GEC 210 : ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS

Dr. Damilola V. Abraham

Department of Petroleum Engineering,
PART 6: COMPLEX
Covenant University, Ota
Nigeria
NUMBERS.
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COURSE CONTENT.

1. Real and Imaginary parts of a complex number

2. The complex plane.
3. Terminology and Notation.
4. Complex Algebra
5. De’Moivre’s Theorem
6. Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers.
7. Euler’s Formula
8. Elementary Functions of a Complex Variable.
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RECOMMENDED TEXTS
1. MODERN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS FOURTH EDITION BY GYLN
JAMES
2. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS BY STROUD K.A
3. ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHS BY KRESZIG
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INTRODUCTION
Consider the two graphed equations below.
y = x2 − x − 2 …..(1) y = x2 − x + 2 …..(2)

y y
6 10
2
y=x -x-2 y = x2 - x + 2
4 8
6
2
4
0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 2
-2
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

The roots of the first (left) are x = 2 and x = -1 these roots are on the x-intercept
and are real roots for the equation y = x 2 − x − 2
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𝒂 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎

𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟐,
𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = −𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 = 𝟐
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂
− b  b 2 − 4ac …..(3)
x= 2a

x = 1 2 −7 = 12  7 2 −1 = 12  2
7
 −1 = 0.5  1.323 − 1 …..(4)

But the square root of -1 would not yield a real number; this radical
we denote as − 1 = j and the numbers x = 0.5 + j 1.323 and
x = 0.5 − j 1.323 as the complex roots of the equation .
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Complex Number Definition

Hence, the variable z denoted by an expression of the form
z = x+j y …..(5)
is a complex variable. x is called the real part of z, written as “Re z = x”; y is
called the imaginary part of z written as “Im z = y.”

E.g. the following shows a complex number:

z = 0.5 + j 1.323 …..(6)
  
complex real part imaginary part
number Re z Im z
With complex numbers every polynomials have a root.
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• Powers of j
Since j = − 1 let us consider some powers of j
j = j=
1
−1 …..(7) j = j
4
( ) = (− 1)
2 2 2
=1 …..(10)

j2 = −1  − 1 = −1 …..(8) j5 = j4  j1 = 1  j = j …..(11)

j3 = j2  j = −1  j = − j …..(9)

Hence, powers of j repeats itself at every blocks of four such that

jn + 4 = jn …..(12)

E.g. j = j 27
( )  j  − j= − j
4 6
=
3
16
…..(13)
24 107 17
Exercise: Evaluate 1 . j ; 2. j ; 3 . j .
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Addition and subtraction of complex numbers

To compute the addition or subtraction of complex
numbers just collect like terms.
Example 1: Evaluate z = z1+z2 given;
z1 = −2 + j4 ; z 2 = 5 + j2
Solution: to evaluate z=z1+z2 collect like terms
z = (− 2 + 5) + j(4 + 2 )  z = 3 + j6
Example 2: Evaluate z = z1-z2 given;
z1 = 6 + j8 ; z 2 = 3 − j2
Solution: for z=z1-z2 also collect like terms
z = (6 − 3) + j(8 − (− 2 ))  z = 3 + j10
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• Multiplication of complex numbers

Multiply complex numbers like binomials (you can use
FOIL“first, outer, inner, last.”)
Example 3: Evaluate z = z1×z2 given;
z1 = −2 + j3 ; z2 = 5 + j
z = (− 2 + j3 )(5 + j)
Solution: the product
 z = −2  5 − j2 + j(3  5) + j2 3 now j2 = −1 ( )
 z = −10 + j(− 2 + 15 ) − 3 = −13 + j13
Example 4: Compute the product z = (8 + j6 )(3 − j2)
Solution: z = (8  3) − j(8  2) + j(6  3) − j2 (6  2)
= 24 + j(− 16 + 18 ) + 12 = 36 + j2
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• classwork
1. Simplify (i ) j2 ; (ii ) j9 ; (iii ) j60 ; (iv ) j31;
2. Compute:
(i ) (2 - j7) + (4 + j3) ; (ii ) (3 + j2) + (3 − j2) ;
(iii ) (4 − j3) − (4 + j3) ; (iv ) (5 + j4) + (3 − j2) − (4 + j3) .
3. Express in the form a + j b :

