+ 𝑥+1 4𝑥 2 −𝑥+4 𝑥+1
1.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 2.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 3.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1−𝑥
4.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 5.‫ ׬‬3𝑥 2 − 1 2 𝑑𝑥 6.‫׬‬ 𝑥 − 1 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

3𝑥−1 4 4
7.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 8.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 9.‫ ׬‬2𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2𝑥−1 4

6 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 3 8
10.‫ ׬‬3 − 4𝑥 11.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 12.‫׬‬ − 𝑑𝑥
3−2𝑥 3 6 5
Integral of exponential function 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) 𝒕rigonometric functions
𝑑
For derivative of exponential and trigonometric function 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) ,
we multiply the exponential or trigonometric function by the derivative of
𝑓 𝑥 , for the integral we divide 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) by 𝑓 𝑥 .

From the table of differentiation:

𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)
a. 𝑒 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) →‫׬‬ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓′ (𝑥)

𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓(𝑥)
b. 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑓(𝑥) → ‫𝑥 𝑓𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬ = 𝑓′ (𝑥)

𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑓(𝑥)
c. 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓(𝑥) → ‫𝑥 𝑓𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬ =− 𝑓′ (𝑥)

𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑓 𝑥
d. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑓 𝑥 → ‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬2 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥

𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑓 𝑥
e. 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑓 𝑥 → ‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬2 𝑓 𝑥 =− 𝑓′ 𝑥
 𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑓 𝑥
f. 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑓 𝑥 → ‫ 𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥

𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑓 𝑥
e.𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑓 𝑥 → ‫ 𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑓 𝑥 =− 𝑓′ 𝑥

Examples: Evaluate,
3 3
3 −2𝑥 5 3𝑥 −2𝑥
a)‫׬‬ 5𝑒 3𝑥 − 3𝑒 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 5𝑒 3𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 2𝑒 +𝑐
3

4 5
b) ‫ ׬‬4𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐
3 2

7 3
c) ‫ ׬‬7𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 4𝑡 − 3𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝑡 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑡 + 𝑐

d) ‫ ׬‬6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑡 − 4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑡 + 𝑐 = −2 𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝑡 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑡 + 𝑐

More examples
e)‫ ׬‬4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
SOLUTION: use the double angle identity: 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
න 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 − + 𝑐 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐
2

f) ‫ ׬‬6𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 2𝜋 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
SOLUTION: use the double angle ID: cos 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 → 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙)
1
න 6𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 2𝜋 𝑑𝑥 = 6 න 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 2𝜋 𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 − 2𝜋
න 6𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 2𝜋 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 2 +𝑐
2 2
3
න 6𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 2𝜋 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 − 2𝜋 + 𝑐
2
Exercises

Evaluate the following integrals:

a)‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

b) ‫ ׬‬1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
c)‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

d)‫𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬2𝑥(𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

e)‫𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑐(׬‬4𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

f)‫ ׬‬1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥

3
g)‫ 𝑠𝑜𝑐[׬‬2 (3𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (2 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥

h)‫ ׬‬32𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Integral involve inverse trigonometric functions: 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒙
𝑑 𝑎 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑥 = 1+ 𝑎𝑥 2
→ 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 therefore ‫ ׬‬1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑥)
The general form is ‫ ׬‬1+ 𝑓(𝑥) 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓′(𝑥)
+𝑐
Examples:
4
1. ‫ ׬‬1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
4 1
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 න 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
1+𝑥 1+𝑥
𝟔
2. ‫𝟏 ׬‬+𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Solution :
6 1
‫ ׬‬1+4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 6 ‫ ׬‬1+ 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , from this equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2, then use the general form
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑥)
‫ ׬‬1+ 𝑓(𝑥) 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓′(𝑥)
+𝑐
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑥
6න 2
𝑑𝑥 = 6 + 𝑐 = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑥 + 𝑐
1 + 2𝑥 2
More examples
𝟏
3. ‫𝟗 ׬‬+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Solution: Take 9 out of the integral to introduce 1 in its place as required in the general form.
1 1 1 1 1 𝑥 1
‫ ׬‬9+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = 9 ‫𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 = 9 ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥,from this equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3 , then use the
1+ 9 1+ 3
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑥)
general form ‫ ׬‬1+ 𝑓(𝑥) 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑓′(𝑥)
−1 𝑥
1 1 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 1 −1
𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +c
9 𝑥 2 9 1 3 3
1+ 3 3
𝑥2
4.‫ ׬‬9+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Add and subtract 9 in the numerator and split the fraction in to two parts.
𝑥2 𝑥 2 +9−9 𝑥 2 +9 9
‫ ׬‬9+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬9+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬9+𝑥 2 − 9+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥, then split into two integral
𝑥 2 +9 9 9 1 1
= ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2+9 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬9+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬1𝑑𝑥 − 9 ‫׬‬ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 1𝑑𝑥 − ‫׬‬ 𝑥 2
, from the second part of this
1+ 9
1+ 3
𝑥 1 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑥)
equation 𝑓 𝑥 = → 𝑓′ 𝑥 = , then use the general form ‫ ׬‬1+ 𝑓(𝑥) 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
3 3 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑥2 −1
𝑥
∴න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3𝑡𝑎𝑛
9 + 𝑥2 3
Integral involving inverse trigonometric functions: 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒙
𝑑 𝑎 𝑑 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑎𝑥 = → 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1
𝑥 = therefore ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 1− 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑥)
The general form is ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
1− 𝑓(𝑥) 2 𝑓′(𝑥)

Examples: Evaluate:
3
1.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 2

Solution: Take 3 out of integral and then integrate.

