Secure Synopsis compilation for January-2024

General Studies-1

Table of contents

Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from
ancient to modern times. ........................................................................................................... 4
Q. “The Chola inscriptions provide a window into the socio-economic life of medieval South
India”. Discuss. (10 M) ..................................................................................................................... 4
Q. Discuss the challenges and prospects associated with deciphering the Indus script.
Highlight its significance in understanding the cultural and historical legacy of the Indus
Valley Civilisation. (15 M) ................................................................................................................ 6
Q. “Maha Kumbh has been a unifying force for centuries, embodying India’s diversity”.
Discuss its role in promoting national integration in contemporary times. (10 M) .................... 8
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present-
significant events, personalities, issues. ................................................................................. 10
Q. Examine the role of Swami Vivekananda in reviving India’s cultural heritage, and discuss
how his ideas contributed to the Indian freedom struggle. (10 M) ............................................. 10
Q. Examine the role of Subhas Chandra Bose in India’s freedom struggle, focusing on his
vision for a militarized struggle against colonial rule. (10 M) .................................................... 12
The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from
different parts of the country. ................................................................................................. 13
Q. “Lala Lajpat Rai's contributions go beyond political leadership; they represent a call for
social reform and economic justice”. Discuss. (10 M).................................................................. 13
Q. “Nonviolence (Ahimsa) was not just a strategy but a fundamental philosophy for Mahatma
Gandhi”. Examine how Mahatma Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence shaped India’s
national movement and influenced global struggles for justice. (15 M) .................................... 15
Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country. .......................... 17
Q. Trace the evolution of India’s defence strategy through the lens of its nuclear tests and
their role in asserting India’s sovereignty in the post-colonial world order. (10 M) ................ 17
Q. Analyze the underlying causes that led to the outbreak of the 1965 India-Pakistan war.
Evaluate the role of Operation Gibraltar in its escalation, and discuss the subsequent
geopolitical implications. (15 M) .................................................................................................... 19

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 Q. “The re-organisation of North-East India was a strategic response to historical grievances
and ethnic aspirations”. Analyze the effectiveness of this re-organisation in fostering peace
and development in the region. (15 M) ......................................................................................... 21
History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution,
world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political
philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the
society. ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Q. Assess the role of technology and warfare innovations in determining the outcome of
World War II. (10 M) .................................................................................................................... 23
Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India............................................................ 25
Q. “True happiness lies in self-contentment rather than external achievements”. Examine this
statement in the context of India's evolving social values and the increasing emphasis on
material success. (15 M) ................................................................................................................. 25
Q. “Social harmony is a prerequisite for transforming India’s diversity into national
strength”. Analyze the factors that contribute to social harmony and suggest measures to
address the challenges it faces in contemporary India. (15 M) ................................................... 27
Q. Examine the transformative impact of tribal women leaders in addressing socio-economic
challenges and fostering self-reliant rural communities in India. (10 M) .................................. 29
Q. “The declining sex ratio is both a symptom and a cause of gender inequality”. Examine the
cyclical nature of this relationship and propose strategies to break this cycle. (10 M) ............ 31
Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and
developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies. ............................. 33
Q. “India is grappling with various demographic issues, including fertility decline and
population ageing”. How can accurate and current Census data help in addressing these
issues effectively in terms of policy planning and resource allocation? (15 M) ......................... 33
Q. Evaluate the challenges posed by social media addiction in India, with specific reference to
its effects on mental health and interpersonal relationships. Suggest innovative solutions to
tackle these challenges effectively. (15 M) .................................................................................... 35
Q. “The crisis of drinking water contamination in urban areas is a reflection of flawed
urbanization”. Discuss. (10 M) ...................................................................................................... 37
Q. Examine the societal and behavioural factors contributing to traffic congestion in urban
India. How can a shift in citizen attitudes lead to a long-term solution? (15 M)....................... 38
Q. “Family law systems in India often reinforce traditional gender roles rather than
challenging them”. Discuss. (10 M) ............................................................................................... 41
Q. “Urbanization and work-centric lifestyles have led to the erosion of community life”.
Discuss. (15 M) ................................................................................................................................ 42
Q. Examine the relationship between economic inequality and political influence of the rich in
society. Discuss its impact on intergenerational mobility and suggest measures to address
these challenges. (15 M) .................................................................................................................. 44
Q. Examine how global inequalities, such as economic instability, digital divide, and climate
vulnerability, shape the future prospects of children in developing countries. (15 M) ............ 46
Q. “The elderly often face a dual burden of health and isolation”. How can social innovations
address these challenges? Illustrate with examples. (10 M) ........................................................ 48

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 Q. “Feminism is not just about gender equality but about redefining social frameworks in a
life-giving manner”. Discuss with suitable examples. (10 M)...................................................... 50
Q. Analyze the impact of long working hours on the physical and mental well-being of
individuals in Indian society. How can work-life balance be integrated into corporate and
societal frameworks to promote a healthier workforce? (15 M) ................................................ 52
Q. “The mismanagement of waste and sewage in urban and peri-urban areas poses serious
challenges to public health and environmental sustainability”. Analyze the socio-economic
implications of poor waste management and suggest effective remedial measures. (15 M)..... 54
Q. “Climate is one of many factors influencing large-scale human migration”. Analyze the
impact of climate change on human migration patterns and suggest policy measures to
address the challenges faced by climate migrants. (15 M) .......................................................... 56
Effects of globalization on Indian society. ............................................................................. 58
Q. Discuss the role of wealth concentration in perpetuating social inequality and its impact on
social mobility. Suggest measures to ensure equitable distribution of wealth and resources
globally. (15 M)................................................................................................................................ 58
Q. “Parenting plays a crucial role in shaping an empathetic and socially responsible
generation”. Analyze this statement in the context of modern societal challenges and changing
family dynamics. (15 M) ................................................................................................................. 60
Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism. ........................................ 62
Salient features of world’s physical geography. .................................................................... 62
Q. How do black hole mergers shape the structure of galaxies and contribute to our
understanding of the spatial organization of the universe? (10 M) ............................................ 62
Q. Describe the process of artesian water formation and analyze the factors influencing their
distribution across continents. Also evaluate their potential for addressing water scarcity in
vulnerable regions. (15 M) ............................................................................................................. 64
Q. “Hydroclimate whiplash events are reshaping the global climatic patterns”. Analyze the
geographical factors behind hydroclimate whiplash and its role in intensifying extreme
weather events such as wildfires. (15 M)....................................................................................... 66
Q. Discuss the role of ocean currents and temperature anomalies in influencing the frequency
and intensity of coral bleaching events in tropical regions. (10 M) ............................................ 68
Q. Discuss the geomorphological factors influencing the formation of backwaters in India and
analyze their impact on the regional climate (10 M) ................................................................... 71
Q. Examine the role of the Sun in shaping space weather. Discuss the impact of Coronal Mass
Ejections (CMEs) on Earth's geomagnetic and upper atmospheric systems. (15 M) ............... 72
Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the
Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and
tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India)............................. 75
Q. Discuss the impact of human-induced interventions, such as embankments and floodgates,
on natural river dynamics and flood risks. (10 M) ...................................................................... 75
Q. Analyze the geographical factors influencing the production and distribution of oilseeds in
India. How do these factors contribute to regional disparities in oilseed cultivation? (10 M) . 77

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 Q. Analyze the factors contributing to India's emergence as a crude oil refining hub in Asia.
What challenges could hinder further growth in this domain? (10 M)...................................... 79
Q. While global competition for critical minerals intensifies, India has lagged in developing a
resilient supply chain. Analyze the role of National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in
strengthening India’s critical mineral security. (10 M) ............................................................... 82
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity,
cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical
features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of
such changes. .......................................................................................................................... 84
Q. Explain the tectonic processes responsible for frequent earthquakes in the Himalayan
region. How do these earthquakes impact the hydrology and ecology of the region? (10 M).. 84
Q. “Land subsidence in mineral-rich regions arises from various anthropogenic and natural
factors”. Examine its causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies. (15 M) .................................. 87
Q. Analyze the historical significance of traditional water bodies in shaping urban landscapes
in India. Discuss how urbanization has altered their role and propose measures for their
sustainable integration into modern cities. (15 M) ....................................................................... 89
Q. Examine the role of India Meteorological Department (IMD) in disaster preparedness.
How has its evolution over the years contributed to India’s socio-economic resilience? (10 M)
.......................................................................................................................................................... 91
Q. Analyze the environmental challenges posed by large dam projects in the fragile
Himalayan ecosystem. Examine their specific role in triggering seismic activity and associated
risks. (10 M) ..................................................................................................................................... 93
Q. “The increasing nitrogen pollution poses a significant threat to planetary boundaries”.
Examine the causes and potential consequences of exceeding these boundaries. (10 M) ......... 94

Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms,

literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Q. “The Chola inscriptions provide a window into the socio-economic life of
medieval South India”. Discuss. (10 M)

Introduction

Chola inscriptions, meticulously engraved on temples and public monuments, serve as a

vital source of information on the socio-economic life of medieval South India. They
document the intricate relationship between administration, society, and economy during the
Chola period.

Body

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Social aspects reflected in Chola inscriptions

Fig- Chola Period Inscriptions

1. Role of religion and temples: Temples were central to social life, serving as hubs of
cultural and community activities.
o Eg: Brihadeeswarar Temple inscriptions mention temple festivals and their
role in uniting diverse social groups.
2. Caste and occupational hierarchy: Inscriptions detailed the roles of Brahmins,
artisans, and farmers in temple and societal administration.
o Eg: Uttama Chola inscriptions highlight contributions of weavers and
sculptors to temple construction.
3. Education and knowledge systems: Inscriptions recorded donations to schools and
Vedic education centers attached to temples.
o Eg: Rajendra Chola inscriptions mention grants to institutions for
promoting Vedic studies.
4. Symbols of authority and cultural identity: Symbols like Ankush and Trishul
engraved in inscriptions highlighted the intertwining of religious and social order.
o Eg: Pilippatti inscriptions link symbols with religious and administrative
systems.
5. Community assemblies and governance: Inscriptions described the functioning of
local assemblies like Sabhas and Ur, reflecting grassroots democratic practices.
o Eg: Manur inscriptions depict dispute resolution by local bodies.

Economic aspects reflected in Chola inscriptions

1. Trade and merchant guilds: Merchant guilds like Ainurruvar and Manigramam
were instrumental in fostering trade across local and international markets.
o Eg: Pilippatti inscription mentions extensive trade networks of Ainurruvar
guilds.
2. Agrarian economy: Inscriptions detailed land grants, irrigation systems, and
agricultural taxation, showcasing the agrarian backbone of the Chola economy.

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 o Eg: Chola inscriptions in the Kaveri delta mention canal irrigation and tax
exemptions for barren lands.
3. Temple economy: Temples acted as economic hubs, managing large-scale land
holdings and facilitating trade through donations and investments.
o Eg: Sundarapandiyan inscriptions mention temple donations of gold and
livestock for economic activities.
4. Urbanization and market growth: Inscriptions highlighted the establishment of
towns and markets around temples, promoting commerce.
o Eg: Nagapattinam inscriptions document port-based trade under Rajendra
Chola.
5. Taxation and resource allocation: Inscriptions mention various taxes like Vetti
(labor tax) and Kadamai (land tax), indicating an organized revenue system.
o Eg: Uttama Chola inscriptions detail resource allocation for public works
and temple maintenance.

Conclusion

Chola inscriptions are a comprehensive record of the social and economic dynamics of
medieval South India. They underscore the interdependence of society, religion, and
economy, offering valuable lessons in sustainable development and governance for
contemporary times.

Q. Discuss the challenges and prospects associated with deciphering the Indus
script. Highlight its significance in understanding the cultural and historical
legacy of the Indus Valley Civilisation. (15 M)

Introduction

The Indus script, used by one of the most sophisticated Bronze Age civilisations, remains
undeciphered despite significant efforts. Deciphering it could provide transformative insights
into the socio-economic, political, and cultural systems of the Indus Valley Civilisation
(IVC), reshaping our understanding of early human civilisation.

Body

Challenges in deciphering the Indus script

1. Short length of inscriptions: Most inscriptions are very brief, averaging 5 characters,
offering limited linguistic or syntactical context.
o Eg: The longest inscription found has only 26 characters, making
comprehensive decoding difficult (Source: UNESCO).
2. Lack of bilingual texts: Unlike the Rosetta Stone for Egyptian hieroglyphs, there are
no inscriptions with corresponding translations to a known language.
o Eg: Mesopotamian cuneiform was decoded using Akkadian texts, but no
such artifact exists for the Indus script.
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 3. Uncertain linguistic lineage: Debate persists on whether the script belongs to
Dravidian, Sanskritic, or other language families, or even if it represents a writing
system at all.
o Eg: Asko Parpola supports the Dravidian hypothesis, while Farmer and
Witzel argue it might be a non-linguistic symbol system.
4. Discrepancies in sign count: Scholars propose varying numbers of symbols, ranging
from 62 (S.R. Rao) to 676 (Bryan Wells), complicating standardisation efforts.
o Eg: Bryan Wells’ 2016 study identified 676 signs, while Parpola earlier
suggested 425 signs.
5. Loss of cultural continuity: The IVC's sudden decline and lack of continuity with
later civilisations left the script without descendants or direct connections.
o Eg: Unlike Vedic traditions, which have continuity, IVC’s traditions and
symbols faded after 1900 BCE.
6. Challenges in interpreting rebus symbols: Many symbols may represent
homophones or abstract ideas, increasing ambiguity.
o Eg: Parpola theorized that the fish symbol represented "star" due to a
Dravidian homophone (min or meen).

Prospects of deciphering the script

1. Revealing socio-economic systems: Deciphering the script could uncover details

about trade, taxation, and urban governance in the IVC.
o Eg: Mukhopadhyay (2023) suggested the seals could be tax stamps and
inscriptions permits for trade or craft.
2. Validating linguistic evolution: Could confirm connections between the script and
early Dravidian languages, such as Brahui, still spoken in Balochistan.
o Eg: Brahui, a Dravidian language, persists in Pakistan, supporting the
Dravidian hypothesis.
3. Establishing cultural exchanges: The TNSDA study showed 90% similarities
between Indus symbols and graffiti marks in Tamil Nadu, indicating early South
India-IVC interactions.
o Eg: 15,184 graffiti-bearing potsherds from Tamil Nadu matched 60% of
Indus signs, revealing potential cultural parallels.
4. Insights into religious and symbolic practices: Could uncover spiritual systems,
rituals, and their symbolic representation in IVC.
o Eg: Symbols like the unicorn seal and fire altars suggest possible religious
significance.
5. Strengthening regional cooperation: Tamil Nadu’s $1 million reward and
advanced AI-based linguistic tools have renewed global scholarly interest in
deciphering efforts.
o Eg: Collaborative efforts by Indian and Finnish scholars using machine
learning to analyze patterns in inscriptions.
6. Economic trade insights: Deciphering could provide clarity on trade links with
Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf.

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 o Eg: Indus seals found in Mesopotamian sites like Ur indicate extensive
trade networks.

Significance in understanding IVC’s legacy

1. Advanced urban planning: Deciphering could provide details about city planning,
zoning, and drainage systems unique to the IVC.
o Eg: Mohenjo-Daro’s grid-like streets and public baths reflect early urban
governance models.
2. Cultural continuity of South Asia: Could connect the IVC to modern South Asian
civilisational ethos, providing evidence of indigenous development.
o Eg: Studies by Iravatham Mahadevan argue for a pre-Aryan Dravidian
heritage in the IVC.
3. Validation of trade and administration: Could reveal how the IVC managed
complex trade and taxation systems over vast distances.
o Eg: Bead workshops in Lothal and Indus seals in Oman suggest well-
organized trade practices.
4. Decoding governance models: The symbols may provide insights into political and
administrative structures.
o Eg: Use of standardized weights and seals points to a centralised system of
control.
5. Technological and artistic advancements: Understanding symbols and inscriptions
can reveal IVC's knowledge systems in metallurgy, agriculture, and art.
o Eg: High-tin bronze artifacts in Tamil Nadu graves link to northern
sources, indicating metallurgical knowledge transfer.
6. Strengthening historical narratives: Deciphering can bridge gaps in understanding
South Asia’s Bronze Age and its contributions to global heritage.
o Eg: Findings could challenge or refine current Indo-Aryan migration
theories.

Conclusion

Deciphering the Indus script is not just a linguistic challenge but a gateway to unlocking the
mysteries of one of humanity’s greatest civilisations. While significant obstacles remain,
modern technology, international collaboration, and dedicated research efforts provide
hope that the key to the script—and the culture it represents—will soon be revealed. This will
not only rewrite ancient history but also deepen our understanding of India’s civilisational
roots.

Q. “Maha Kumbh has been a unifying force for centuries, embodying India’s
diversity”. Discuss its role in promoting national integration in contemporary
times. (10 M)

Introduction

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The Maha Kumbh stands as a living symbol of India's diversity, uniting people across
regions, cultures, and beliefs under the shared ethos of spirituality and heritage.