(i ) (2 - j7)(4 + j3)
(ii ) (3 + j2)(3 − j2)
(iii ) (4 + j3)(4 + j3)
(iv ) (5 + j4)(3 − j2)(4 + j3)
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• Complex conjugates

Thus far our multiplication of complex numbers have produced complex

numbers:
(− 2 + j 3)(5 + j) = −13 + j13; and (8 + j 6)(3 − j 2) = 36 + j 4 .
However evaluating (− 2 + j 3)(− 2 − j 3) we have;
(− 2) + j(2  3) − j(3  2) − j (3) = 4 + 9 = 13
2 2 2

Also evaluating (8 + j 6)(8 − j 6) we have;

(8) − j(8  6) + j(6  8) − j (6) = 64 + 36 = 100
2 2 2

Both instances of multiplication yield real number results. Hence we refer to

(− 2 − j 3) as the conjugate of (− 2 + j 3)
and (8 − j 6 ) as the conjugate of (8 + j 6 )
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• Complex conjugates cont’d

Thus for a complex number a+jb the conjugate is given as a - jb
Also, the product of two complex conjugates always produce a real number
given by
(a + j b )  (a − j b ) = a 2 + b 2
Hence, the product
(4 + j 6)  (4 − j 6) = 4 2 + 6 2 = 52
Also;
(2 + j 5) (2 − j 5) = 2 2 + 5 2 = 29

Exercise: Multiply these with conjugate

(i ) (3 + j2) ; (ii ) (5 − j 3) ; (iii ) (1 + j ) ; (iv ) (u − jv ) .
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• Division of complex numbers.

To divide a complex number by a real number use distributive law of
division; e.g.
6+ j8
2
= 6
2
+ j8
2
= 3 + j4
However, to divide one complex number by another complex number multiply
both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator
(or divisor). This converts the divisor to a real number!
Example 5: Simplify 8+ j6
3− j2
Solution: 8+ j6 = 8+ j6  3+ j2 = (8+ j6 )(3+ j2 )
3− j2 3− j2 3+ j2 32 + 22
24+ j34 −12 34 = 0.923 + j2.615
= 13
= 12
13
+ j 13
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• Division of complex numbers: class work

Simplify
5 − j3 9 − j3
1. 2 + j5
5. 5− j4

5 − j3 7 − j4
2. 5 + j3
6. 6 − j3

5 − j3 10 − j9
3. 5 − j3
7. 7 − j8

(5− j3 )2
4.
(3− j2 )2

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• Polar forms of complex numbers

Given a complex number z = x + jy this can be graphically represented (in
polar form) as
0z is the vector of z = x + jy;
Y
10

8
z r = length of vector
6
 = angle with 0X
j r y
4

02 θ r2 = x2 + y2  r = x2 + y2
0 x
0 2 4 x 6 8 10

y −1 y
and tan  = x
  = tan x
also x = r cos  and y = r sin θ
z = x + jy  z = r cos  + jr sin θ = r(cos  + j sin θ )
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• Polar forms of complex numbers

Thus to express a complex number z = x + jy in polar form do the
following
1. Do a quick sketch (helpful to know quadrant)
10
Y
8
z
6
2. Evaluate
j r y
4
r= x2 + y2
2
θ x
00
0
2x 6 48 10
−1 y
3. Compute  = tan x
Mind the quadrant!
4. Assemble z = x + jy  z = r (cos  + j sin θ )
is the required polar form of the complex number.
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• Polar forms of complex numbers cont’d

z = r (cos  + j sin θ ) is called the polar form of the

complex number
z = x + jy

r is called the modulus of the

complex number z or “mod z” or
simply |z|


is called the argument of the
complex number z or “arg z”; 
may be in radian or degree

