BANGABANDHU SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN

MARITIME UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH

COURSE NAME: FISHERIES GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 27-05-2024

SUBMITTED BY:

➤NAME: MD JESAN
➤ ID : 22321016
➤ SESSION : 2021-2022
➤ BATCH : MFA 3
➤ SEMESTER: 4th
➤FACULTY : Earth and Ocean Science
➤ DEPARTMENT: Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture

SUBMITTED TO :
➤ Dr. Nazia Rifat Zaman Assistant Professor (Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology)

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Introduction:
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome
of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.
Mutations result from errors during DNA replication, mitosis, and meiosis or
other types of damage to DNA which then may undergo error-prone repair or
cause an error during other forms of repair or else may cause an error during
replication.
Mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of DNA due to
mobile genetic elements.
Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes
including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system,
including junctional diversity.

Characteristics of Mutation
 Generally mutant alleles are recessive to their wild type or normal alleles.
 Most mutations have harmful effect but some mutations are beneficial.
 Spontaneous mutations occurs at very low rate.
 Some genes show high rate of mutation such genes are called as mutable
gene.
 Highly mutable sites within a gene are known as hot spots. Mutations can
occur in any tissue or cell of an organism.
Types of Mutation

 Gene Mutation

 Chromosome Mutation

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Silent mutation:
Silent mutations cause a change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, but do not
result in a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein .
Missense mutation:
This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one
amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene .
Nonsense mutation:
A nonsense mutation is also a change in one DNA base pair. Instead of substituting one
amino acid for another, however, the altered DNA sequence prematurely signals the cell to
stop building a protein . This type of mutation results in a shortened protein that may function
improperly or not at all.

Frameshift mutation:
This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene’s
reading frame. A reading frame consists of groups of 3 bases that each code for one amino
acid. A frameshift mutation shifts the grouping of these bases and changes the code for amino
acids. The resulting protein is usually non-functional. Insertions, deletions, and duplications
can all be frameshift mutations.

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Insertion
Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.•
An insertion changes the number of DNA bases in a gene by adding a piece of DNA• As a
result, the protein made by the gene may not function properly.
Chromosome Mutation
A chromosome mutation is an unpredictable change that occurs in a chromosome. These
changes are most often brought on by problems that occur during meiosis (division process of
gametes) or by mutagens (chemicals, radiation, etc.).
 Deletion
 Duplication
 Inversion
 Translocation

Deletion
A small-scale type of deletion mutation is one in which one or more nucleotides are lost or
deleted from the chromosome.
Duplication
A type of mutation in which a portion of a genetic material or a chromosome is duplicated or
replicated, resulting in multiple copies of that region. Duplication results from an unequal
crossing-over between misaligned homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Inversion Mutation
If two breaks occur in one chromosome, sometimes the region between the breaks rotates 180
degrees before re-joining with the two end fragments.Such an event creates a chromosomal
mutation called an inversion.

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Translocation mutation
Translocation mutations take place when a portion of a chromosome is relocated. The genes
from one chromosome can move to another position on the same chromosome; alternatively,
they can become incorporated into a different chromosome.

Based on tissue of origin

Conclusion
Mutation rates can vary within a genome and between genomes. Much more work is required
before researchers can obtain more precise estimates of the frequencies of different
mutations. The rise of high-throughput genomic sequencing methods nurtures the hope that
we will be able to cultivate a more detailed and precise understanding of mutation rates.
Because mutation is one of the fundamental forces of evolution, such work will continue to
be of paramount importance.

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Reference
 https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/
Principles_of_Biology/02%3A_Chapter_2/14%3A_Mutations/
14.05%3A_Types_of_Mutations
 https://evolution.berkeley.edu/dna-and-mutations/types-of-mutations/
 https://www.pathwayz.org/Tree/Plain/CHROMOSOMAL+MUTATIONS
 https://microbenotes.com/chromosomal-mutation/
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23095-genetic-mutations-in-humans