Body

Maha Kumbh as a unifying force for centuries, embodying India’s diversity

1. Spiritual confluence of diverse traditions: Maha Kumbh integrates Hindu sects like
Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism, creating a common platform for ritual
practices.
o Eg: Akharas of Naga Sadhus and Vaishnavite saints jointly conduct
processions and rituals.
2. Representation of regional diversity: Pilgrims from all Indian states, speaking
different languages and observing distinct customs, participate in Maha Kumbh.
o Eg: Devotees from Kerala’s Guruvayur temple perform rituals alongside
Kashi-based Tirtha purohits at the Sangam.
3. Historical significance as a knowledge hub: Maha Kumbh has historically been a
center for religious and philosophical dialogue, transcending sectarian boundaries.
o Eg: Madhavacharya and Ramanujacharya are believed to have participated
in early Kumbh gatherings to discuss Vedic interpretations.
4. Breaking caste and class barriers: Maha Kumbh creates an egalitarian space where
individuals from all castes and economic backgrounds perform rituals together.
o Eg: Kalpvas tradition, where all devotees live in equal austerity, irrespective
of status.
5. Shared cultural memory through mythology: The event draws from shared cultural
texts like the Puranas, creating a unifying historical narrative.
o Eg: Stories of the Samudra Manthan (churning of the ocean) are
commemorated by all participants, linking them to a common heritage.

Role in promoting national integration in contemporary times

1. Fostering unity through collective faith: Maha Kumbh unites people across socio-
economic, regional, and linguistic divides through shared rituals.
o Eg: Over 1.5 crore devotees participated in the Paush Purnima dip (2025),
including pilgrims from rural and urban India.
2. Economic linkages across states: The event boosts inter-state trade, with artisans,
vendors, and suppliers from diverse regions contributing to the economic ecosystem.
o Eg: Brassware from Moradabad, sarees from Varanasi, and handicrafts
from Odisha were major attractions in Maha Kumbh 2025.
3. Global soft power projection: Maha Kumbh’s international appeal strengthens
India’s cultural diplomacy by showcasing its spiritual heritage.
o Eg: Pilgrims from 183 countries visited in 2025, while global media covered
the event extensively.

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 4. Platform for inter-community dialogue: Events like Kumbh encourage mutual
respect and understanding between communities through shared experiences.
o Eg: Khoya-Paya camps and announcements, ensuring cooperation between
police, volunteers, and diverse attendees.
5. Technological integration for inclusivity: The use of digital platforms ensures equal
access to information and participation for all segments of society.
o Eg: The Digital Maha Kumbh platform, with 33 lakh users from 183
countries in January 2025, offered travel, accommodation, and ritual details.

Conclusion

The Maha Kumbh exemplifies India's strength in diversity, serving as a timeless bridge
across cultural, linguistic, and social divides. As India moves forward, such events will
continue to play a pivotal role in fostering national unity and global cultural leadership.

Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth

century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
Q. Examine the role of Swami Vivekananda in reviving India’s cultural heritage,
and discuss how his ideas contributed to the Indian freedom struggle. (10 M)

Introduction

Swami Vivekananda played a pivotal role in rekindling India's cultural heritage, instilling
confidence in its spiritual traditions, and inspiring the nationalist spirit that strengthened the
freedom struggle.

Body

Role in reviving India’s cultural heritage

1. Global recognition of Indian spirituality: Through his 1893 Chicago address,

Vivekananda highlighted India’s ancient Vedanta philosophy and the idea of
universal tolerance, challenging the colonial perception of India as a land of
superstition.
o Eg: His speech, beginning with “Sisters and Brothers of America,” received
a 2-minute standing ovation, positioning India as a beacon of spiritual
wisdom.
2. Establishment of Ramakrishna Mission: Founded in 1897, the mission merged
spirituality with service by promoting education, healthcare, and disaster relief,
embodying India’s dharmic principles.
o Eg: The mission established Belur Math and multiple institutions that
continue to promote Indian cultural values globally.

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 3. Reinterpretation of ancient texts: Swami Vivekananda reintroduced texts like the
Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads, portraying them as tools for self-realization and
social empowerment, especially for the oppressed.
o Eg: His writings emphasized Karma Yoga, inspiring leaders like Mahatma
Gandhi in their social work approach.
4. Pluralism and inclusivity: He emphasized that India’s strength lay in its unity
amidst diversity, fostering harmony among various religious and cultural groups.
o Eg: His call for interfaith dialogue and acceptance inspired movements like
Sarva Dharma Samabhava.
5. Education for empowerment: Advocated a practical education system rooted in
Indian values to awaken individual potential and promote self-reliance.
o Eg: Stressed, “We want that education by which character is formed, strength
of mind is increased, and the intellect is expanded.”

Contribution to the Indian freedom struggle

1. Cultural nationalism as a foundation: Vivekananda inspired early nationalist

leaders by linking freedom with cultural pride. He asserted that India’s spirituality
was its greatest strength, providing a unique vision for nationalism.
o Eg: His phrase, “Each nation has a destiny to fulfill, India’s is spiritual,”
influenced thinkers like Sri Aurobindo and Tilak.
2. Influence on freedom fighters: Swami Vivekananda’s vision of combining spiritual
regeneration with political freedom inspired many prominent leaders.
o Eg: Subhas Chandra Bose regarded Vivekananda as the “spiritual father of
modern nationalism,” and Gandhi often quoted his teachings.
3. Addressing socio-economic inequities: Called for an end to caste discrimination
and upliftment of marginalized communities, which became central to nationalist
movements.
o Eg: The Ramakrishna Mission's work in rural areas provided education
and healthcare to Dalits and the underprivileged.
4. Youth empowerment for freedom: His ideas energized the youth, urging them to
participate actively in national service and self-sacrifice.
o Eg: His statement, “Give me 100 energetic young men, and I will transform
India,” inspired revolutionary groups like the Anushilan Samiti.
5. Vision of a united India: He foresaw the importance of religious and cultural
harmony for a unified resistance to colonialism, stressing that divisions would
weaken the national cause.
o Eg: His teachings inspired efforts like Hindu-Muslim unity movements
during the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements.

Conclusion

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Swami Vivekananda’s revival of India’s cultural ethos and spiritual identity laid a strong
intellectual foundation for the freedom struggle. His call for unity in diversity and self-
reliance continues to resonate, making him a timeless guide for modern India’s challenges.

Q. Examine the role of Subhas Chandra Bose in India’s freedom struggle,

focusing on his vision for a militarized struggle against colonial rule. (10 M)

Introduction
Subhas Chandra Bose remains a symbol of revolutionary leadership, whose efforts combined
non-conventional approaches like international diplomacy and militarized resistance to
accelerate India’s independence.

Body

Role of Subhas Chandra Bose in India’s freedom struggle

1. Advocacy for complete independence: Bose challenged the Congress's dominion

status goal, demanding total independence as early as the 1928 Kolkata Congress
session.
o Eg: Bose opposed the Nehru Report's compromise on dominion status and
advocated full sovereignty.
2. Involvement in the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930): Bose actively supported
the movement while organizing students and youth for more aggressive nationalist
actions.
o Eg: Bose's role as Mayor of Kolkata in 1930 helped foster mass political
awareness.
3. Support for industrialization and self-reliance: As Congress President, Bose
emphasized industrialization as critical for an independent and self-reliant India.
o Eg: His focus on economic planning influenced the establishment of the
National Planning Committee (1938).
4. Critique of British imperial policies during WWII: Bose highlighted Britain’s
exploitation of India’s resources during the war, mobilizing opinion against colonial
rule.
o Eg: He actively opposed India’s participation in World War II without a
clear promise of independence.
5. Promotion of leftist ideologies: Bose’s alignment with socialist ideals brought
workers and peasants into the mainstream freedom struggle.
o Eg: Formation of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) boosted
worker mobilization.
6. Call for youth involvement: Bose emphasized the role of students and youth in
nationalist activities, encouraging a shift from passive resistance to active
participation.
o Eg: His speeches inspired the youth to join protests and revolutionary
organizations.

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Vision for a militarized struggle against colonial rule

1. Formation of the Indian National Army (INA): Bose reorganized the INA in 1943
to wage armed resistance against British colonial rule.
o Eg: INA’s campaigns in Imphal and Kohima challenged British forces in
Northeast India.
2. Alliance with Axis Powers: Bose collaborated with Germany and Japan to secure
financial and military support for India’s liberation.
o Eg: He negotiated with Hitler and Japanese leaders to form alliances,
leveraging the global war for India’s freedom.
3. Provisional Government of Free India: Bose established the Azad Hind
Government in 1943, uniting Indians abroad under the banner of militarized struggle.
o Eg: The government declared war on Britain and gained recognition from
several Axis powers.
4. Inclusive armed struggle: Bose emphasized the participation of all sections of
society in military resistance, including women.
o Eg: The Rani Jhansi Regiment, an all-women combat unit, symbolized
inclusivity in his vision.
5. Role of slogans and military symbolism: His slogans like “Dilli Chalo” and “Jai
Hind” galvanized nationalist sentiments and inspired the INA troops.
o Eg: These slogans were adopted widely, becoming symbols of India’s
nationalist spirit.
6. Psychological impact on British rule: The INA trials at Red Fort in 1945 triggered
nationwide protests, undermining British confidence in maintaining control over
India.
o Eg: The trial united Indians across political and social divides,
accelerating British withdrawal.

Conclusion
Subhas Chandra Bose’s leadership was marked by a blend of visionary strategies and
revolutionary action. His militarized approach, coupled with diplomatic efforts, brought
global attention to India’s freedom struggle and remains an enduring inspiration for assertive
nationalism.

The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important

contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
Q. “Lala Lajpat Rai's contributions go beyond political leadership; they
represent a call for social reform and economic justice”. Discuss. (10 M)

Introduction

Lala Lajpat Rai, known as the Lion of Punjab, not only shaped the nationalist movement
through his political leadership, but also laid a strong foundation for social equity and
economic self-reliance, which continues to inspire India’s development trajectory.
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Body

Contributions towards political leadership

1. Role in extremist nationalism: A leader of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio, he emphasized

assertive nationalism and self-rule (Swaraj).
o Eg: His opposition to the Partition of Bengal (1905) and leadership during
the Swadeshi movement united masses against colonial policies.
2. Protests against Simon Commission: Led nationwide protests against the Simon
Commission (1928), symbolizing Indian resistance to colonial injustice.
o Eg: His death after police brutality during the protest in Lahore sparked
revolutionary movements, including Bhagat Singh's Hindustan Socialist
Republican Association (HSRA).
3. Voice in the Indian National Congress: Advocated for self-reliance and
representation of Indian interests in global forums.
o Eg: Presided over the Calcutta Session of INC (1920), promoting the Non-
Cooperation Movement under Gandhi.
4. Advocacy for constitutional reforms: Supported the demand for Purna Swaraj
(complete independence) and exposed the limitations of colonial reforms.
o Eg: His book "The Problem of National Education" highlighted the need
for indigenous governance.

Contributions towards social reform

1. Promotion of education: Focused on modern education with Indian cultural values

by establishing institutions like Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools and
colleges.
o Eg: The DAV College in Lahore (1886) became a hub for socio-political
consciousness.
2. Women’s empowerment: Promoted women's education and advocated gender
equality through active participation in public life.
o Eg: Encouraged women leaders like Sarojini Naidu to spearhead nationalist
causes.
3. Eradication of caste discrimination: Advocated for Dalit upliftment and opposed
untouchability by aligning with Arya Samaj principles.
o Eg: Promoted Shuddhi movement, helping lower-caste communities regain
social dignity.
4. Focus on labor rights: Highlighted worker exploitation and supported trade unions to
improve working conditions.
o Eg: Played a pivotal role in the establishment of the All India Trade Union
Congress (AITUC) in 1920.

Advocacy for economic justice

14
 1. Support for Swadeshi industries: Championed indigenous industries to reduce
dependence on colonial imports.
o Eg: Founded Punjab National Bank (1894) and Lakshmi Insurance
Company, focusing on Indian financial autonomy.
2. Critique of colonial exploitation: Exposed the economic exploitation of India by the
British in "Unhappy India", which inspired economic nationalism.
o Eg: Analyzed the drain of wealth theory of Dadabhai Naoroji and proposed
protective tariffs for Indian industries.
3. Promotion of cooperative movements: Strengthened rural economies through
cooperative societies to prevent exploitation by moneylenders.
o Eg: Promoted Punjab Cooperative Credit Societies Act (1904), helping
farmers access affordable credit.
4. Advocacy for equitable land reforms: Opposed unjust taxation and tenancy systems
that burdened the peasantry under British rule.
o Eg: Supported peasant protests in Punjab like those against the Punjab Land
Alienation Act (1900), which limited land ownership for farmers.

Conclusion

Lala Lajpat Rai’s political leadership, combined with his vision for social and economic
justice, established a framework for an inclusive and self-reliant India. His life and legacy
serve as a guiding light for addressing contemporary challenges in governance, social
equity, and economic empowerment.

Q. “Nonviolence (Ahimsa) was not just a strategy but a fundamental philosophy

for Mahatma Gandhi”. Examine how Mahatma Gandhi’s commitment to
nonviolence shaped India’s national movement and influenced global struggles
for justice. (15 M)

Introduction

Mahatma Gandhi’s Ahimsa (nonviolence) was not merely a tactical tool but a moral and
spiritual doctrine rooted in truth and justice. It shaped India’s freedom struggle and later
inspired movements for civil rights and social justice worldwide.

Body

Ahimsa as a fundamental philosophy, not just a strategy

1. Influence of Jainism and Hinduism: Gandhi’s concept of nonviolence was deeply

influenced by Jain, Hindu, and Buddhist traditions, making it a moral and ethical
way of life.
o Eg: His early influences included Jain monk Shrimad Rajchandra, who
emphasized Ahimsa.

15
 2. Nonviolence as a way of achieving Truth (Satya): For Gandhi, truth (Satya) and
nonviolence (Ahimsa) were inseparable, and nonviolence was the only means to
attain justice.
o Eg: In Hind Swaraj (1909), he rejected violent means for independence.
3. Ahimsa beyond politics – A tool for social transformation: Gandhi extended
nonviolence to interfaith harmony, caste equality, and economic justice, making it
a holistic social philosophy.
o Eg: Harijan Movement (1932) to abolish untouchability.
4. Commitment to nonviolence even in adversity: Even in extreme situations, Gandhi
adhered to nonviolence, proving it was not just a convenience.
o Eg: During Chauri Chaura Incident (1922), he called off the Non-
Cooperation Movement, emphasizing nonviolence over political gains.

Impact of Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence on India’s national movement

1. Mass mobilization and inclusivity: Nonviolence allowed millions, including

women, peasants, and workers, to participate in the freedom struggle without fear.
o Eg: Salt Satyagraha (1930) empowered common citizens to challenge British
rule nonviolently.
2. Moral legitimacy against British oppression: Ahimsa exposed the brutality of
British rule, earning global sympathy for India’s cause.
o Eg: Dandi March (1930) led to massive global condemnation of British
policies.
3. Shift from elite-led to mass-based struggle: Gandhi transformed the national
movement from constitutional politics to mass civil disobedience.
o Eg: Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) saw participation from rural and
urban populations alike.
4. Satyagraha as an effective resistance tool: Gandhi’s concept of Satyagraha (soul
force) ensured people remained committed to the cause despite repression.
o Eg: Quit India Movement (1942), though suppressed, led to mass uprisings
nationwide.
5. Alternative to violent revolutionary movements: Gandhi provided a sustainable
path for resistance, preventing large-scale bloodshed in India’s struggle for
independence.
o Eg: He opposed Bhagat Singh’s violent tactics, advocating Ahimsa as the
ultimate weapon.

Influence of Gandhi’s nonviolence on global struggles for justice

1. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement (USA): King adapted
Satyagraha principles to fight racial segregation in America.
o Eg: Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56) was inspired by Gandhi’s passive
resistance.

16
 2. Nelson Mandela and the anti-apartheid movement (South Africa): Mandela
initially followed Gandhian nonviolent protests against racial discrimination.
o Eg: African National Congress (ANC) used nonviolence in early phases
before shifting to armed struggle.
3. Dalai Lama and Tibet’s nonviolent struggle: The Tibetan independence
movement adopted Ahimsa as its central principle.
o Eg: Tibetan exile movement (1959-present) advocates peaceful resistance
against China.
4. César Chávez and the farm workers' rights movement (USA): He used Gandhian
fasting and boycotts to secure labor rights.
o Eg: United Farm Workers Union strike (1965-1970) followed nonviolent
protest strategies.
5. Aung San Suu Kyi and Myanmar’s pro-democracy struggle: Her movement for
democracy was deeply rooted in Gandhi’s nonviolent principles.
o Eg: She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (1991) for her commitment to
peaceful resistance.