Example 6: Express z = 4 + j3 in polar form

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• Polar forms of complex numbers cont’d

Solution: Given z = 4 + j3
1. Quick sketch (shows we are in 1st quadrant)
Y
3.5
3
z 2. Evaluate
2.5
j 2
r
1.5
1
3 r= 42 + 32
0.5 θ 4 r= 25 = 5
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5

3. Compute  = tan −1 43 = 36.87 1st quadrant!

4. Assemble z = 4 + j3  z = 5(cos 36.87 + j sin 36.87 )
Note: to convert polar form to z = x + jy evaluate the cosine and sine
then multiply by value of r.
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• Polar forms of complex numbers cont’d

Example 7: Express z = −4 − j3 in polar form
Solution: Given z = −4 − j3
1
Y
-4 2. Evaluate
-x 0 X

(− 4)2 + (− 3)2
-5 -4 -3 -2
θ -1 0 1

-3
-1
r=
-2
r -j
z -3 r= 25 = 5
-4
-Y

3. 3rd quadrant   = tan −1 −3

= 180 + 36.87 = 216.87
−4
4. Assemble z = −4 − j3
 z = 5(cos 216.87 + j sin 216.87 )
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• Class work on Polar forms of complex numbers

Express in polar form

1. 5 − j3
2. 8 + j3
3. 3 − j2
4. 5 + j7
5. − 2 − j7
6. − 5 + j7
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• Polar forms and negative angles

Polar form: z = r (cos  + j sin  )

When  is negative; z = r (cos(−  ) + j sin(−  ))

Now, cos(−  ) = cos 

and sin(−  ) = − sin 
 z = r (cos  − j sin  )
for negative angles
Uses: Negative angles are convenient when  is greater 1800; e.g.

z = r (cos 310 + j sin 310)  r (cos(− 50) + j sin(− 50))

 z = r (cos 50 − j sin 50 )
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• Polar complex operations

Let: z1 = r1 (cos 1 + j sin 1 )
z 2 = r2 (cos θ 2 + j sin θ 2 )
z 3 = r3 (cos θ 3 + j sin θ 3 )
Then the followings can be verified using basic complex operations and
trigonometric identities;
1. Multiplication
z1  z 2 = r1r2 cos(1 +  2 ) + j sin(1 +  2 )
Also,

z1  z 2  z 3 = r1 r2 r3 cos ( 1 +  2 +  3 ) + j sin ( 1 +  2 +  3 ) 
2. Division
= cos(1 −  2 ) + j sin (1 −  2 )
z1 r1
z 2 r2
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• Polar complex operations cont’d

Example: If z1 = 15(cos 65 + j sin 65 )

z 2 = 2(cos 15 + j sin 15 )
1. Multiplying: z 3 = 5(cos 38 + j sin 38 )
z1  z 2 = 15  2cos(65 + 15 ) + j sin(65 + 15 )
= 30cos 80 + j sin 80 And

z1  z 2  z 3 = 150cos 118 + j sin 118

2. From Division rule

= cos(65 − 15 ) + j sin(65 − 15 ) = 7.5cos 50 + j sin 50

z1 15
z2 2
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• Classwork
1. (a) Simplify by using negative angles
i . z = 2.6( cos 345+ j sin 345 ) ii . z = 13( cos 285+ j sin 285 )
(b) Express in proper polar form of z = r ( cos + j sin  )
i. z = 7( cos 20− j sin 20 ) ii . z = 3( cos 5− j sin 5 )
2. Given z1 = 17( cos 28+ j sin 28 ) ; and z 2 = 4( cos 59+ j sin 59 )
(a) Express in the form z = r ( cos + j sin  )
i . z1 z 2 ; ii . z1 ; iii . z2 ; iv . 1
z1
.
z2 z1
(b) Express in the form z = a + jb
i . z1 ; ii . z 2 ; iii . z1 z 2 ; iv . z1
.
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• Powers of complex numbers cont’d