3 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = 3 න 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 − 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥2
More examples
1
2. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
1−9𝑥 2
Solution: Combine 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 as one term.
1 1
‫׬‬ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 2
𝑑𝑥, apply the general form 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3, then
1−9𝑥 1− 3𝑥
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 3𝑥 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 = sin−1 3𝑥 + 𝑐
1 − 3𝑥 2 3 3
1
3. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
4−𝑥 2
Solution: Take 4 as a common factor and out of integral :
1 1 1 1 𝑥 ′ 𝑥 =1
‫׬‬ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 4
‫׬‬ 2
𝑑𝑥, general form 𝑓 𝑥 = 2
→ 𝑓 2
4−𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4 1− 4 1− 2
−1 𝑥
1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛
න 𝑑𝑥 = 2 + 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 − 𝑥2 2 1 2
2
6
4. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
9−4𝑥 2
Solution: This is a combination of the three example.
−1 2𝑥
6 1 6 1 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 −1
2𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = 6 න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝑐
9− 4𝑥 2 4 9 2𝑥 2 3 2 3
9 1 − 9 𝑥2 1− 3 3
Examples
Evaluate the following:
a) ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 2𝑥 2 − 3 5 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 3---------------------------------------(1)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 4𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 = ----------------------------------(2)
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥

Substitute (1( and (2) in the original integral:

6
2 5 5
𝑑𝑢 2 5
2 𝑢 1 6
න 2𝑥 2𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥 = න 2𝑥𝑢 = න 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 = 𝑢 +𝐶
4𝑥 4 4 6 12

1
Substitute u by using (1): ∴ ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 2𝑥 2 − 3 5 𝑑𝑥 = 12 2𝑥 2 − 3 6
+𝑐
Exercises
a)Find the integral of the following :
4
i) ‫ ׬‬1+25𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1
ii) ‫ ׬‬9+16𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

2+𝑥 2
iii) ‫ ׬‬1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
vi) ‫ ׬‬16+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

16
v) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
1−64𝑥 2

1
iv) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
36−𝑥 2

6
iiv) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
36−25𝑥 2

𝑥 3 +𝑥+1
v) ‫ ׬‬1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
Integral by elementary substitution
It is applicable if the integral involved 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 .
The general form is:‫ 𝑓 𝑛 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ‫ 𝑥 𝑓𝑛 ׬‬. 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ‫ 𝑓 )𝑥(𝑓 𝐺 ׬‬′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Method of evaluating this integrals

Let 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 ----------------------------(1)
𝑑𝑢 ′ 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑓 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 = ------------(2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑓′ (𝑥)
Substitute (1) and (2) in the general form:
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑢𝑛 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ′ = න 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑜𝑟
2
𝑑𝑢 𝑛𝑢
න 𝑛𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑛𝑢 ′ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = න 𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑓 𝑥 2
b) ‫ ׬‬30𝑥 2 𝑥 3 + 5𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 5---------------------------------------(1)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 3𝑥 2 → 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2----------------------------------(2)
𝑑𝑥

Substitute (1( and (2) in the original integral:

න 30𝑥 2 𝑥 3 + 5𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 3 2 20
= න 30𝑥 2 𝑢 2 = න 10𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 10𝑢
2 2 +𝐶 = 𝑢3 + 𝐶
3𝑥 3 3
Substitute u by using (1):
20
∴ න 30𝑥 2 𝑥 3 + 5𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 5 3 +𝐶
3
c)‫ ׬‬8𝑠𝑖𝑛5 2𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥---------------------------------------(1)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 = ----------------------------------(2)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Substitute (1( and (2) in the original integral:
5 5
𝑑𝑢 5
4 6
න 8𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = න 8𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥. = න 4𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 6
Substitute u by using (1):
2
∴ න 8𝑠𝑖𝑛5 2𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 2𝑥 + 𝐶
3
Integral of 𝑮 𝒇 𝒙 𝒇′ (𝒙)
Examples
1)‫ ׬‬2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2---------------------------------------(1)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 = ----------------------------------(2)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥

Substitute (1( and (2) in the original integral:

𝑑𝑢
න 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢. = න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
2𝑥
Substitute u by using (1):

∴ න 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
 1+4𝑙𝑛𝑥
2) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Solution:
Let 𝑢 = lnx−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(1)

𝑑𝑢 1
= 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 =xdu−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(2)
𝑑𝑥

Substitute (1( and (2) in the original integral:

1 + 4𝑙𝑛𝑥 1 + 4𝑢
න 𝑑𝑥 = න . 𝑥𝑑𝑢 = න 1 + 4𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 2𝑢2 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥

Substitute u by using (1):

1 + 4𝑙𝑛𝑥 2
∴න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 +𝐶
𝑥
 1 1
3)‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1
Let 𝑢 =
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(1)
𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
= − 2 → 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Substitute (1( and (2) in the original integral:
1 1 1
න 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = න 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢. −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢 = න −𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Substitute u by using (1):
1 1 1
2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
∴න 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
Exercises
Determine the following integrals:

8𝑙𝑛𝑥
1.‫ ׬‬5𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 2.‫ ׬‬6𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3.‫׬‬ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑥3 2 2𝑒 𝑥
4.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 5.‫׬‬ 3𝑥𝑒 (2𝑥 −1) 𝑑𝑥 6.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 +4

2
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 3𝑥
7.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 8.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 9.‫ ׬‬2𝑡 3𝑡 2 − 1𝑑𝑡
1−𝑥 2 4𝑥 2 −1 5

𝑥 1 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑙𝑛𝑥)
10.‫׬‬ 2
𝑑𝑥 11.‫׬‬ 2
𝑑𝑥 12.‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
1−9𝑥 1−4𝑥 𝑥