Conclusion

Gandhi’s Ahimsa was a transformative force, shaping India’s freedom movement and
influencing global justice struggles. In today’s world, marked by conflict and oppression, his
philosophy remains a powerful tool for peace and social change.

Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the

country.
Q. Trace the evolution of India’s defence strategy through the lens of its nuclear
tests and their role in asserting India’s sovereignty in the post-colonial world
order. (10 M)

Introduction

India’s nuclear journey reflects its evolution from a newly independent nation to a confident
global power, using strategic defence advancements to assert its sovereignty in a post-
colonial world order. This evolution has been shaped by a blend of scientific innovation,
geopolitical pragmatism, and strategic autonomy.

Body

Evolution of India’s defence strategy

1. Post-independence emphasis on peace and technology: Initially, India prioritized

peaceful nuclear energy in line with its Gandhian values and the Atomic Energy Act,
1948.

17
 o Eg: Establishment of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in 1954
under Dr. Homi Bhabha provided the foundation for nuclear advancements.
2. Pokhran-I: Asserting strategic autonomy: The 1974 nuclear test, Smiling Buddha,
marked India’s entry into the nuclear domain while maintaining its narrative of
peaceful nuclear use.
o Eg: Conducted under Indira Gandhi’s leadership, it was a response to
China’s nuclear test in 1964 and geopolitical pressures during the Cold War.
3. Pokhran-II: Acknowledging security concerns: The 1998 nuclear tests, Operation
Shakti, demonstrated India’s military nuclear capability to deter regional threats.
o Eg: These tests addressed the growing Pakistan-China military nexus and
followed Pakistan’s acquisition of nuclear technology from external sources.
4. Post-1998 strategy of responsible nuclear deterrence: India adopted a No First Use
policy and a transparent Nuclear Doctrine, balancing deterrence with global
diplomatic engagement.
o Eg: The Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal (2008) marked India’s re-entry into the
global nuclear framework after years of isolation.
5. Scientific collaborations and institutional strengthening: Institutions like the
Atomic Energy Commission (1948) and the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)
ensured sustained innovation and execution.
o Eg: These collaborations facilitated projects like the Pressurized Heavy
Water Reactors (PHWR) for peaceful and defence purposes.

Role in asserting sovereignty in the post-colonial world

1. Challenging global nuclear hierarchies: India rejected the Nuclear Non-

Proliferation Treaty (NPT) for its discriminatory stance, asserting its sovereign
rights.
o Eg: The refusal to sign the NPT underlined India’s demand for equitable
global nuclear governance.
2. Strengthening regional autonomy: By achieving nuclear deterrence, India reduced
reliance on global powers and reinforced its sovereignty in South Asia.
o Eg: During the Kargil War (1999), nuclear deterrence prevented external
interference and ensured strategic leverage.
3. Promoting indigenous technological development: India’s nuclear program boosted
self-reliance in defense and related technologies.
o Eg: Development of the Agni and Prithvi missile systems showcased
India’s indigenous defense capabilities.
4. Economic resilience post-sanctions: Sanctions following Pokhran-II spurred India to
enhance its technological and economic self-reliance.
o Eg: Despite sanctions, India maintained 6-7% GDP growth during the late
1990s, emphasizing resilience and innovation.
5. Integration with international norms: While rejecting the NPT, India supported
peaceful nuclear energy initiatives, engaging with global frameworks.

18
 o Eg: India’s membership in the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) reinforced its commitment to responsible nuclear practices.
6. Global recognition as a responsible power: India’s measured policies and
technological progress earned it international credibility.
o Eg: Membership in the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in
2016 validated India’s responsible nuclear conduct.

Conclusion

India’s nuclear evolution demonstrates its journey from a post-colonial state to a confident
global power, asserting sovereignty through strategic defence innovations. By integrating
indigenous capabilities with global engagement, India has laid the foundation for a secure and
self-reliant future in an increasingly multipolar world.

Q. Analyze the underlying causes that led to the outbreak of the 1965 India-
Pakistan war. Evaluate the role of Operation Gibraltar in its escalation, and
discuss the subsequent geopolitical implications. (15 M)

Introduction
The 1965 India-Pakistan war was primarily driven by Pakistan's ambition to alter the status
quo in Jammu and Kashmir through military intervention. The war, marked by Pakistan's
failed Operation Gibraltar, escalated tensions and had significant geopolitical consequences
for the region.

Body

Causes of the 1965 India-Pakistan war

1. Kashmir dispute and territorial ambitions: Pakistan aimed to capture Jammu and
Kashmir, believing that the Muslim-majority region would support its cause.
o Eg: The failure of the UN-mediated ceasefire post-1947 war left the
Kashmir issue unresolved, leading to recurring tensions.
2. Pakistan’s perception of India’s political weakness: Pakistan considered India
vulnerable after the 1962 war with China and the leadership transition following
Nehru’s death.
o Eg: Lal Bahadur Shastri's leadership was perceived as weak, encouraging
Pakistan to exploit the situation militarily.
3. Influence of military aid and alliances: Pakistan’s military buildup through Western
alliances such as SEATO and CENTO emboldened its aggression.
o Eg: Pakistan received advanced weaponry like Patton tanks and F-86
Sabre jets from the US, creating an imbalance in military capabilities.
4. Border skirmishes and provocations: Frequent confrontations, especially in the
Rann of Kutch, escalated tensions and encouraged Pakistan to launch further
operations.

19
 o Eg: The Rann of Kutch Agreement (1965) failed to prevent further conflict
escalation.
5. Internal instability in Jammu and Kashmir: Pakistan believed that insurgencies
and dissatisfaction among Kashmiris could be exploited to trigger an uprising against
India.
o Eg: Pakistan assumed support for their infiltration efforts based on the 1947
tribal invasion experience.

Role of Operation Gibraltar in the escalation of conflict

1. Covert infiltration into Kashmir: Pakistani forces infiltrated Kashmir disguised as

locals, aiming to incite rebellion and disrupt Indian military operations.
o Eg: Over 30,000 infiltrators were sent across the Line of Control (LoC),
targeting key installations and communication networks.
2. Failure of local support: Contrary to Pakistan’s expectations, local Kashmiris
rejected the infiltrators and alerted Indian security forces, leading to immediate
counteraction.
o Eg: Mohammad Deen, a local shepherd, informed the Indian Army, helping
thwart Pakistan's plans.
3. Indian military response and escalation: India's swift counter-offensive led to the
mobilization of forces, capturing key strategic locations like the Haji Pir Pass.
o Eg: The capture of Haji Pir Pass (8,661 ft) provided India a tactical
advantage in the region.
4. Pakistan’s subsequent escalation through Operation Grand Slam: After
Operation Gibraltar failed, Pakistan launched a full-scale attack on the Akhnoor sector
to cut off Indian supply routes to Kashmir.
o Eg: The Akhnoor offensive led India to retaliate by opening new fronts in
Punjab and Rajasthan.
5. International attention and diplomatic pressure: The infiltration and subsequent
war attracted global attention, forcing both countries to agree to a ceasefire under
diplomatic pressure.
o Eg: The UN Security Council Resolution 211 (1965) called for an immediate
ceasefire, leading to negotiations in Tashkent.

Geopolitical implications of the 1965 war

1. Strengthening of India's defense preparedness: The war exposed weaknesses in

border security and military planning, leading to significant defense reforms.
o Eg: The establishment of the Border Security Force (BSF) in 1965 to
enhance border management.
2. Impact on Indo-Pak relations: The war deepened animosity and created a cycle of
conflict that would manifest again in 1971 and beyond.
o Eg: Despite the Tashkent Agreement (1966), Pakistan continued cross-
border infiltration, leading to the 1999 Kargil conflict.

20
 3. Shift in global alliances: The war led to realignments, with India moving closer to
the Soviet Union, while Pakistan strengthened ties with China and the US.
o Eg: The Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971 marked a major strategic partnership
following the war.
4. Economic impact on both countries: The war strained economic resources,
affecting development plans and increasing defense expenditures.
o Eg: India's Third Five-Year Plan (1961-66) faced significant setbacks due to
war-related spending.
5. Creation of long-term military doctrines: The lessons learned from 1965 shaped
India’s defense policies and strategic doctrines for future conflicts.
o Eg: The war emphasized the need for self-reliance, leading to initiatives like
‘Make in India’ in defense production.

Conclusion
The 1965 war was a result of Pakistan’s strategic miscalculation and India's firm military
response. While India gained valuable experience and strategic leverage, the failure to
capitalize on territorial gains highlights the complexities of war diplomacy and long-term
security planning.

Q. “The re-organisation of North-East India was a strategic response to

historical grievances and ethnic aspirations”. Analyze the effectiveness of this re-
organisation in fostering peace and development in the region. (15 M)

Introduction
The re-organisation of North-East India post-independence was aimed at addressing ethnic
diversity, regional aspirations, and historical grievances, ensuring better governance and
integration while maintaining national unity.

Body

Re-Organisation As A Strategic Response To Historical Grievances And Ethnic

Aspirations

1. Ethnic diversity and demand for autonomy: The region is home to over 200 ethnic
groups, necessitating administrative restructuring to address their aspirations.
o Eg: Creation of Nagaland (1963) to address the Naga insurgency and
autonomy demands.
2. Preservation of indigenous identity: Re-organisation aimed at safeguarding the
unique cultural and linguistic heritage of different ethnic groups.
o Eg: Formation of Meghalaya (1972) to protect Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia
identities.
3. Administrative efficiency and better governance: Smaller administrative units were
created to improve governance and address developmental needs.
o Eg: Carving out Mizoram (1987) from Assam to provide focused governance.

21
 4. Integration into the national mainstream: Addressing secessionist tendencies
through constitutional provisions and dialogue.
o Eg: Implementation of Article 371A and 371G granting special provisions to
Nagaland and Mizoram respectively.
5. Response to insurgency and security threats: The creation of new states aimed to
address armed insurgencies and bring lasting peace.
o Eg: The 1986 Mizo Accord, which led to peace and statehood for Mizoram.

Effectiveness Of Re-Organisation In Fostering Peace And Development

Successes:

1. Reduction in ethnic conflicts: Statehood and autonomy provisions have helped in

addressing ethnic tensions to a large extent.
o Eg: The creation of Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council
(TTAADC) under the Sixth Schedule.
2. Boost to economic development: Focused policies and funds for each state led to
improved infrastructure and livelihood opportunities.
o Eg: Increased central allocations under the North East Special
Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS).
3. Improved political representation: The re-organisation allowed for better
representation of ethnic groups in governance.
o Eg: Separate legislative assemblies for states like Arunachal Pradesh and
Nagaland.
4. Tourism and cultural preservation: Smaller administrative units have encouraged
cultural promotion and tourism.
o Eg: Festivals like Hornbill Festival in Nagaland attract global attention.
5. Infrastructure growth: Development of better connectivity through dedicated
schemes like road and rail expansion.
o Eg: The North East Road Sector Development Scheme (NERSDS) has
improved inter-state connectivity.

Challenges

1. Persistence of insurgency: Despite re-organisation, insurgency remains a challenge

in several states.
o Eg: The presence of groups like ULFA in Assam and NSCN in Nagaland.
2. Inter-state boundary disputes: Re-organisation has led to prolonged border disputes
affecting peace and development.
o Eg: Ongoing territorial disputes between Assam and Mizoram.
3. Economic backwardness: Many North-Eastern states still lag behind in
industrialization and job creation.
o Eg: The region contributes only 2.5% to India's GDP (NITI Aayog 2023).

22
 4. Dependency on central funds: States face financial limitations and over-reliance on
central assistance for developmental projects.
o Eg: More than 80% of state budgets come from central grants and special
packages.
5. Ethnic tensions and demands for further re-organisation: Demands for new states
continue, leading to administrative and political challenges.
o Eg: The demand for a separate Bodoland state within Assam.

Conclusion
To ensure lasting peace and development, North-East India requires a holistic approach
involving inclusive development, better infrastructure, and stronger dialogue with
ethnic groups, fostering harmony and regional growth.

History of the world will include events from 18th century such as
industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national
boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies
like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and
effect on the society.
Q. Assess the role of technology and warfare innovations in determining the
outcome of World War II. (10 M)

Introduction

World War II (1939-1945) was heavily influenced by technological advancements and

innovative warfare strategies, shaping military tactics, logistics, and the war's outcome. The
Axis and Allied powers leveraged breakthroughs in weaponry, intelligence, and
battlefield strategies, making it the most technologically advanced war of its time.

Body

Role of technology in World War II

1. Nuclear weapons and the end of the war: The development of the atomic bomb
decisively ended the war in the Pacific.
o Eg: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings (August 1945) forced Japan’s
surrender, ending World War II.
2. Radar and air defence: Radar technology enhanced early warning systems,
improving air defence and reducing surprise attacks.
o Eg: The British RAF used radar in the Battle of Britain (1940) to
successfully repel German Luftwaffe attacks.

23
 3. Advancement in tanks and armoured vehicles: Modernized tanks with better
speed, firepower, and mobility transformed ground warfare.
o Eg: Germany’s Panzer divisions in Blitzkrieg tactics and the Soviet T-34
tanks outperformed German tanks on the Eastern Front.
4. Cryptography and intelligence gathering: Code-breaking efforts altered military
strategies and weakened enemy operations.
o Eg: The Allied decryption of Germany’s Enigma Code at Bletchley Park
helped pre-empt German movements in Europe.
5. Aircraft carriers and naval power: Aircraft carriers replaced battleships as the
dominant force in naval warfare, increasing strike range.
o Eg: The Battle of Midway (1942), where U.S. aircraft carriers decimated
Japan’s fleet, was a turning point in the Pacific.

Warfare innovations in World War II

1. Blitzkrieg (lightning war): Germany’s fast and coordinated attacks with tanks,
infantry, and air support led to swift victories.
o Eg: Poland (1939) and France (1940) fell rapidly due to Blitzkrieg tactics.
2. Strategic bombing campaigns: Mass bombing of enemy industrial and civilian
centers weakened war capabilities.
o Eg: Allied firebombing of Dresden (1945) and Japan’s cities before the
atomic bombings caused mass destruction.
3. Amphibious warfare and D-Day landings: Coordinated sea-land invasions became
essential for large-scale offensives.
o Eg: Normandy landings (D-Day, June 1944) led to the liberation of France
from Nazi control.
4. Use of submarines and naval blockades: U-boats and naval blockades disrupted
enemy supply chains.
o Eg: The Battle of the Atlantic saw German U-boats threaten Allied
shipping, countered by improved sonar and convoy systems.
5. Kamikaze and guerrilla tactics: Japan used suicide bombers (kamikaze) and
guerrilla warfare as desperate measures.
o Eg: Kamikaze pilots targeted U.S. naval vessels in the Pacific, causing
severe damage but failing to change the war’s outcome.

Conclusion

Technological and warfare innovations in World War II reshaped military strategy and
modern warfare. From nuclear weapons to Blitzkrieg tactics, these advancements
determined the war’s outcome and set the stage for Cold War military developments.

24
Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
Q. “True happiness lies in self-contentment rather than external achievements”.
Examine this statement in the context of India's evolving social values and the
increasing emphasis on material success. (15 M)

Introduction

True happiness stems from self-contentment, rooted in personal fulfilment and meaningful
relationships, rather than external achievements like wealth or fame. In modern India,
evolving social values and an increasing focus on material success have reshaped traditional
notions of happiness, often side-lining emotional well-being.

Body

True happiness lies in self-contentment rather than external achievements

1. Sustainability of happiness: Contentment offers lasting peace, while material

achievements provide transient satisfaction.
o Eg: The World Happiness Report 2023 ranks countries like Finland higher,
where well-being and social equality are prioritized over GDP growth.
2. Inner peace vs. external gratification: Self-contentment fosters resilience and
reduces anxiety, unlike material pursuits that often lead to dissatisfaction.
o Eg: Growing popularity of mindfulness practices in urban India reflects a
shift toward inner well-being.
3. Philosophical traditions: Indian teachings like Vedanta and Buddhism emphasize
detachment from material wealth for lasting happiness.
o Eg: Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of simplicity and self-sufficiency
embodies this principle.
4. Social connections over possessions: True happiness is more influenced by strong
interpersonal bonds than material wealth.
o Eg: The Harvard Study on Adult Development found that quality
relationships are a better predictor of happiness than income or status.

India’s evolving social values

1. From collectivism to individualism: Economic liberalization and urbanization have

promoted individual ambitions over collective well-being.
o Eg: Increased migration to cities for career growth often weakens familial
and community ties.
2. Rise of consumerism: Material consumption has become a dominant marker of
success, sidelining traditional values of simplicity.
o Eg: India’s luxury goods market, valued at $8 billion in 2023, reflects the
cultural shift toward consumerism.