From: z1 = r1 (cos 1 + j sin 1 )
(z1 ) 2 z1  z1 = r1r1 cos(θ1 + θ1 ) + j sin(θ1 + θ1 )
= r1 cos 2θ1 + j sin 2θ1 
2
Similarly,
(z1 )  z1  z1  z1 = r1 cos 31 + j sin 31 
3 3

These lead to De Moivre’s Theorem which states that

( ) 
z1 = r1 cos n1 + j sin n1
n n

Example: Using z1 = 15(cos 65 + j sin 65 )
(z1 ) = 154 cos(4  65) + j sin(4  65)
4

 (z1 ) = 50625cos 260 + j sin 260

4

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• Roots of complex numbers.

1. General Roots: Let z = r ( cos  + j sin  )

z  z 2 = r cos 12 ( + 360k ) + j sin 12 ( + 360k ) 
1 1
2

k = 0 ,1; (  here is in degree)

 
1
3 cos 1 ( + 360 k ) + j sin 1 ( + 360 k )
1
3
z z 3 = r 3 3
k = 0 ,1 ,2; (  also in degree)
 
1
n = r n cos 1 ( + 360 k ) + j sin 1 ( + 360 k )
1
n
z  z n n
k = 0 ,1 ,2  n − 1; ( (  ) , use 2 k instead of 360k for  in rad )
By the above, a complex number therefore has;
2. square roots separated by 360 ; 360
2
3. cube roots separated by ; 3
360
n nth roots separated by n
.
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• General roots cont’d

Example 2: Given
z = 81(cos 20 + j sin 20 )
 
1 1
4
z z = 4 81 4 cos 1 ( 20+ 360k ) + j sin 1 ( 20+ 360k )
4 4
k = 0 ,1 ,2 ,3;  four roots
k = 0;  4  
z = 3 cos 14 ( 20+ 3600 )+ j sin 14 ( 20+ 3600 )
k = 1 ;  4 z = 3cos 1 ( 20+ 3601) + j sin 1 ( 20+ 3601) 

k = 2 ;  4 z = 3cos 1 ( 20+ 3602 ) + j sin 1 ( 20+ 3602 ) 

4 4

k = 3 ;  4 z = 3cos 1 ( 20+ 3603 ) + j sin 1 ( 20+ 3603 ) 

4 4

4 4
the 4 4th roots are i. 3cos 5+ j sin 5 ; ii . 3cos 95+ j sin 95 ;
iii. 3cos 185+ j sin185; iv. 3cos 275+ j sin 275.
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• 2. principal roots
This is the root whose vector (graphical representation of the polar form - §5.3) is
closest to the positive OX axis.
E.g. 1. z = 81( cos 20+ j sin 20 )
Principal z = 9( cos 10+ j sin10 ) ; @ k =0

E.g. 2. z = 81( cos 20+ j sin 20 )

Principal 4 z = 3( cos 5+ j sin 5 ) ; @ k =0

E.g. 3. z = 118.8( cos 276+ jsin 276 )

Principal 5 z = 2.6( cos 345+ j sin 345 ) ; @ k = 4
It is always good to sketch the roots in the polar form as shown in §5.3 to
ascertain the principal root.
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• Classwork
1. (a) Express in polar form: z1 = 3 − j4; z 2 = 5 + j2
(b) Hence, evaluate in the form z = r ( cos + j sin  )
4 z23
i. z ; ii . z23 ; iii . z14  z23 ; iv . 4 .
1
(c) Express in the form z = a + jb
z1
4 z 23
i . z1 ; ii. z 2 ; iii . z1  z2 ; iv. 4 .
3 4 3
z1
2. (a) Given z1 = 32( cos 65+ j sin 55 ) z 2 = 625( cos 28+ j sin 28 )

Obtain all the values (roots) of i . 5 z1 ; ii . 4 z2 .

