CHRIST NAGAR PUBLIC SCHOOL

SENIOR SECONDARY,
MARANALLOOR TRIVANDRUM

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
(SESSION 2024-25)

Submitted by,
Name:VAISHNAV.B
Class:XII-A
Reg.No:……………………………...

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 INDEX
AIM OF PROJECT
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
APPLICATIONS OF EMI
OBSERVATION
CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY

AIM
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To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

INTRODUCTION
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Electro Magnet
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the
magnetic field is produced by electric current. The
magnetic field disappears when the current is turned
off.
Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by
placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is
called induction.
Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a
potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when
it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic
field causes molecule in another object to flow.
Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is
induced when the magnetic flux linking a conductor
change.
Magnetic Flux Magnetic flux is defined as the product
of the magnetic flux density and the area normal to the
field through which the field is passing. It is a scalar
quantity and its S.I. unit is the weber (Wb)

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 φ = ΒΑ
Principle: -
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just
induction) is a process where a conductor placed in a
changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving
through a stationary magnetic field) causes the
production of a voltage across the conductor. This
process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current -- it is said to induce the current.

THEORY

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Invention:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the
discovery of induction in 1831 though it may have been
anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in
1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a
similar discovery, but did not publish his findings until
later.
Induced e.m.f.s: - If magnetic flux through a coil is
altered then an E.m.f. will be generated in the coil. This
effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and
Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered
that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to
each other or by
b)changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic
flux in some way.
Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is
changing.
Back emf: The induced e.m.f. acts in opposite
direction to the applied voltage V (Lenz's law) and in
known as back or counter e.m.f.
Lenz's Law: -
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced
emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic
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field opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always
acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In
the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the
induced field acts in opposition to it

Applications of electromagnetic Induction

Electrical Generator: -
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due
to relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is
the phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When
a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire
is connected through an electrical load, current will
flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting
the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy

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Electrical transformer: -
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible
for electrical transformers. When the electric current in
a loop of wire changes, the changing current creates a
changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this
magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic
field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, dΦB / dt
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second
loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the
two ends of this loop are connected through an
electrical load, current will flow.

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Faraday's Experiment: -
 One of the scientists Faraday performed series of
experiments and based on the results he gave law
on induction.
 He introduced the phenomenon of electromagnetic
induction.
 Induction means to induce or to generate
something.
 Electromagnetic Induction means production of
electric current due to magnetic field.
 Magnetic field is capable of producing current in a
conductor
 Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to
it.
 As there is no battery attached therefore there is no
source of current.
 He brought the magnet near the coil.
 When the magnet is moved towards the coil
galvanometer showed deflection.
 Galvanometer even showed the deflection in the
opposite direction when the magnet is taken away
from the coil.
 When magnet was not moved there was no
deflection in the galvanometer.
 This show current is related to magnet.

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  Faster the magnet is moved the more is the
deflection in the galvanometer. This showed more
and more current flows if the magnet is moved very
fast.
 Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and
the magnet was not moved.
Materials Required: -
Magnetic bar, a galvanometer, coil and connecting
wires.

Procedure: -
1. Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns.
2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.
3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole
into the coil and observe the changes in the
galvanometer needle.
4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar
magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a
different number of turns and the variation in the
deflection of the galvanometer needle.

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Observations: -
1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the
needle of galvanometer gets deflected in different
directions.
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet
into the coil, the deflection is towards right.
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet
into the coil, the deflection is towards left.
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil
with varying speed, the speed of deflection changes
accordingly.
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the
deflection increases.
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced
electric current in the coil.

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Result: -
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 1. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the
presence of current in the coil.
2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of
flow of current.
3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the
current is induced.
4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the
change in number of turns in the coil more the
number of turns in the coil greater is the deflection.

From this experiment, Faraday concluded that

whenever there is relative motion between a conductor
and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil
changes and this change in flux induces a voltage across
a coil.

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