25
 3. Influence of social media: Platforms amplify material aspirations by glorifying
wealth, creating dissatisfaction among the masses.
o Eg: A 2022 Pew Research survey found that 68% of young Indians feel
pressured to achieve social media-driven ideals of success.
4. Decline in traditional practices: Cultural celebrations fostering shared happiness are
being replaced by individualistic events.
o Eg: Festivals like Diwali are now celebrated more through private
gatherings than community events.

The increasing emphasis on material success

1. Economic aspirations: Post-liberalization, wealth and career achievements have

become synonymous with success.
o Eg: India’s 166 billionaires (2023) reflect the growing focus on wealth
accumulation.
2. Educational pressures: Societal respect is closely tied to academic and professional
achievements, leading to stress.
o Eg: Rising suicides among students preparing for NEET and JEE exams
highlight the toll of this pressure.
3. Corporate culture: Long work hours and hyper-competitiveness prioritize financial
goals over holistic well-being.
o Eg: A LinkedIn Workforce Report (2023) states that 60% of Indian
professionals face work-life imbalance.
4. Consumerist narratives: Advertisements equate material possessions with
happiness, shaping societal aspirations.
o Eg: Growth in luxury car sales in metros reflects the rising culture of
aspirational consumption.

What can be done

1. Value-based education: Promote mindfulness, emotional intelligence, and ethics in

school curricula.
o Eg: Delhi’s Happiness Curriculum focuses on developing emotional well-
being over academic competition.
2. Mental health awareness: Expand affordable mental health services and reduce
stigma around seeking help.
o Eg: India’s National Mental Health Policy (2014) emphasizes accessible
care for underserved populations.
3. Community engagement: Revive traditions that encourage collective happiness and
social harmony.
o Eg: Kerala’s Onam celebrations emphasize inclusivity and shared joy.
4. Revive value-driven education: Redesign school and college curricula to include
lessons on emotional intelligence, mindfulness, and sustainability.

26
 oEg: Expand initiatives like Delhi’s Happiness Curriculum to other states and
integrate spiritual practices like yoga.
5. Encourage minimalist living: Raise awareness about the benefits of sustainable
consumption and simple living to counter the culture of materialism.
o Eg: Campaigns like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan promote reducing waste and
emphasizing collective responsibility over individual gain.

Conclusion

True happiness is rooted in self-contentment, prioritizing meaningful relationships and

emotional well-being over material success. By realigning societal values, promoting
mental health, and encouraging collective joy, India can achieve a balanced approach that
harmonizes economic progress with holistic happiness.

Q. “Social harmony is a prerequisite for transforming India’s diversity into

national strength”. Analyze the factors that contribute to social harmony and
suggest measures to address the challenges it faces in contemporary India. (15 M)

Introduction:
India, with its vast diversity, thrives when harmony transcends divisions, making its cultural,
linguistic, and religious plurality a unifying force for economic and social progress.

Body

Social harmony is a prerequisite for transforming India’s diversity into national

strength

1. Strengthens national integration: Social harmony builds mutual trust, ensuring

unity in diversity and reducing regional or communal divides.
o Eg: The Independence Movement united people across castes, religions, and
regions, fostering national unity.
2. Supports economic progress: Stability and harmony attract investments and enhance
developmental opportunities.
o Eg: Kerala, known for communal harmony, consistently performs well in
HDI (UNDP 2022) and ranks high in literacy and health indicators.
3. Preserves democratic values: Harmony ensures equal participation, enabling all
sections to engage actively in democratic processes.
o Eg: Panchayati Raj Institutions empower marginalized communities in
states like Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, fostering unity at the grassroots.
4. Encourages cultural exchange: Social harmony fosters mutual respect and cultural
enrichment among communities.
o Eg: Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb in Uttar Pradesh exemplifies Hindu-Muslim
cultural synthesis, celebrated through art and festivals.

27
 5. Improves social resilience: Harmony reduces susceptibility to communal conflicts,
ensuring quicker recovery from crises.
o Eg: During the 2020 pandemic, communities like in Mumbai’s Dharavi
slum worked together to overcome COVID-19 challenges.

Factors contributing to social harmony

1. Constitutional safeguards: Legal provisions protect diversity and promote equality,

ensuring inclusive growth.
o Eg: Article 15 prohibits discrimination based on religion, caste, or gender.
2. Education for inclusivity: Value-based curricula instill tolerance and acceptance of
diversity.
o Eg: Programs under Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat promote cultural
exchanges between states like Punjab and Tamil Nadu.
3. Inclusive governance: Welfare policies targeting disadvantaged groups reduce
inequalities.
o Eg: PM Jan Dhan Yojana has improved financial inclusion for over 47 crore
Indians (2023).
4. Community participation: Civil society and NGOs foster trust and collaboration
among communities.
o Eg: SEWA empowers women from different religious and caste backgrounds,
promoting grassroots unity.
5. Media as a positive tool: Responsible reporting and cultural content can strengthen
social bonds.
o Eg: TV shows like Ramayana and Mahabharata in the 1980s helped build a
shared cultural identity.

Challenges to social harmony

1. Communal tensions: Rising religious polarization leads to mistrust and violence.

o Eg: 2020 Delhi riots caused severe damage to life and property, reflecting
societal fault lines.
2. Economic inequality: Unequal distribution of resources fosters resentment among
marginalized groups.
o Eg: According to Oxfam (2023), India’s top 1% holds over 40% of the
nation’s wealth.
3. Misinformation through digital platforms: Social media spreads fake news,
inciting communal violence.
o Eg: WhatsApp-fueled lynchings in rural India, as per NCRB (2022), rose
sharply.
4. Identity politics: Caste and religion-based political mobilization deepen societal
divisions.
o Eg: Maharashtra’s anti-migrant protests targeted workers from Bihar and
Uttar Pradesh.

28
 5. Lack of civic awareness: Weak civic engagement fails to counter polarization and
promote coexistence.
o Eg: Urban areas like Delhi witnessed garbage segregation protests,
reflecting local apathy toward collective welfare.

Measures to address challenges

1. Strengthen legal frameworks: Enforce anti-hate speech and anti-communal violence

laws.
o Eg: Amendments to IT Rules (2021) curb the spread of fake news and
communal misinformation.
2. Promote interfaith dialogue: Programs that bring communities together to address
prejudices.
o Eg: Initiatives like Khudai Khidmatgar in Uttar Pradesh promote interfaith
understanding through workshops.
3. Focus on inclusive development: Targeted welfare schemes to bridge economic
disparities.
o Eg: The Aspirational Districts Program, improving socio-economic
indicators in backward regions, covers 112 districts (NITI Aayog).
4. Value-based education: Reform curricula to include lessons on secularism and
communal harmony.
o Eg: NEP 2020 emphasizes peace education and cultural awareness for young
learners.
5. Strengthen local governance: Encourage community participation through
Panchayats and urban local bodies.
o Eg: Kerala’s Kudumbashree Mission, involving women in local
governance, enhances inclusivity and collective welfare.

Conclusion

Social harmony transforms India’s diversity into a strength, ensuring unity, peace, and
progress. By addressing challenges with inclusive policies, interfaith initiatives, and legal
safeguards, India can uphold its ethos of "Unity in Diversity", paving the way for Vision
2047 as a harmonious and prosperous global leader.

Q. Examine the transformative impact of tribal women leaders in addressing

socio-economic challenges and fostering self-reliant rural communities in India.
(10 M)

Introduction

The leadership of tribal women has emerged as a cornerstone in addressing systemic socio-
economic challenges, fostering grassroots development, and upholding their communities'

29
dignity and self-reliance. Their contributions align with constitutional guarantees like Article
46 (Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Tribes).

Body

Addressing socio-economic challenges

1. Educational empowerment: Tribal women leaders have promoted access to

education, bridging gender and tribal gaps.
o Eg: In Jharkhand, Jyoti Kumari, a PRI leader, established schools with
mid-day meal programs, significantly increasing enrollment.
2. Healthcare access: Advocacy for maternal and child health through community
awareness and public healthcare initiatives.
o Eg: ASHA workers in Odisha tribal areas improved immunization rates under
Mission Indradhanush, achieving over 90% coverage.
3. Improved livelihood opportunities: Focus on skill development in traditional crafts
and entrepreneurship.
o Eg: The Trifed Van Dhan Scheme enabled over 1,200 women self-help
groups to engage in forest product marketing, boosting incomes.
4. Advocacy for clean water and sanitation: Leaders have spearheaded sanitation
drives and water conservation efforts.
o Eg: Under the Swachh Bharat Mission, tribal women leaders in Gujarat
achieved 100% toilet coverage in their villages.
5. Addressing gender-based violence: Tribal women leaders are creating safe spaces
and advocating for stricter enforcement of laws.
o Eg: In Rajasthan, PRI member Sunita Devi partnered with police to
establish village-level women’s safety committees.

Fostering self-reliant rural communities

1. Promotion of traditional crafts: Preservation and market linkage of tribal

handicrafts for global recognition.
o Eg: In Madhya Pradesh, Gond art has been globally recognized through
women-led cooperatives, boosting rural income.
2. Advancement of financial inclusion: Advocacy for Jan Dhan Yojana has enhanced
tribal women’s access to banking services and financial literacy.
o Eg: Over 78% of tribal households in Chhattisgarh now have women
account holders (NABARD Report 2023).
3. Sustainable resource management: Leaders emphasize sustainable forest
management and agriculture for community sustenance.
o Eg: Under the Forest Rights Act (2006), tribal women in Andhra Pradesh
reclaimed community land for sustainable farming practices.
4. Women-led governance: Effective implementation of schemes and participatory
decision-making through PESA Act provisions.

30
 o Eg: Tribal women in Chhattisgarh utilized PESA provisions to curb illegal
mining activities.
5. Technology adoption: Adoption of digital platforms for governance and
entrepreneurship, enhancing efficiency.
o Eg: PRI leaders in Nagaland leveraged e-Panchayat initiatives, ensuring
inclusive participation in local governance.

Conclusion

The contributions of tribal women leaders signify a transformative change towards inclusive
rural development and social justice. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern
practices, their leadership is shaping self-reliant and resilient communities while inspiring a
progressive India.

Q. “The declining sex ratio is both a symptom and a cause of gender inequality”.
Examine the cyclical nature of this relationship and propose strategies to break
this cycle. (10 M)

Introduction

The declining sex ratio reflects entrenched societal preferences for male children and
perpetuates structural inequalities, creating a vicious cycle of gender discrimination. Breaking
this cycle is crucial for achieving equitable societal development.

Body

Cyclical nature of declining sex ratio and gender inequality

1. Symptom of gender inequality: Declining sex ratio indicates gender bias, stemming
from practices like female foeticide, son preference, and societal undervaluation of
women.
o Eg: The NFHS-5 (2021) revealed a sex ratio at birth of 929 girls per 1,000
boys, a clear indicator of persistent gender discrimination.
2. Cause of gender inequality: A skewed sex ratio reduces women's societal value,
leading to lower opportunities in education, employment, and political participation.
o Eg: The 2022 NITI Aayog Report highlighted the worsening participation of
women in the workforce, exacerbated in states with low sex ratios.
3. Rise in gender-based violence: Skewed sex ratios lead to issues like trafficking of
women, forced marriages, and increased domestic violence, deepening gender
disparities.
o Eg: Studies in Punjab and Haryana (2023) show higher cases of bride
trafficking in districts with severely skewed sex ratios (Source: Ministry of
Women and Child Development).
4. Perpetuation of dowry practices: With fewer women, dowry expectations rise,
reinforcing the societal perception of daughters as economic burdens.
31
 o Eg: The International Journal of Sociology (2022) reported a direct link
between dowry inflation and declining sex ratios in states like Bihar and Uttar
Pradesh.
5. Negative demographic impact: Skewed sex ratios create long-term demographic
challenges, such as imbalance in marriageable populations, which further marginalize
women.
o Eg: The UNFPA Report (2021) warned that India's male surplus could
exacerbate social instability and inequality.

Strategies to break the cycle

1. Strict enforcement of laws: Strengthen the PCPNDT Act, 1994 to curb pre-natal sex
determination and sex-selective abortions.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu’s stringent inter-state raids under the Act led to a decline in
illegal diagnostic centers.
2. Promoting gender-sensitive education: Integrate gender equality themes in school
curricula to challenge patriarchal mindsets.
o Eg: The Gender Champions Program under the Ministry of Education
emphasizes gender equality awareness among students.
3. Economic empowerment of women: Encourage policies to improve women’s
economic participation and reduce dependence.
o Eg: The Mahila E-Haat initiative supports women entrepreneurs, promoting
self-reliance and reduced gender discrimination.
4. Community-driven awareness programs: Use campaigns to change societal
attitudes toward daughters.
o Eg: The Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao campaign successfully raised awareness,
improving sex ratios in some states like Haryana.
5. Incentivizing girl child birth: Provide financial incentives for families to promote
girl child education and welfare.
o Eg: The Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana provides financial security for the girl
child, reducing socio-economic bias.
6. Strengthening institutional frameworks: Create dedicated bodies to monitor gender
equality programs at local levels.
o Eg: NITI Aayog’s SDG framework (2023) focuses on achieving Gender
Equality (Goal 5) by improving policy interventions.

Conclusion

Breaking the cycle of a declining sex ratio and gender inequality requires holistic and multi-
stakeholder interventions. By combining stringent enforcement, attitudinal changes, and
targeted economic policies, society can move toward achieving gender justice and equitable
growth.

32
Role of women and women’s organization, population and
associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization,
their problems and their remedies.
Q. “India is grappling with various demographic issues, including fertility
decline and population ageing”. How can accurate and current Census data help
in addressing these issues effectively in terms of policy planning and resource
allocation? (15 M)

Introduction

India’s demographic trends, marked by declining fertility rates and rising ageing
population, have profound implications for its economy and social systems. Accurate and
current Census data is vital to devise effective policies and allocate resources strategically to
address these transitions.

Body

India is grappling with various demographic issues

1. Declining fertility rates: Fertility rates have fallen below replacement levels in many
states, threatening workforce sustainability and demographic dividend.
o Eg: NFHS-5 (2021) shows India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 2.0, below the
replacement level of 2.1.
2. Rising population ageing: Life expectancy improvements are increasing the
proportion of the elderly, requiring enhanced focus on pensions, healthcare, and
geriatric services.
o Eg: UNFPA Report (2023) projects the elderly population in India to rise to
20% by 2050, doubling from 10% in 2021.
3. Regional demographic disparity: Fertility rates and ageing vary significantly across
states, requiring region-specific solutions.
o Eg: Kerala faces ageing challenges, while Bihar and UP have higher fertility
rates, sustaining younger populations.
4. Labour force and dependency ratio challenges: A declining working-age
population increases the dependency burden on the youth.
o Eg: India’s dependency ratio is expected to rise from 48% in 2021 to 64% by
2060 (World Bank).

How accurate and current Census data can help in policy planning

1. Tailored regional policies: Accurate data allows region-specific planning to address

fertility and ageing trends.
o Eg: States like Kerala can prioritize geriatric care, while UP and Bihar focus
on maternal and childcare services.

33
 2. Healthcare system planning: Enables targeted allocation of resources for maternal
health, geriatric care, and preventive healthcare.
o Eg: Data-driven reforms can refine Ayushman Bharat benefits for elderly
and maternal health programs.
3. Employment generation: Helps design skill-development programs tailored to
regions with shrinking working-age populations.
o Eg: Skill India Mission can align skilling strategies with Census data on
young populations in high-TFR states.
4. Social welfare programs: Supports inclusive policies for elderly care and vulnerable
groups.
o Eg: Implementation of NPHCE (National Programme for Health Care of
the Elderly) can be streamlined using age-specific data.
5. Policy on ageing workforce: Accurate data helps design phased retirement policies,
pension reforms, and re-skilling initiatives.
o Eg: Japan’s employment policies for elderly workers could guide India in
managing its ageing workforce.

How accurate Census data aids resource allocation

1. Health infrastructure development: Enables efficient allocation for hospitals,

elderly care centers, and maternity care facilities.
o Eg: Fertility data guides investments in Anganwadi services in high-birth-
rate areas.
2. Education and childcare: Facilitate region-specific allocation for schools and early
childhood programs.
o Eg: Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan can target high-child-population areas
effectively.
3. Urban planning and migration: Supports better planning for housing, sanitation,
and transport infrastructure in areas experiencing migration or urbanization.
o Eg: Census 2011 migration data influenced housing policies under PM
Awas Yojana.
4. Geriatric care and social security: Helps design pension schemes and healthcare
services for ageing populations.
o Eg: The Social Security Code (2020) implementation can benefit from
accurate data on elderly demographics.
5. Regional equity: Allocates resources based on real-time needs, ensuring balanced
development across states.
o Eg: Improved funding under Aspirational Districts Programme in
underdeveloped regions.

Conclusion

Accurate Census data is indispensable for navigating India’s demographic transition. By

strengthening policy frameworks and resource allocation, India can tackle the challenges

34
of fertility decline and ageing while leveraging its demographic dividend for sustainable
growth.