(b) Evaluate the principal value of
i . 3 7( cos 120+ j sin120 ) 6 ii. (
64 cos 282 + jsin 282 )
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Expansion cos n and sin n

1. From De Moivre’s theorem:
( cos + j sin  ) n
= cos n + j sin n
From this we expand the left hand side as a binomial series after which we can
equate real parts (for cos n) and imaginary parts (for sin n).
Example: find the expansion for cos 2 and sin 2 
Solution: From ( cos + j sin  ) = cos 2 + j sin 2
2

 cos  + j(2 cos  sin  ) + ( j sin  )2 = cos 2 + j sin 2

2

( )
 cos 2  − sin2  + j(2 cos  sin  ) = cos 2 + j sin 2
2 2
Equating real parts  cos  − sin  = cos 2
And equating Imaginary parts  2 cos  sin  = sin 2
Class Work 22: Find the expansion of
i . cos 3  ; ii . sin 5  ; iii . sin 4  ; iv . cos6 .
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• Expansion cos n and sin n cont’d

Let z = cos  + j sin 
−1
then 1z = z  cos (− ) + j sin(− ) = cos  − j sin 
Now, z + 1 = 2 cos  and z − 1z = j2 sin 
z
Also, by De Moivre’s Theorem;
z n = cos n + j sin n
1 = z − n = cos n − j sin n


zn n
From which z + n = 2 cos n
1
z Take good note
of these
and z − n
n 1 = j2 sin n
z
Example: expand sin 
5

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• Expansion of cos n and sin n

Required: To expand sin 5 
Solution: from j2 sin  = z− 1
z
 ( j2 sin  )
5
( z)
= z− 1 5

 j 2 sin  = z − 5 z  z + 10 z  z 2 − 10 z  z13 + 5 z  z14 − z15

1 1
5 5 5 5 4 3 2

 j32 sin  = z − 5 z 1 1 1
5 5 3
+ 10 z − 10 z + 5 3 − 5
z z
 5 1   3 

5
 = z −  − 5 z − 13  + 10(z − 1z )
j 32 sin
   z
5 
z 
5
 j32 sin  = j2 sin 5 − j10 sin 3 + j20 sin 
5
 sin  =
j2
(sin 5 − 5 sin 3 + 10 sin )
j 32
5
 sin  =
1
(sin 5 − 5 sin 3 +10 sin )
16
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• Expansion of cos n and sin n cont’d

( )
5 3
Application Example: Obtain sin x − cos x dx
Solution: Undergoing the process of the previous example, we will establish that
sin
5
=
1
(
sin 5 x − 5 sin 3 x + 10 sin x )
( )
x
16

Now, for cos x ; 2 cos x =

3
z+ 1  ( 2 cos x ) 3 = z + 1 3
z z
3 3
 2 cos x = z + 3 z 
3 2 1
z
1
+ 3z  2
z
+ 1
z3
 8 cos
= z + 3z + 3 z + z3 1 1
3 3
x

3  3   1 
 
 8 cos x =  z + 3  + 3 z − z
1
 z   
 cos x = ( 2 cos 3 x + 6 cos x )
3 1
8
i .e . cos x = ( cos 3 x + 3 cos x )
3 1
4
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COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Expansion of cos n and sin n cont’d

( )
5 3
Hence, our integral sin x − cos x dx becomes
1
 16 ( sin 5 x − 5 sin 3 x + 10 sin x ) − 1 ( cos 3 x + 3 cos x )  dx
4 

= 16  ( sin 5 x − 5 sin 3 x +10 sin x ) dx − 4  (cos 3 x + 3 cos x ) dx

1 1

= 161  (sin 5 x − 5sin 3 x + 10 sin x ) dx − 14  (cos 3 x + 3cos x ) dx

=− 16
(
1 cos 5 x 5 cos 3 x
5
−
3
1 sin 3 x
+ 10 cos x − 4
3
) (
+ 3 sin x + C )
Class Work 23
1. Expand:
2 7 3 7
i . cos  ; ii . sin  ; iii . cos 5  ; iv . sin  ; v . cos  .
2. Integrate:
i. ( cos 6 x + sin4 x ) dx ii . ( cos5 x + sin7 x )dx
1/8/2024 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 34