s.n.
d public school
palwal
SESSION 2024-2025
TOPIC:-
To study EMI in detail (Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law)
Submitted By : Anant Singh
Roll No:
Submitted to : Mr. Rajkumar
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the content of
the project is the bonafide work of
ANANT SINGH and is submitted to
me for partial fulfillment of
requirement of CBSE. The original
research work was carried out by
him under my supervision in the
academic year 2024-25. Based on
the declaration made by him, I
recommend this project for
evaluation.
aCKNOwLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my physics
teacher for his able guidance and
support in completing my project. I
would also like to extend my
gratitude to our Respected Principal
sir for providing me with all the
facilities that were required to
complete this physics project.
Electromagnetic
Induction
Electromagnetic Induction is the
process of using magnetic fields to
produce voltage, and in a complete
circuit, a current.
Michael Faraday first discovered it,
using some of the works of Hans
Christian Oersted. His work started
at first using different combinations
of wires and magnetic strengths and
currents, but it wasn’t until he tried
moving the wires that he got any
success.
Almost 200 years ago, Faraday
looked for evidence that a magnetic
field would induce an electric
current with this apparatus.
To understand faraday’s law, let’s
understand magnetic flux first.
Magnetic Flux:
Magnetic flux is the quantity of
magnetic field that penetrates area
at right angles to it.
Flux is a general term associated
with a FIELD that is bound by a
certain AREA. So, magnetic flux is
any area passing that has a through
it.
Area vector:
We generally define an AREA
VECTOR as one that is perpendicular
to the surface of the material.
Therefore, you can see in the figure
that the AREA vector and the
Magnetic Field vector are parallel.
This then produces a dot product
between the 2 variables that then
define flux.
Method to change the
magnetic fLUX:
• By moving a magnet towards or
away from the coil.
• By moving the coil into or out of
the magnetic field.
• By changing the area of a coil
placed in the magnetic field.
• By rotating the coil relative to the
magnet.
Faraday’s experiment
In this experiment, Faraday takes a
magnet and a coil and connects a
galvanometer across the coil.
• At starting, the magnet is at rest,
so there is no deflection in the
galvanometer i.e the needle of
the galvanometer is at the centre
or zero position.
• When the magnet is moved
towards the coil, the needle of
the galvanometer deflects in one
direction.
• When the magnet is held
stationary at that position, the
needle of galvanometer returns
to zero position.
• Now when the magnet moves
away from the coil, there is some
deflection in the needle but
opposite direction, and again
when the magnet becomes
stationary, at that point respect to
the coil, the needle of the
galvanometer returns to the zero
position.
• Similarly, if the magnet is held
stationary and the coil moves
away, and towards the magnet,
the galvanometer shows
deflection.
• It Is also seen that the faster the
change in the magnetic field, the
greater will be the induced EMF
or voltage in the coil.
Faraday 1” Law
Any change in the magnetic field of
a coil of wire will cause an emf to be
induced in the coil.
This emf induced is called induced
emf and if the conductor circuit is
closer current will also circulate
through the circuit and this current
is called induced current.
Faraday 2nd Law
It states that the magnitude of emf
induced in the coil is equal to the
rate of change of flux that linkages
with the coil.
The flux linkage of the coil is the
product of the number of turns the
coil and flux associated with the
coil.
Lenz’s Law
This just says that the direction of
the Induced current is such that it
opposes the change that causes it.
If you push a wire through a field the
induced current makes a force that
pushes back. If a field is pointing
one way and a conductor moves
through it, then the induced current
makes a field that points the
opposite way.
Applications of
electromagnetic
induction
• Ac generators:
AC Generators use Faraday law to
produce rotation and thus convert
electrical and magnetic energy into
rotational kinetic energy. This idea
can be used to run all kinds of
motors. Since the current in the coil
is it is turning on and off thus
creating a changing magnetic field
of its own. Its own magnetic field
interferes with the shown magnetic
field to produce rotation.
• Transformers:
Transformers work only if the
current is changing; this is one
reason why electricity is transmitted
as AC.
• An induction stove:
The water in the metal pot is boiling.
Yet, the water in the glass pot is not
boiling, and the stove top is cool to
the touch. The stove operates in this
way by using electromagnetic
induction.
• A card reader:
Magnetic data storage encodes
information in a pattern of
alternating magnetic fields. When
these fields move past a small pick-
up coil, the changing magnetic field
creates an induced current in the
coil. This current is amplified into a
sequence of voltage pulses that
represent the Os and 1s of digital
data.
Conclusion
Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic
Induction, first observed and published
by Michael Faraday in the mid
nineteenth century, describes a very
important electromagnetic concept.
Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence
of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp it
relates an induced electric potential or
voltage to a dynamic magnetic field.
This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in
many ways: from the shining of the sun
to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power
our homes. We can all appreciate the
profound Faraday’s law has on us.
References