Q. Evaluate the challenges posed by social media addiction in India, with specific
reference to its effects on mental health and interpersonal relationships. Suggest
innovative solutions to tackle these challenges effectively. (15 M)

Introduction

Social media addiction is emerging as a critical societal challenge in India, affecting mental
health and interpersonal relationships. With over 535 million active WhatsApp users and
daily usage skyrocketing, the adverse effects on individuals and society are becoming
increasingly evident.

Body

Challenges posed by social media addiction in India

1. Time displacement effect: Excessive time spent on social media reduces productivity
and engagement in meaningful offline activities.
o Eg: A study by IAMAI (2023) reported that the average Indian user spends
3.5 hours daily on social media, impacting professional and personal time.
2. Digital capitalism: Social media platforms thrive on user data, encouraging
prolonged engagement, often leading to addiction.
o Eg: India’s social networking revenue is projected to grow from $0.99 billion
in 2022 to $1.32 billion by 2027, driven by algorithms optimizing screen
time.
3. Increased cyber risks: Excessive usage leads to vulnerability to cyberbullying,
scams, and privacy breaches.
o Eg: 31% of Indian teens reported facing cyberbullying in a 2023 survey by
UNICEF.
4. Impact on physical health: Sedentary behavior caused by screen time increases risks
of obesity, eye strain, and musculoskeletal problems.
o Eg: A 2024 WHO report linked 30% of urban youth obesity cases to
prolonged digital activity.
5. Limited regulatory framework: Existing policies fail to address the root causes of
addiction or ensure accountability from tech companies.
o Eg: Section 9 of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023) focuses on
data use but not addictive algorithms.
6. Youth vulnerability: India’s 17% adolescent population is especially at risk due to
peer pressure and lack of digital literacy.
o Eg: The Karnataka High Court (2023) suggested raising the minimum
social media usage age to 21, highlighting the severe impact on minors.

35
Effects on mental health and interpersonal relationships

1. Mental health disorders: Social media triggers anxiety, depression, and low self-
esteem due to comparison and validation-seeking behavior.
o Eg: Studies show children using social media for over 3 hours daily are twice
as likely to suffer from mental health issues (NCERT, 2024).
2. Dopamine dependency: Continuous usage creates addiction-like effects on the brain,
likened to drug use by neuroscientists.
o Eg: 59% of Indian users admit they cannot imagine a day without social
media (Indian Digital Addiction Study, 2024).
3. Strained familial relationships: Excessive social media use reduces quality family
time, leading to emotional disconnection.
o Eg: In Himachal Pradesh, high Internet penetration (76.85%) correlates with
increased reports of strained family interactions (Psychology Today India,
2024).
4. Erosion of trust in relationships: Online interactions often cause misunderstandings,
jealousy, and conflicts in personal relationships.
o Eg: 38% of marital disputes in metros cited social media overuse as a
contributing factor (Family Courts Report, 2023).
5. Loss of social skills: Virtual communication reduces face-to-face interactions,
weakening empathy and conflict resolution abilities.
o Eg: Delhi University (2023) found that students heavily reliant on social
media scored 30% lower in interpersonal skills assessments.
6. Sleep and productivity loss: Late-night usage of social media leads to sleep
disorders, affecting overall well-being.
o Eg: A 2024 AIIMS study revealed that 42% of Indian teens suffer from
sleep deprivation due to excessive screen time.

Innovative solutions to tackle social media addiction effectively

1. Digital detox programs in schools: Introduce structured activities and offline

engagements to build awareness about the harmful effects of overuse.
o Eg: Delhi government schools conducted “No-Screen Day” campaigns in
2024, improving student focus and participation by 15%.
2. Algorithmic accountability: Mandate platforms to modify algorithms that promote
endless scrolling and addictive behavior.
o Eg: France’s law on social media limits targeted ads for minors and mandates
transparency in algorithmic operations.
3. Parental controls and education: Provide tools and workshops to help parents
monitor and guide children’s digital habits.
o Eg: Himachal Pradesh launched a statewide digital parenting program in
2024, reducing teen screen time by 20%.
4. Awareness campaigns: Use mass media to educate users about the risks of overuse
and the importance of mindful consumption.

36
 o Eg: The #DigitalWellnessIndia campaign, launched in 2024, reached 50
million users, encouraging balanced social media habits.
5. Community-level digital literacy programs: Train users, especially in rural areas,
on the responsible use of social media.
o Eg: Kerala’s Akshaya Centers provide workshops on cyber safety and time
management, benefiting over 10 lakh participants.
6. Legislative interventions: Introduce age restrictions, warning labels, and penalties
for platforms failing to regulate addictive practices.
o Eg: Australia’s 2025 social media law bans access for children under 16 and
imposes $50 million fines for non-compliance.

Conclusion

Social media addiction is a modern challenge that demands multi-stakeholder solutions,

balancing regulation, education, and technology. By fostering a digital environment that
prioritizes mental well-being and meaningful relationships, India can safeguard its youth and
society from the adverse effects of unchecked digital consumption.

Q. “The crisis of drinking water contamination in urban areas is a reflection of

flawed urbanization”. Discuss. (10 M)

Introduction

The persistent issue of drinking water contamination in urban areas reflects the inadequacies
of unplanned urbanization, where infrastructure fails to meet the demands of rapid
population growth, posing severe public health risks.

Body

Reflection of flawed urbanization

1. Unplanned urban growth: Rapid and unregulated expansion in cities leads to

overlapping of water and sewer lines, increasing contamination risks.
o Eg: In Bengaluru’s slums, sewer lines and water pipes run parallel within
narrow lanes, causing frequent contamination incidents (Source: BWSSB
Report, 2024).
2. Inadequate sewage management: Poorly maintained and leaking sewage systems
infiltrate water pipelines, spreading pathogens like E-Coli.
o Eg: In BTM Layout, Bengaluru, contaminated Cauvery water with fecal
matter affected over 300 residents in November 2024.
3. Encroachments on natural resources: Urban sprawl has encroached on wetlands
and lakes, which act as natural water filtration systems.
o Eg: In Bengaluru, 1,000+ lakes have been polluted or encroached, reducing
the availability of clean groundwater (Friends of Lakes NGO).

37
 4. Lack of infrastructure upgrades: Legacy water pipelines with numerous joints and
outdated technology are prone to frequent leaks and contamination.
o Eg: Bengaluru’s 10,000 km water pipeline network, still reliant on old pipes,
faces significant maintenance backlogs (Source: Independent Consultant
Report, 2024).
5. Weak regulatory enforcement: Non-adherence to safety norms like maintaining a 10
ft separation between water and sewer lines increases risks.
o Eg: WHO standards for pipeline safety are rarely enforced in urban India,
as seen in cities like Hyderabad and Delhi.

Addressing the challenges

1. Integrated urban planning: Align urban development with water management

strategies to ensure contamination-free supply.
o Eg: Pune’s Smart City Mission integrates GIS mapping for water and sewer
management to prevent overlaps.
2. Regular monitoring and surveillance: Implement mandatory periodic water quality
tests as per WHO standards to detect contamination early.
o Eg: The BWSSB is mandated to test 1,000 samples monthly, but lacks
compliance and needs stricter oversight (BWSSB Guidelines, 2024).
3. Technological interventions: Use smart sensors and AI to monitor water
contamination and provide real-time alerts to authorities.
o Eg: Hyderabad has piloted IoT-enabled water quality monitors to detect
microbial and chemical pollutants.
4. Public-private partnerships (PPPs): Leverage expertise in wastewater treatment and
clean water technology through private collaborations.
o Eg: Chennai’s desalination plant, set up under a PPP model, supplies safe
drinking water to over 10 lakh residents.
5. Community awareness and behaviour change: Educate citizens on proper water
storage practices and risks of secondary contamination.
o Eg: Awareness campaigns in Kerala post-floods reduced diarrheal diseases
by 30%, as per NFHS-5, 2021.

Conclusion

The crisis of water contamination in urban India underlines the urgent need for sustainable
planning, technological integration, and robust regulatory frameworks. Addressing systemic
gaps today will ensure clean, safe drinking water for a healthier urban future.

Q. Examine the societal and behavioural factors contributing to traffic

congestion in urban India. How can a shift in citizen attitudes lead to a long-term
solution? (15 M)

Introduction

38
Indian cities, hosting over 36% of the population (Census 2011), face mounting traffic
congestion as urbanization accelerates. This gridlock is a product of infrastructural
inadequacies and deeper societal and behavioural patterns, calling for collective
responsibility and systemic change.

Body

Societal factors contributing to traffic congestion

1. Rapid urbanization and migration: The influx of people to urban areas for better
opportunities strains existing infrastructure.
o Eg: Bengaluru’s population increased from 8.5 million in 2011 to 12
million in 2023, causing a surge in vehicle density (Source: Census &
Bengaluru Traffic Police).
2. Inadequate public transport: Limited, unreliable public transport forces reliance on
personal vehicles.
o Eg: Only 22% of commuters in Hyderabad use public transport, compared
to 56% in Mumbai (Source: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, 2022).
3. Socio-economic aspirations: Rising incomes and affordability of vehicles drive
higher personal vehicle ownership.
o Eg: Delhi’s vehicle population grew from 88 lakh in 2011 to 1.4 crore in
2023, reflecting higher disposable incomes (Source: Delhi Transport
Department).
4. Poor urban planning: Segregated residential, commercial, and business zones create
long commute distances.
o Eg: Mumbai’s centralized business district layout compels daily
commuters to traverse large stretches, congesting arterial roads.
5. Cultural norms: Personal vehicles are often viewed as status symbols, discouraging
the use of public or shared transport.
o Eg: 68% of Bengaluru residents prefer private vehicles over public
transport, despite traffic congestion (Source: ORF, 2023).

Behavioral factors contributing to traffic congestion

1. Non-adherence to traffic rules: Widespread violations, such as signal jumping and

illegal parking, aggravate congestion.
o Eg: 1.1 crore traffic violations were recorded in Bengaluru in 2022,
highlighting a lack of road discipline (Source: Bengaluru Traffic Police).
2. Reluctance to adopt shared mobility: Despite available ride-sharing platforms,
citizens prefer solo commuting.
o Eg: Only 12% of corporate employees in Delhi-NCR opt for carpooling
services (Source: NITI Aayog, 2023).
3. Honking and lane violations: Improper driving behavior disrupts traffic flow and
increases stress on roads.

39
 o Eg: A 2023 IIT Kharagpur study found that 45% of Kolkata’s traffic jams
were caused by lane violations.
4. Dependence on personal vehicles: Private vehicle users often avoid public transport
due to perceived convenience.
o Eg: Bengaluru’s metro network (76.95 km) struggles to shift commuters
from personal vehicles to public systems.
5. Pedestrian encroachments: Illegal street vending and jaywalking block pathways
and disrupt traffic.
o Eg: Chandni Chowk, Delhi, faces regular gridlocks due to encroachments
(Source: Delhi Traffic Police).

Shift in citizen attitudes can lead to a long-term solution

1. Increased public transport usage: Citizens embracing public systems like metros
and buses can significantly reduce road congestion.
o Eg: Mumbai’s suburban railway system, carrying 7.5 million passengers
daily, alleviates road pressure.
2. Promotion of carpooling and shared mobility: Widespread adoption of ride-sharing
apps and corporate pooling policies can cut vehicle density.
o Eg: Ola and Uber’s carpool services reduced peak-hour traffic by 15% in
Bengaluru (Source: NASSCOM, 2023).
3. Adherence to traffic rules: Cultivating civic discipline through awareness campaigns
and stricter penalties can improve road efficiency.
o Eg: The Mumbai Traffic Police’s 2022 campaign led to a 25% reduction in
red-light violations.
4. Awareness about environmental impact: Educating people on pollution and carbon
emissions can foster eco-friendly commuting habits.
o Eg: Delhi’s “Car-Free Day” initiative in 2022 raised awareness about
reducing vehicle dependence.
5. School-based traffic education: Introducing road safety and traffic norms in schools
can instill lifelong civic responsibility.
o Eg: Chandigarh’s “Traffic Literacy Drive (2023)” trained over 20,000
students in safe road practices.

Conclusion

Traffic congestion in urban India demands systemic solutions and behavioural changes. By
fostering civic responsibility, promoting public transport, and adopting shared mobility,
cities can mitigate gridlock. A proactive approach today will pave the way for sustainable
and liveable urban environments in the future.

40
Q. “Family law systems in India often reinforce traditional gender roles rather
than challenging them”. Discuss. (10 M)

Introduction

Family laws in India, while intended to ensure justice, often mirror societal norms,
perpetuating patriarchal hierarchies instead of addressing structural inequalities. This is
evident in maintenance provisions, custody laws, and property rights.

Body

How family law reinforces traditional gender roles

1. Unequal recognition of economic contributions: Women’s unpaid domestic labor is

often overlooked in legal disputes.
o Eg: Maintenance calculations under the Hindu Marriage Act (HMA) focus
primarily on the husband’s income, excluding family assets, as seen in
Gandhimathi v. Balasundharam (2022).
2. Default child custody expectations: Mothers are presumed to be primary caregivers,
reinforcing the stereotype of women as nurturers.
o Eg: The Guardian and Wards Act, 1890, often awards custody to mothers
without evaluating shared parenting.
3. Property and inheritance disparities: Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005,
grants daughters equal inheritance rights, but societal resistance limits its practical
enforcement.
o Eg: Studies by the National Commission for Women (2020) indicate low
utilization of these provisions in rural India.
4. Marital rape exemption: Section 375 of the IPC excludes marital rape, reflecting
patriarchal norms that undermine women’s autonomy within marriage.
o Eg: The Delhi High Court split verdict (2022) highlighted this persistent gap.
5. Cultural bias in restitution of conjugal rights: Courts often enforce restitution of
conjugal rights, prioritizing marriage over individual rights.
o Eg: In T. Sareetha v. Venkata Subbaiah (1983), restitution orders were
challenged for violating personal liberty.
6. Gendered expectations in divorce settlements: Courts often consider women as
primary caregivers and men as sole breadwinners, reinforcing stereotypical family
roles.
o Eg: In Vandana v. Ravinder Kumar (2021), the court upheld limited
maintenance for a homemaker, overlooking her contribution to the family’s
well-being.

What needs to be done

41
 1. Recognize unpaid domestic labour: Legal provisions must account for women’s
contributions to household work during divorce settlements.
o Eg: The Economic Survey 2023-24 emphasized integrating unpaid labor into
national and legal frameworks.
2. Gender-neutral legal reforms: Enact laws that address shared parenting, spousal
maintenance, and custody in a gender-neutral manner.
o Eg: Adoption of gender-neutral maintenance practices in line with the Law
Commission’s 242nd Report.
3. Strengthen enforcement mechanisms: Ensure timely enforcement of maintenance
orders through stricter compliance checks and penalties for non-compliance.
o Eg: Effective implementation of Rajnesh v. Neha (2020) directives on
income affidavits.
4. Educate and train judiciary: Sensitize judges and legal practitioners about gender
biases to ensure equitable decision-making in family law cases.
o Eg: Judicial training programs under the National Judicial Academy can
focus on eliminating biases.
5. Fast-track family law cases: Establish dedicated family courts with expedited
timelines to address procedural delays in maintenance and custody cases.
o Eg: Special family courts in states like Maharashtra have shown reduced
pendency rates.

Conclusion

To dismantle entrenched gender hierarchies, family laws must shift from reinforcing
stereotypes to ensuring equality and justice. Holistic reforms, judicial sensitization, and
recognition of women’s economic contributions can foster a progressive legal framework
aligned with modern societal realities.

Q. “Urbanization and work-centric lifestyles have led to the erosion of

community life”. Discuss. (15 M)

Introduction

Urbanization and work-centric lifestyles, while propelling economic growth, have led to the
fragmentation of social networks and a decline in community cohesion, impacting
interpersonal and societal bonds.

Body

Impact of Urbanization on Community Life

1. Migration and loss of traditional ties: Large-scale migration to urban areas leads to
the severing of familial and community connections.
o Eg: Census 2011 showed rural-to-urban migration contributing to over 35%
of urban population growth.
42
 2. Reduction in shared spaces: The focus on infrastructure and commercialization
reduces public spaces for communal activities.
o Eg: Shrinking urban parks in cities like Delhi and Mumbai.
3. Weakening of local governance structures: Urbanization sidelines traditional
community governance systems, reducing grassroots participation.
o Eg: Lack of integration between ward committees and local communities
despite the 74th Constitutional Amendment.
4. Cultural alienation: Diverse migrant populations in cities often struggle to integrate,
leading to fragmented identities and communities.
o Eg: Urban slums in Kolkata house migrant populations who often maintain
isolated community enclaves.
5. Rise of urban anonymity: Large urban centres foster anonymity, reducing trust and
community bonding.
o Eg: High levels of distrust in metropolitan areas like Bengaluru as seen in
studies by the Centre for Policy Research (2023).

Impact of Work-Centric Lifestyles on Community Life

1. Time scarcity for social engagement: Long working hours leave little time for
participating in community activities.
o Eg: An ILO 2022 report highlighted Indian workers clocking an average of
48+ hours weekly, among the highest globally.
2. Focus on individualism over collectivism: Career-driven lifestyles prioritize
personal goals over social responsibilities.
o Eg: Gig economy workers often operate in isolation, eroding collective social
networks.
3. Digital interactions replacing face-to-face connections: Overreliance on virtual
platforms weakens physical community engagement.
o Eg: A 2021 Pew Research study found a 35% reduction in in-person
interactions globally post-pandemic.
4. Health challenges and social isolation: Work stress leads to mental and physical
health issues, discouraging active community participation.
o Eg: A Lancet 2023 report linked work-related stress to 45% of urban
loneliness cases in India.
5. Commercialization of leisure: Organized corporate retreats and paid leisure
activities reduce organic community-building opportunities.
o Eg: Paid events have replaced traditional neighbourhood festivals in cities like
Hyderabad.

What Can Be Done

1. Strengthening community-driven governance: Empower urban local bodies and

ward-level committees to engage with communities.

43
 o Eg: Success of Kerala’s Kudumbashree model in fostering collective
participation.
2. Reclaiming public spaces: Promote the development of accessible public spaces like
parks and cultural hubs to encourage social bonding.
o Eg: Smart Cities Mission in cities like Indore integrates community centers
into urban planning.
3. Promoting work-life balance policies: Enforce labor laws focusing on reduced
working hours and flexible schedules.
o Eg: The Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code
(2020) recommends flexible work hours.
4. Reviving local traditions and festivals: Encourage cultural festivals and traditional
games to strengthen community bonds.
o Eg: Revival of Durga Puja pandals as community events in West Bengal.
5. Encouraging participatory urban planning: Involve citizens in designing
community-friendly urban policies.
o Eg: Pune Municipal Corporation initiated participatory budgeting to
integrate local inputs.

Conclusion

Rebuilding community life in urbanized, work-driven societies requires fostering inclusive

urban planning, prioritizing work-life balance, and reviving traditional practices. A
balanced approach will restore interpersonal bonds and sustain India’s societal fabric.

Q. Examine the relationship between economic inequality and political influence

of the rich in society. Discuss its impact on intergenerational mobility and suggest
measures to address these challenges. (15 M)

Introduction
The nexus between economic inequality and political influence exacerbates societal
disparities by enabling the rich to influence policies in their favour, undermining democracy
and social equity. This entrenches a system where wealth determines opportunities across
generations.

Body

Relationship between economic inequality and political influence of the rich

1. Policy favouritism for the wealthy: Economic elites use their financial power to
shape policies like tax exemptions and deregulation that perpetuate inequality.
o Eg: In the United States, the 2017 tax reforms primarily benefited high-
income groups (Pew Research, 2025).
2. Erosion of democratic representation: Wealthy individuals and corporations
disproportionately fund political campaigns, skewing policy priorities.

44
 o Eg: A study by Oxfam (2023) reported that the wealthiest 1% influence over
70% of campaign funding globally.
3. Increased inequality of access: Rich individuals influence critical sectors like
education and healthcare, limiting access for underprivileged groups.
o Eg: In India, private healthcare systems receive higher incentives than public
health schemes (Economic Survey, 2022).
4. Weakening of welfare programs: Excessive political influence leads to reduced
focus on redistributive policies such as social security and subsidies.
o Eg: Cuts in the UK's welfare programs (2023) disproportionately affected
lower-income groups.
5. Rise of crony capitalism: The concentration of wealth and power leads to
preferential treatment in contracts and resource allocation.
o Eg: India’s Nirav Modi scam (2018) highlighted the nexus between wealth
and policy evasion.

Impact on intergenerational mobility

1. Entrenched wealth gaps: Political influence ensures sustained advantages for the
rich, while the poor struggle to improve their socio-economic status.
o Eg: UNDP (2024) reported that the top 10% globally inherit 70% of wealth.
2. Educational inequities: Disparities in access to quality education restrict upward
mobility for marginalized groups.
o Eg: In India, rural children face limited access to quality schools compared to
urban elites (ASER Report, 2022).
3. Restricted economic opportunities: Political capture by the elite leads to limited job
creation for underprivileged communities.
o Eg: Automation and privatization in South Africa (2023) widened
employment gaps between income groups.
4. Health disparities: Unequal healthcare access results in poor health outcomes for the
underprivileged, perpetuating poverty cycles.
o Eg: The WHO (2023) highlighted that lower-income groups suffer
disproportionately from preventable diseases.
5. Social alienation: Economic stagnation across generations fosters resentment,
eroding social cohesion.
o Eg: Rising protests against inequality in France (2023) reflect
intergenerational frustrations.

Measures to address these challenges

1. Campaign finance reforms: Enforce limits on political funding to reduce the undue
influence of the wealthy.
o Eg: India’s Electoral Bonds Scheme aims to bring transparency in political
funding but needs stricter regulations.

45
 2. Progressive taxation: Strengthen tax systems to ensure higher contributions from the
rich for public welfare.
o Eg: France’s wealth tax on billionaires (2024) increased funds for social
housing projects.
3. Strengthening social safety nets: Expand welfare programs to bridge gaps in
healthcare, education, and employment.
o Eg: India’s MGNREGA remains a successful model for rural employment
generation.
4. Improved education access: Focus on inclusive educational policies to enhance
opportunities for marginalized groups.
o Eg: The National Education Policy (2020) emphasizes equity in access to
education in India.
5. Global governance reforms: Advocate for international cooperation to regulate
wealth concentration and ensure fairer wealth distribution.
o Eg: The OECD (2023) proposed a minimum global corporate tax to curb tax
evasion by multinational companies.

Conclusion
Addressing the link between economic inequality and political influence is essential to
uphold democratic values and ensure equitable growth. By adopting systemic reforms, both at
national and global levels, societies can foster intergenerational mobility and create
inclusive opportunities for all.

Q. Examine how global inequalities, such as economic instability, digital divide,

and climate vulnerability, shape the future prospects of children in developing
countries. (15 M)

Introduction

Global inequalities such as economic instability, digital divide, and climate vulnerability
have a cascading impact on children, particularly in developing countries. These factors not
only hinder immediate access to basic needs like education and healthcare but also limit their
long-term opportunities, perpetuating cycles of poverty and underdevelopment.

Body

Economic instability and children’s future prospects

1. Limited access to education: Economic crises force families and governments to

deprioritize education, leading to school dropouts and poor educational infrastructure.
o Eg: Sri Lanka’s economic crisis (2022) led to a 20% reduction in school
enrollment rates due to affordability issues.
2. Increased child labour: Financial distress drives children into exploitative labor,
trapping them in the poverty cycle.

46
 o Eg: ILO (2023) reported that 160 million children globally are engaged in
child labor, predominantly in developing countries.
3. Healthcare challenges: Economic instability reduces access to nutrition,
immunization, and healthcare services, leading to higher child mortality.
o Eg: In Pakistan (2023), rising food prices caused a significant increase in
malnutrition rates among children.
4. Social protection gaps: Debt servicing diverts funds from social protection measures,
leaving families vulnerable to shocks.
o Eg: Over 40 low-income countries spend twice as much on debt repayment as
on healthcare (World Bank 2023).

Digital divide and its effects

1. Educational disruption: Lack of access to internet and digital tools excludes millions
of children from modern education systems.
o Eg: During COVID-19, 70% of children in Sub-Saharan Africa had no
access to online education (UNICEF 2025).
2. Gender disparities: Girls face greater exclusion from digital spaces, limiting their
educational and economic opportunities.
o Eg: Only 16% of females in rural India have access to mobile internet,
compared to 36% of males (NFHS-5).
3. Economic exclusion: Absence of digital infrastructure hinders skill-building for
future employment.
o Eg: Lack of digital public infrastructure (DPI) in developing countries
marginalizes children from the digital economy.
4. Online vulnerability: Digital illiteracy increases children’s exposure to online
exploitation and misinformation.
o Eg: UNICEF (2023) emphasized the need for child-centered digital literacy
programs in developing nations.

Climate vulnerability and children’s lives

1. Displacement: Climate disasters displace millions of children, disrupting their

education and healthcare.
o Eg: Over 43 million children were displaced by climate-induced disasters in
2023 (UNICEF).
2. Health crises: Rising temperatures and erratic weather increase vector-borne diseases
like dengue and malaria.
o Eg: In Bangladesh, dengue cases surged by 60% in 2024, severely affecting
children.
3. Food insecurity: Droughts and floods exacerbate malnutrition by disrupting
agriculture.
o Eg: The Horn of Africa drought (2022-2023) left 7.5 million children
malnourished.

47
 4. Mental health impacts: Frequent climate disasters lead to trauma and anxiety among
children.
o Eg: UNICEF 2025 Report highlighted a surge in climate-related anxiety
among children in disaster-prone regions.

What can be done?

1. Strengthen social protection systems: Increase investments in healthcare, education,

and social security to safeguard children from economic shocks.
o Eg: Adopt UNICEF’s Social Protection Framework to enhance inclusivity.
2. Bridge the digital divide: Expand affordable internet access, particularly in rural and
marginalized communities.
o Eg: Implement BharatNet Phase II in India to connect rural areas.
3. Child-responsive climate action: Allocate targeted climate finance for initiatives
focusing on children’s needs, such as resilient schools and healthcare.
o Eg: Only 2.4% of climate finance is child-focused; this needs urgent
enhancement (UNICEF 2025).
4. International cooperation: Encourage global partnerships to provide debt relief and
funding for education and health in developing nations.
o Eg: Implement recommendations of the UN Inter-Agency Task Force on
Financing for Development.
5. Community-based initiatives: Encourage localized solutions for education, health,
and digital literacy with active community participation.
o Eg: Promote self-help groups (SHGs) to support education and healthcare
access in rural areas.

Conclusion

Addressing global inequalities requires inclusive systems that ensure children’s rights to
education, health, and protection amidst crises. By focusing on targeted investments, digital
equity, and climate resilience, we can secure a sustainable and equitable future for the next
generation.

Q. “The elderly often face a dual burden of health and isolation”. How can social
innovations address these challenges? Illustrate with examples. (10 M)

Introduction
With India’s elderly population expected to reach 319 million by 2050 (UNFPA, 2023),
challenges related to health deterioration and social isolation are becoming critical.
Innovative social interventions integrating technology, community participation, and policy
reforms are essential to ensure their well-being.

Body

Dual burden of health and isolation faced by the elderly

48
 1. Rising healthcare challenges: Chronic illnesses like diabetes, hypertension, and
mobility issues lead to dependency and high healthcare costs.
o Eg: According to LASI 2020, 75% of elderly suffer from at least one chronic
disease.
2. Social alienation: Urbanization and nuclear families have resulted in loneliness and
psychological distress among seniors.
o Eg: HelpAge India, 2022 reports 47% of elderly feel socially isolated.
3. Financial insecurity: Insufficient pension coverage and increased medical expenses
make elderly financially vulnerable.
o Eg: NSSO, 2018 found only 28% of elderly have access to pension schemes.
4. Digital exclusion: Limited technological literacy restricts access to healthcare and
social engagement platforms.
o Eg: The IAMAI 2023 report found that only 20% of seniors are digitally
literate.
5. Elder abuse and neglect: Physical and emotional abuse, often unreported, leads to
further isolation and mental distress.
o Eg: HelpAge India, 2023, states 29% of elderly experience abuse, mostly
from family members.

Social innovations to address these challenges

1. Telemedicine and AI-powered healthcare: Enables remote consultations, real-time

health tracking, and personalized medical advice.
o Eg: e-Sanjeevani, a government telehealth initiative, provided over 14 million
consultations in 2023.
2. Community-based elderly networks: Self-help groups (SHGs), senior citizen
associations, and neighborhood watch programs provide social bonding and emotional
support.
o Eg: Kerala’s ‘Vayomithram’ program offers free palliative care and
counseling.
3. Senior-friendly urban infrastructure: Development of elder-friendly public spaces,
barrier-free transport, and accessible healthcare centers.
o Eg: WHO’s Age-Friendly Cities framework implemented in cities like Pune
and Delhi.
4. Digital literacy programs: Government and private initiatives to bridge the digital
divide among the elderly and improve social inclusion.
o Eg: ‘PMGDISHA’ (Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan)
trains seniors on digital usage.
5. Elder companionship programs: Programs encouraging intergenerational bonding
to address loneliness and provide a support system.
o Eg: Bengaluru’s ‘Adopt a Grandparent’ program pairs youth with elderly
for emotional support.
6. Home-based healthcare and assisted living solutions: Expansion of doorstep
medical services through public-private partnerships.

49
 o Eg: Portea Medical offers home visits, physiotherapy, and nursing care for
seniors.
7. Elder helplines and mental health support: Dedicated 24/7 helplines for elderly
distress and mental health counseling.
o Eg: Government’s Elderline 14567 provides immediate assistance and
counseling.
8. Technology-enabled companionship: Use of AI-driven robotic companions and
virtual reality (VR) to combat loneliness.
o Eg: Japan's ‘PARO therapeutic robot’, a robotic pet for elderly
companionship.

Conclusion
Holistic solutions combining technology, policy support, and community participation are
crucial to address elderly care challenges. Strengthening schemes like the National
Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE) and integrating elderly needs into urban
planning can ensure a dignified and secure life for seniors.

Q. “Feminism is not just about gender equality but about redefining social
frameworks in a life-giving manner”. Discuss with suitable examples. (10 M)

Introduction

Feminism extends beyond the pursuit of gender equality by reshaping social frameworks to
foster inclusivity, sustainability, and empowerment. It challenges existing power structures
and nurtures pluralistic values, contributing to a more equitable and democratic society.

Body

Feminism and Redefining Social Frameworks

1. Empowering informal workforce: Feminist interventions have redefined the

economic landscape by organizing women in the informal sector and providing them
with financial security and dignity.
o Eg: Ela Bhatt's SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association) has
empowered over 2 million women workers, integrating economic security
with social welfare.
2. Reviving traditional knowledge systems: Feminist perspectives integrate cultural
heritage with sustainable development by restoring traditional practices and
ecological harmony.
o Eg: Uzramma’s Malkha initiative revived handloom traditions and
natural dyeing techniques, preserving artisanal heritage and promoting eco-
friendly textile production.

50
 3. Transforming governance through transparency: Feminist movements have
fostered greater accountability and participatory governance by advocating for
citizen-centric policies.
o Eg: Aruna Roy’s Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, empowered
marginalized communities, enhancing democratic participation.
4. Sustainability in agriculture and biodiversity conservation: Feminist approaches
redefine agriculture by advocating for agroecological methods and community-
centered farming practices.
o Eg: Vandana Shiva's Navdanya Movement promotes seed sovereignty,
organic farming, and biodiversity conservation, ensuring food security for
future generations.
5. Educational innovation and child development: Feminism fosters inclusive
education by recognizing childhood as a crucial phase of social and cognitive
development.
o Eg: S Anandalakshmy’s work in early childhood education emphasized
experiential learning, freedom, and creativity in child development.

Challenges in Redefining Social Frameworks through Feminism

1. Deep-rooted patriarchal norms: Traditional gender roles and cultural biases resist
feminist ideas, limiting women's participation in decision-making processes.
o Eg: The Women's Reservation Bill, despite being passed, faces challenges in
effective implementation due to societal resistance.
2. Lack of institutional support: Gender-sensitive frameworks often lack adequate
legal and policy backing, resulting in slow progress in feminist-led initiatives.
o Eg: Gender Budgeting initiatives have been inconsistently applied across
various sectors, limiting their impact.
3. Recognition of unpaid care work: Despite feminist advocacy, domestic and care
work performed by women remains undervalued and excluded from economic
policies.
o Eg: The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS, 2022) shows a significant
gender gap in unpaid household responsibilities.
4. Economic disparities and financial exclusion: Women, especially in informal
sectors, face financial exclusion, hindering their ability to contribute to economic
innovation.
o Eg: Only 27% of Indian women have access to formal credit (World Bank,
2023), restricting their entrepreneurial potential.
5. Limited representation in leadership roles: Women remain underrepresented in key
positions across politics, business, and academia, which impacts the adoption of
feminist perspectives in mainstream policy.
o Eg: Women occupy only 15% of top managerial positions in India (ILO,
2023).

Measures to Address Challenges in Redefining Social Frameworks through Feminism

51
 1. Strengthening legal and policy frameworks: Enforce gender-sensitive laws and
policies with strict implementation mechanisms to enhance women's participation and
empowerment.
o Eg: Effective implementation of the Women's Reservation Bill to ensure
higher female representation in legislative bodies.
2. Recognition of unpaid care work: Integrate unpaid domestic and care work into
national economic calculations and provide social security benefits to caregivers.
o Eg: The introduction of care credits in pension schemes to recognize
household labor contributions.
3. Promoting financial inclusion: Facilitate easier access to credit, financial literacy
programs, and entrepreneurship opportunities for women, particularly in rural areas.
o Eg: Expansion of Stand-Up India Scheme, which offers loans to women
entrepreneurs with minimal collateral.
4. Encouraging gender-responsive budgeting: Ensure that national and state budgets
allocate funds considering gender-specific needs and policy interventions.
o Eg: Strengthening implementation of NITI Aayog’s Gender Budgeting
Framework across all sectors.
5. Enhancing representation and leadership: Increase women’s participation in
leadership roles through mentorship programs and capacity-building initiatives.
o Eg: Initiatives like "Women in Science and Engineering (WISE)" to
promote female participation in STEM sectors.

Conclusion

To overcome these challenges, a multi-pronged strategy focusing on policy reforms,

capacity-building, and behavioral change initiatives is essential. Strengthening gender-
sensitive policies, ensuring financial inclusion, and promoting women’s leadership in key
sectors will create a more inclusive and life-affirming social framework

Q. Analyze the impact of long working hours on the physical and mental well-
being of individuals in Indian society. How can work-life balance be integrated
into corporate and societal frameworks to promote a healthier workforce? (15
M)

Introduction
The culture of long working hours in India, driven by economic pressures and corporate
expectations, significantly affects the physical and mental well-being of individuals,
necessitating a balanced approach to work-life integration.

Body

Impact of long working hours on physical and mental well-being

52
 1. Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases: Prolonged working hours contribute to
high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke due to stress and sedentary lifestyles.
o Eg: A WHO study (2021) found that working over 55 hours per week
increases the risk of heart disease by 17% and stroke by 35%.
2. Sleep deprivation and fatigue: Long hours lead to reduced sleep quality and chronic
fatigue, impacting cognitive functions and productivity.
o Eg: A NIMHANS study (2023) reported that 65% of Indian IT employees
suffer from sleep-related issues due to extended work schedules.
3. Mental health disorders: Increased stress levels result in higher incidences of
depression, anxiety, and burnout, affecting work efficiency and overall happiness.
o Eg: The National Mental Health Survey (2019) indicated that work stress
contributes to 20% of depression cases among corporate professionals.
4. Poor dietary habits and obesity: Irregular eating patterns and reliance on unhealthy
fast food lead to obesity and metabolic disorders.
o Eg: A study by ICMR (2022) revealed that 45% of corporate employees in
metro cities have obesity-related health risks due to long work hours.
5. Weakened immune system: Overwork reduces immunity, making individuals prone
to frequent illnesses and prolonged recovery times.
o Eg: The Lancet (2023) found a direct correlation between long working hours
and higher rates of chronic illnesses like diabetes.
6. Impact on family and social relationships: Limited personal time strains
relationships, leading to social isolation and familial conflicts.
o Eg: A report by ILO (2022) highlighted that excessive work hours negatively
impact family bonding and social interactions in urban India.
7. Increased risk of substance abuse: Work stress often leads to increased
consumption of alcohol, smoking, and other unhealthy coping mechanisms.
o Eg: A survey by AIIMS (2023) found that corporate professionals working
60+ hours per week had a 30% higher risk of substance abuse.

Integration of work-life balance into corporate and societal frameworks

1. Regulatory interventions: Strengthening labor laws to enforce limits on working

hours and ensure proper implementation of paid leave and breaks.
o Eg: The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020
aims to regulate work hours and improve workplace safety.
2. Flexible work policies: Promoting hybrid work models, staggered working hours,
and remote work options to reduce stress.
o Eg: Companies like TCS and Infosys have successfully implemented flexible
work models post-pandemic, improving employee productivity.
3. Employee assistance programs (EAPs): Providing access to mental health
counseling, wellness initiatives, and recreational activities to ensure holistic well-
being.
o Eg: Deloitte India's EAP offers confidential psychological support to
employees facing work-related stress.

53
 4. Cultural shift in corporate mindset: Encouraging organizations to prioritize
employee well-being over output-focused work culture.
o Eg: Germany's "right to disconnect" policy restricts after-hours
communication, fostering work-life balance.
5. Awareness and sensitization: Educating employees and employers on the health
impacts of long working hours through workshops and training programs.
o Eg: Initiatives by NASSCOM promote mental well-being through awareness
campaigns in IT sectors.
6. Encouraging physical activities at the workplace: Setting up fitness facilities and
encouraging regular breaks for physical exercise to combat sedentary lifestyles.
o Eg: Corporates like Google India provide in-house gyms and wellness
programs to promote employee health.
7. Incentives for work-life balance compliance: Recognizing and rewarding
companies that promote employee-friendly policies.
o Eg: The "Great Place to Work" certification encourages businesses to
adopt employee-centric policies for better productivity and retention.

Conclusion
Achieving work-life balance is crucial for a healthy and productive workforce. A
collaborative effort between corporates, government, and society is essential to create
sustainable and employee-friendly work environments in India.

Q. “The mismanagement of waste and sewage in urban and peri-urban areas

poses serious challenges to public health and environmental sustainability”.
Analyze the socio-economic implications of poor waste management and suggest
effective remedial measures. (15 M)

Introduction
Rapid urbanization and inadequate waste management infrastructure in India have resulted in
significant challenges, threatening public health, environmental sustainability, and urban
livability, necessitating immediate policy interventions and community participation.

Body

Challenges of mismanagement of waste and sewage in urban and peri-urban areas

1. Water contamination: Leaking sewage contaminates surface and groundwater

sources, posing health risks.
o Eg: Contamination of Yamuna River in Delhi, leading to waterborne
diseases.
2. Air pollution: Burning of solid waste releases toxic gases, contributing to respiratory
disorders and climate change.
o Eg: Dioxin and furan emissions from open landfill fires in cities like
Mumbai and Bengaluru.

54
 3. Soil degradation: Dumping of untreated waste depletes soil fertility, impacting
agricultural productivity.
o Eg: Agricultural lands near Ghaziabad landfill facing declining productivity
due to leachate seepage.
4. Vector-borne diseases: Accumulation of waste provides breeding grounds for
disease vectors such as mosquitoes and rodents.
o Eg: Outbreak of dengue and chikungunya in peri-urban areas of Chennai
due to poor waste disposal.
5. Loss of biodiversity: Pollution of water bodies and landfills harms aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems.
o Eg: Reduction in mangrove cover in Mumbai due to illegal dumping of
construction debris.

Socio-economic implications of poor waste management

1. Health burden: Increased incidence of diseases leads to higher healthcare costs and
loss of productivity.
o Eg: According to NITI Aayog (2023), poor sanitation leads to an annual
economic loss of ₹2.4 lakh crore in India.
2. Livelihood loss: Pollution and deteriorating urban environments affect tourism,
fishing, and agriculture-based livelihoods.
o Eg: Fishermen in Kerala backwaters suffer due to contamination of water
bodies by untreated sewage.
3. Urban poverty aggravation: Informal waste pickers face unsafe working conditions
and lack social security.
o Eg: Over 15 lakh informal waste workers in India lack access to health
insurance and protective gear (MoHUA, 2023).
4. Infrastructure stress: Inefficient waste disposal overwhelms municipal bodies,
leading to poor service delivery and urban decay.
o Eg: Overflowing landfills in Delhi, such as Ghazipur, cause structural hazards
and environmental degradation.
5. Real estate devaluation: Poor waste management reduces the value of properties,
discouraging investments.
o Eg: Areas around Perungudi landfill in Chennai face declining property
prices due to environmental concerns.

Remedial measures to address waste management challenges

1. Implementation of waste segregation at source: Mandatory source segregation can

enhance recycling and reduce landfill pressure.
o Eg: Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) guidelines promote decentralized waste
management.
2. Strengthening municipal infrastructure: Investing in waste processing plants and
sewage treatment facilities to improve efficiency.

55
 o Eg: Establishment of 700 MLD sewage treatment plants (STPs) under
Namami Gange Programme.
3. Extended producer responsibility (EPR): Enforcing regulations to make producers
responsible for post-consumer waste management.
o Eg: Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, mandate producers to take
back plastic packaging waste.
4. Community participation and behavioral change: Conducting awareness
campaigns and incentivizing sustainable waste disposal practices.
o Eg: Zero Waste Initiatives in cities like Indore and Mysuru have shown
significant success.
5. Leveraging technology for monitoring and tracking: Using GIS mapping and IoT-
enabled waste bins to ensure efficient collection and disposal.
o Eg: Smart waste management initiatives in Bhopal Smart City Project, using
GPS-enabled collection vehicles.

Conclusion
Addressing waste mismanagement requires integrated planning, technological
interventions, and community-driven solutions to ensure environmental sustainability and
public well-being in rapidly urbanizing areas.

Q. “Climate is one of many factors influencing large-scale human migration”.

Analyze the impact of climate change on human migration patterns and suggest
policy measures to address the challenges faced by climate migrants. (15 M)

Introduction

Human migration is a complex phenomenon influenced by multiple factors, including

climate, socio-economic conditions, and political instability. Climate change intensifies
this process, making it a critical global challenge that demands urgent attention.

Body

Climate is one of many factors influencing large-scale human migration

1. Interplay of multiple factors: Migration is rarely due to a single factor, with climate
often acting as a trigger in combination with poverty, conflicts, and resource scarcity.
o Eg: Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa involves a combination of prolonged
droughts, economic hardships, and regional conflicts (World Bank, 2022).
2. Historical climate migrations: Past events, like the Little Ice Age, displaced
populations due to agricultural failures and famine.
o Eg: The Irish Potato Famine (1845–1852) led to mass migration to the US.
3. Economic and social drivers: Climate-induced migration is also shaped by economic
aspirations and social vulnerabilities.

56
 o Eg: Migration from Bangladesh to India is driven by floods and the search for
better livelihoods.

Impact of climate change on human migration patterns

1. Coastal and island displacements: Rising sea levels threaten low-lying areas,
forcing large-scale relocations.
o Eg: Over 2.5 million people in Bangladesh are at risk of displacement due to
rising seas by 2050 (UNEP, 2022).
2. Agricultural distress: Changing rainfall patterns, desertification, and crop failures
push rural populations toward cities.
o Eg: Droughts in India’s Marathwada region have driven thousands of
farmers to migrate for work.
3. Increased vulnerability to disasters: Cyclones, floods, and wildfires are displacing
millions annually.
o Eg: The Cyclone Amphan (2020) displaced nearly 2.5 million people in India
and Bangladesh.
4. Resource-based conflicts: Climate-induced scarcity of water and arable land fuels
conflicts, leading to forced migration.
o Eg: The Lake Chad Basin Crisis displaced over 3 million people due to
shrinking water resources (UNHCR, 2022).
5. Urban overburdening: Climate migrants often relocate to cities, straining
infrastructure and social services.
o Eg: Rapid migration to Jakarta, Indonesia, has led to overpopulation and
worsening living conditions.

Policy measures to address challenges faced by climate migrants

1. Climate-resilient infrastructure: Invest in infrastructure to mitigate climate risks

and reduce migration pressures.
o Eg: India’s National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC)
supports climate-resilient agriculture and water systems.
2. Disaster preparedness and early warning systems: Enhance local capacity to
manage disasters and prevent forced migration.
o Eg: The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System has saved lives and
reduced displacement.
3. Sustainable livelihood creation: Provide alternative livelihoods to reduce rural-urban
migration.
o Eg: MGNREGA in India offers rural employment opportunities during times
of agricultural distress.
4. Legal frameworks for climate migrants: Develop national and international policies
to protect climate migrants and recognize their rights.
o Eg: The Global Compact for Migration (2018) addresses climate-induced
migration as a shared responsibility.

57
 5. Regional and global cooperation: Foster partnerships for managing cross-border
climate migration and supporting vulnerable nations.
o Eg: ASEAN promotes regional disaster management through shared resources
and coordination.

Conclusion

Climate-induced migration is a growing global issue requiring proactive policy responses

that integrate resilience-building, legal protections, and international cooperation. By
addressing both the root causes and the socio-economic impacts of migration, nations can
safeguard vulnerable populations and ensure sustainable development for all.

Effects of globalization on Indian society.

Q. Discuss the role of wealth concentration in perpetuating social inequality and
its impact on social mobility. Suggest measures to ensure equitable distribution
of wealth and resources globally. (15 M)

Introduction
The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few exacerbates social inequality and
restricts social mobility, leading to economic disparities and societal divisions globally.

Body

Role of wealth concentration in perpetuating social inequality

1. Economic disparity: Unequal wealth distribution widens the gap between the rich
and the poor, limiting access to opportunities.
o Eg: According to the Oxfam Inequality Report 2024, the top 1% of India's
population holds more than 40% of national wealth.
2. Reduced access to essential services: Wealth concentration leads to unequal access
to healthcare, education, and housing.
o Eg: The Global Social Mobility Report (2020) highlights disparities in
education opportunities across income groups.
3. Political influence and policy bias: Wealthy elites often shape policies in their favor,
marginalizing lower socio-economic groups.
o Eg: Lobbying by corporate giants in tax reforms benefits the wealthy, as noted
in the World Inequality Report 2022.
4. Intergenerational poverty: Wealth concentration limits social mobility, creating
cycles of poverty across generations.
o Eg: The UNDP Human Development Report 2023 indicates that low-
income families have limited upward mobility prospects.
5. Social unrest and exclusion: Growing wealth inequality fuels resentment and social
tensions, impacting societal cohesion.

58
 o Eg: The Arab Spring uprisings were partly driven by economic disparities
and wealth concentration.

Impact of wealth concentration on social mobility

1. Limited upward economic mobility: Wealth concentration prevents equitable

economic participation and career advancement.
o Eg: The Gini Coefficient of India (2023) stands at 0.47, indicating rising
income inequality.
2. Skewed educational opportunities: High-cost education systems exclude
marginalized communities from quality learning.
o Eg: Elite educational institutions remain inaccessible to lower-income groups
despite affirmative actions.
3. Unequal job market access: Wealthier individuals have better networks and
opportunities compared to economically weaker sections.
o Eg: Private sector hiring favors candidates with access to privileged networks
and resources.
4. Healthcare divide: Richer individuals access better healthcare services, affecting
long-term productivity and mobility of the poor.
o Eg: Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine access across income groups
highlighted healthcare inequality.
5. Urban-rural divide: Wealth accumulation in urban areas deprives rural populations
of economic opportunities and infrastructure development.
o Eg: Rural poverty rate in India remains high at 27% compared to urban
poverty at 13%, according to NITI Aayog's Multidimensional Poverty Index
(2023).

Measures to ensure equitable distribution of wealth and resources globally

1. Progressive taxation policies: Implementing higher taxes on wealth and inheritance

can reduce disparities.
o Eg: The OECD recommendation on wealth tax (2023) encourages countries
to adopt progressive taxation.
2. Universal social welfare schemes: Expanding access to education, healthcare, and
social security can improve equity.
o Eg: India's PM Garib Kalyan Yojana provided essential food and financial
aid during COVID-19.
3. Inclusive economic policies: Encouraging entrepreneurship and microfinance
initiatives can empower marginalized communities.
o Eg: The Mudra Yojana has disbursed over ₹20 lakh crore to small
entrepreneurs (MoF, 2024).
4. Strengthening labour laws: Ensuring fair wages and job security can reduce wealth
disparities.

59
 o Eg: The Code on Wages, 2019, aims to provide a national minimum wage to
address income gaps.
5. International cooperation: Global institutions should work together to address tax
evasion and wealth hoarding.
o Eg: The Global Minimum Corporate Tax (2021) aimed to prevent tax base
erosion by multinational corporations.

Conclusion
Addressing wealth concentration through progressive taxation, inclusive policies, and
global cooperation is crucial to fostering equitable growth and ensuring a just society for
future generations.

Q. “Parenting plays a crucial role in shaping an empathetic and socially

responsible generation”. Analyze this statement in the context of modern societal
challenges and changing family dynamics. (15 M)

Introduction

Parenting is the cornerstone of a child’s emotional and social development, significantly

influencing their ability to contribute positively to society. In the face of rapid societal
changes, effective parenting is crucial to nurture empathy, responsibility, and resilience.

Body

Role of parenting in shaping an empathetic and socially responsible generation

1. Emotional intelligence development: Parents help children understand emotions,

fostering compassion and social harmony.
o Eg: The implementation of Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) in CBSE
schools emphasizes parental involvement in emotional growth (NEP 2020).
2. Moral and ethical value inculcation: Teaching honesty, respect, and inclusivity
ensures children grow into responsible citizens.
o Eg: Gandhian principles of truth and non-violence are often taught in homes,
influencing children’s ethical perspectives.
3. Encouragement of civic responsibility: Parents instill social consciousness by
engaging children in community service and civic duties.
o Eg: UNICEF India reports show a rise in youth volunteerism inspired by
parental role models in social initiatives.
4. Encouragement of inclusivity and diversity: A nurturing home environment helps
children respect cultural and social diversity.
o Eg: The Poshan Abhiyan program, with parental involvement, teaches
children the importance of equitable nutrition access.
5. Resilience building: Parents provide coping mechanisms to face failures and
adversities positively.

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 o Eg: The Manodarpan initiative, supported by parental counseling, aids
students in overcoming academic pressure.

Modern societal challenges impacting parenting

1. Nuclear family structures: Reduced extended family support puts additional

emotional and financial pressure on parents.
o Eg: NFHS-5 (2022) highlights a 54% rise in nuclear families in urban India,
leading to parental stress.
2. Digital exposure and misinformation: Excessive screen time and online influences
hinder parental control over values and behavior.
o Eg: The rise of cyberbullying cases (NCRB 2023) shows the challenges
faced by parents in regulating social media exposure.
3. Work-life balance issues: Time constraints and job stress reduce quality interaction
between parents and children.
o Eg: An ILO (2022) survey found that over 60% of working parents struggle
with work-life balance in India.
4. Consumerist culture and peer pressure: Materialistic aspirations and social
comparisons can lead to entitlement and lack of empathy.
o Eg: Economic Survey (2023) reported a 25% rise in youth-driven
consumption patterns affecting social values.
5. Gender-based social conditioning: Traditional stereotypes hinder equal parenting
roles and emotional development of children.
o Eg: The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaign promotes gender-sensitive
parenting practices.

Changing family dynamics and their impact on parenting

1. Rise of single-parent families: Increased divorce rates and social changes have
shifted caregiving dynamics.
o Eg: The Census 2011 showed a 39% increase in single-parent households,
impacting child development.
2. Co-parenting and gender roles: With changing gender norms, shared
responsibilities in parenting are becoming more prevalent.
o Eg: The Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017 promotes workplace
paternity leave to support co-parenting.
3. Parental migration and child upbringing: Economic migration affects the
emotional and social development of children left behind.
o Eg: Ministry of Labour (2023) reported 2 million migrant workers, leading
to children being raised by relatives.
4. Delayed parenthood trends: Career priorities have led to delayed parenting,
impacting parental energy and involvement.
o Eg: AIIMS (2023) found the average age of first-time parents in metro cities
increased to 32 years.

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 5. Influence of global culture: Exposure to diverse cultures brings new parenting
methods, blending traditional and modern approaches.
o Eg: The Indian diaspora’s adaptation of Western parenting styles blends
independence with family values.

Conclusion

Modern parenting must evolve to address societal challenges through a balanced approach
of discipline, empathy, and adaptability. Government policies, community support, and
increased awareness are essential to equip parents for shaping a socially responsible
generation.

Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.

Salient features of world’s physical geography.

Q. How do black hole mergers shape the structure of galaxies and contribute to
our understanding of the spatial organization of the universe? (10 M)

Introduction

Black hole mergers are transformative cosmic events that reshape galactic structures and
provide key insights into the spatial organization of the universe, aiding in understanding
the distribution and dynamics of celestial bodies.

Body

Black hole mergers shape the structure of galaxies

1. Centralized growth through accretion: Black hole mergers lead to the formation
and growth of supermassive black holes, central to galaxy stability and dynamics.
o Eg: Sagittarius A* in the Milky Way is believed to have grown through
successive black hole mergers.
2. Structural distortions in galactic shapes: Black hole mergers during galaxy
collisions result in distortions, transforming spiral galaxies into elliptical or irregular
forms.
o Eg: The Antennae Galaxies exhibit elongated arms and chaotic structure due
to ongoing black hole interactions.
3. Kinetic energy dispersal: The immense energy released during mergers redistributes
stars and gas, reshaping galactic interiors.

62
 o Eg: Observations of NGC 6240 show disrupted star systems caused by energy
from black hole collisions.
4. Star formation stimulation: Compression of interstellar gas during mergers triggers
starburst phenomena, increasing stellar population.
o Eg: The ultraluminous galaxy Arp 220 experienced intense star formation
due to black hole interactions.
5. Gas and dust ejection: Mergers eject substantial interstellar material into
surrounding space, influencing galaxy size and star density.
o Eg: ESO simulations (2023) demonstrate significant material loss in merging
galaxies.

Black hole mergers contribute to understanding the spatial organization of the universe

1. Gravitational wave mapping: Detection of gravitational waves helps locate merging

black holes, offering insights into galactic cluster distribution.
o Eg: LIGO and Virgo observatories have mapped gravitational waves from
over 90 mergers since 2015.
2. Revealing merger hotspots: Identifying high-frequency wave regions highlights
areas of intense galactic activity, aiding spatial mapping.
o Eg: The MeerKAT Pulsar Timing Array (2024) identified hotspots in the
Southern Hemisphere, suggesting concentrated activity.
3. Tracing cosmic evolution pathways: Mergers provide data on the historical
sequence of galaxy interactions and formation.
o Eg: Hubble Space Telescope surveys trace the evolutionary timeline of
merging galaxies over billions of years.
4. Linking superclusters and voids: Understanding black hole interactions explains the
arrangement of superclusters and the formation of cosmic voids.
o Eg: Studies of the Virgo Supercluster show the role of black hole mergers in
large-scale structure formation.
5. Cosmic web insights: Mergers influence the energy and matter distribution that
drives the formation of the filaments and voids in the cosmic web.
o Eg: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) mapped the cosmic web, revealing
black hole mergers as central to filament formation.
6. Probing early universe conditions: Low-frequency gravitational waves offer
insights into the early universe and the distribution of primordial structures.
o Eg: Primordial black hole studies suggest early mergers impacted the spatial
distribution of matter shortly after the Big Bang.

Conclusion

Black hole mergers are instrumental in shaping galactic structures and revealing the spatial
patterns of the universe. Advanced gravitational wave detection and mapping are enhancing
our ability to chart the cosmic landscape, making them central to understanding the
universe’s geography.

63
Q. Describe the process of artesian water formation and analyze the factors
influencing their distribution across continents. Also evaluate their potential for
addressing water scarcity in vulnerable regions. (15 M)

Introduction

Artesian water, stored under pressure in confined aquifers, flows naturally to the surface
when punctured. This process is a vital resource for addressing water scarcity, especially in
regions with limited surface water availability.

Body

Process of artesian water formation

1. Confined aquifers: Artesian conditions occur when water is trapped between

impermeable rock layers, creating a pressurized system.
o Eg: The Great Artesian Basin in Australia, spanning over 1.7 million sq.
km, stores water in sandstone aquifers capped by clay and shale layers.
2. Hydrostatic pressure buildup: Rainwater infiltrates permeable layers at higher
elevations, causing underground water to accumulate pressure.
o Eg: In North Africa’s Sahara Desert, recharge areas at higher altitudes
channel water into confined aquifers at lower elevations.
3. Puncture or rupture: Drilling or natural fractures in the impermeable layer release
water due to high pressure.
o Eg: Artesian wells in the Paris Basin, France, were first tapped in the Middle
Ages to meet urban water needs.

Factors influencing their distribution across continents

1. Geological formations: Sedimentary basins with porous layers are prerequisites for
artesian conditions.

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 o Eg: The Ogallala Aquifer in North America, formed in sedimentary
deposits, spans eight states and supports large-scale agriculture.
2. Climatic conditions: Arid and semi-arid zones often have deep aquifers recharged by
sporadic rainfall.
o Eg: The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, shared by Egypt, Sudan, and
Libya, provides vital water in desert regions.
3. Topography: Elevated recharge zones facilitate natural pressure buildup, aiding
artesian water flow.
o Eg: In Central Asia, recharge zones in the Tien Shan Mountains feed
artesian aquifers in lower valleys.
4. Human interventions: Over-extraction and unregulated drilling can diminish natural
pressure and aquifer viability.
o Eg: Overpumping in the Deccan Plateau of India has reduced artesian flow
rates significantly, as per the CGWB Report 2024.

Potential for addressing water scarcity in vulnerable regions

1. Reliable water supply: Artesian aquifers provide a consistent water source in

drought-prone regions.
o Eg: The Great Artesian Basin supports livestock farming and communities
across 23% of Australia, offering a dependable water supply during droughts.
2. Low-energy requirements: Natural pressure eliminates the need for energy-intensive
pumping.
o Eg: In Africa’s Sahel region, artesian wells serve rural populations with
minimal reliance on machinery, reducing operational costs.
3. Support for agriculture: Artesian water is crucial for irrigation in arid regions,
bolstering food security.
o Eg: Kazakhstan uses artesian aquifers for 80% of agricultural irrigation,
ensuring productivity in desert climates, as noted by FAO 2023.
4. Challenges and sustainability: Overextraction can lead to aquifer depletion and
quality deterioration, such as salinization.
o Eg: The Middle East’s artesian systems are under threat from overuse,
leading to rising salinity levels and reduced availability, as reported by UN-
Water 2023.

Conclusion

Artesian aquifers hold immense potential for mitigating water scarcity, especially in arid and
semi-arid regions. By combining sustainable practices with advanced water management
strategies, they can serve as a cornerstone for addressing future global water challenges.

65
Q. “Hydroclimate whiplash events are reshaping the global climatic patterns”.
Analyze the geographical factors behind hydroclimate whiplash and its role in
intensifying extreme weather events such as wildfires. (15 M)

Introduction

Hydroclimate whiplash refers to the rapid alternation between extreme wet and dry periods, a
phenomenon exacerbated by global warming. This reshapes climatic patterns, increasing the
frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as wildfires.

Body

Hydroclimate whiplash reshaping global climatic patterns

1. Increased frequency of extremes: Rapid transitions between floods and droughts

disrupt predictable weather patterns globally.
o Eg: The Mississippi River basin experienced record floods in 2022, followed
by severe droughts in 2023.
2. Polar amplification effects: Accelerated warming in the Arctic alters jet stream
patterns, causing erratic weather shifts.
o Eg: Arctic amplification intensified the European heatwave (2022), followed
by heavy rains.
3. Shifting monsoon systems: Hydroclimate whiplash alters monsoonal cycles,
impacting water availability in regions dependent on seasonal rainfall.
o Eg: The Indian monsoon (2024) saw prolonged dry spells interspersed with
torrential rain.
4. Expansion of subtropical dry zones: Rising temperatures push subtropical zones
poleward, increasing hydroclimate variability.
o Eg: Prolonged droughts in California (2023-2025) worsened wildfire
conditions.
5. Impact on ecosystems: Sudden shifts between wet and dry seasons stress ecosystems,
leading to habitat degradation.
o Eg: Amazon rainforest experienced alternating floods and droughts, affecting
biodiversity.

Geographical factors behind hydroclimate whiplash

1. Atmospheric circulation changes: Disruptions in the jet stream and Rossby waves
create prolonged wet or dry conditions.
o Eg: California’s atmospheric rivers (2023) brought extreme rainfall,
followed by intense dry spells.
2. Ocean-atmosphere interactions: Phenomena like El Niño and La Niña amplify
hydroclimatic extremes.

66
 o Eg: El Niño (2023) caused extreme drought in Southeast Asia, followed by
torrential rains.
3. Topographic influence: Mountain ranges intensify rainfall during wet periods but
also amplify drying during droughts.
o Eg: The Sierra Nevada mountains in California create conditions for heavy
rain followed by drying winds.
4. Urban heat islands: Cities exacerbate localized warming, intensifying hydroclimate
variations.
o Eg: Los Angeles experiences enhanced warming, worsening drought
conditions and wildfires.
5. Human-induced land-use changes: Deforestation and agricultural expansion alter
water cycles, increasing variability.
o Eg: The deforestation of the Amazon Basin has worsened hydroclimate
fluctuations in South America.

Role in intensifying extreme weather events such as wildfires

1. Drier vegetation fuel: Alternating wet and dry periods cause rapid vegetation growth,
followed by drying, creating abundant fuel for fires.
o Eg: California’s 2024-25 wildfires were preceded by a wet season that spurred
vegetation growth.
2. Extended fire seasons: Hydroclimate variability lengthens fire-prone periods by
delaying rains and accelerating drying.
o Eg: Australia’s bushfire season (2020) extended due to delayed monsoon
rains.
3. Wind-driven fire intensification: High winds during dry periods spread fires rapidly
across landscapes.
o Eg: The Santa Ana winds exacerbated the 2025 Los Angeles wildfires.
4. Reduced soil moisture: Intense droughts dry out soils, reducing their capacity to
retain water, worsening fire risks.
o Eg: Severe drought conditions in Mediterranean regions (2022) led to
massive wildfires.
5. Increased lightning activity: Hydroclimate shifts increase convective storms, leading
to lightning-induced fires.
o Eg: The 2021 Siberian wildfires were linked to lightning strikes during
unusual storms.

Conclusion

Hydroclimate whiplash is a growing challenge that intensifies extreme weather events and
disrupts global climatic patterns. Addressing this requires mitigation of greenhouse gas
emissions, enhancing adaptive land-use practices, and strengthening early warning
systems for climate extremes. Through coordinated efforts, humanity can build resilience
against such rapid climatic shifts.

67
Q. Discuss the role of ocean currents and temperature anomalies in influencing
the frequency and intensity of coral bleaching events in tropical regions. (10 M)

Introduction
Coral bleaching events are primarily influenced by ocean currents and temperature
anomalies, which alter the delicate thermal balance of coral ecosystems. These factors play a
crucial role in determining the frequency and severity of bleaching events in tropical regions.

Body

Role of ocean currents in coral bleaching

1. Heat distribution and retention: Currents transport heat across ocean basins, and
disruptions can lead to localized warming, increasing thermal stress on corals.
o Eg: The weakening of the Indonesian Throughflow (2023) trapped warm
waters in the Coral Triangle, exacerbating bleaching events.
2. Upwelling and thermal relief: Upwelling currents bring cooler, nutrient-rich waters,
providing temporary relief to heat-stressed corals.
o Eg: The Humboldt Current along the South American coast mitigates
bleaching impacts in the eastern Pacific.
3. Gyre circulation effects: Large ocean gyres trap heat in tropical waters, prolonging
coral exposure to high temperatures.
o Eg: The North Pacific Gyre has led to persistent thermal stress in the
Hawaiian reef system.
4. El Niño and current anomalies: Climate-induced shifts in currents, such as the
weakening of trade winds, lead to abnormal heat accumulation.
o Eg: During El Niño (2015-16), a slowdown of the Pacific Equatorial
Current intensified coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef.
5. Localized current patterns: Coastal currents influence heat accumulation and
dispersion, impacting coral resilience differently across regions.
o Eg: The Agulhas Current in the Indian Ocean contributes to fluctuating
temperature regimes in the Mozambique Channel.
6. Nutrient and sediment transport: Currents regulate the availability of nutrients and
sediments, which can either aid or hinder coral recovery post-bleaching.
o Eg: The Gulf Stream transports warm nutrient-poor waters to the
Caribbean, reducing coral resilience against bleaching.

Role of temperature anomalies in coral bleaching

1. Global warming and baseline temperature rise: Increasing ocean temperatures

elevate the baseline thermal stress, making corals more susceptible to bleaching.
o Eg: According to IPCC (2023), global ocean temperatures have risen by
0.13°C per decade, impacting coral reef health.

68
 2. Marine heatwaves: Intense, prolonged spikes in sea surface temperatures surpass
coral tolerance levels, leading to mass bleaching.
o Eg: The 2024 Global Coral Bleaching Event caused a 44% coral mortality
rate in the southern Great Barrier Reef.
3. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects: ENSO events trigger widespread
warming in tropical waters, disrupting coral symbiosis.
o Eg: The 1997-98 El Niño event caused bleaching across 16% of the world’s
coral reefs, as per the World Meteorological Organization.
4. Localized heat stress: Specific regions experience thermal anomalies due to
atmospheric-oceanic interactions, making corals vulnerable to repeated bleaching.
o Eg: The Bay of Bengal frequently records above-average temperatures,
affecting coral reefs in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
5. Sudden temperature fluctuations: Rapid shifts in temperature stress corals,
preventing acclimatization and leading to higher mortality rates.
o Eg: Fluctuations in the Red Sea have resulted in significant coral loss in
shallow reef zones.
6. Cumulative thermal stress: Recurrent exposure to high temperatures without
recovery periods weakens coral resilience and increases mortality.
o Eg: Successive bleaching events from 2014 to 2017 severely degraded reefs in
the Indian Ocean, reducing biodiversity.

Conclusion
Mitigating the impacts of ocean currents and temperature anomalies on coral reefs requires
urgent action through climate adaptation strategies, conservation efforts, and global
cooperation to ensure long-term reef resilience.

Q2. Discuss the geomorphological factors influencing the formation of backwaters in

India and analyze their impact on the regional climate (10 M)

Introduction
Backwaters in India, particularly along the western coast, are unique geomorphological
features formed due to the interaction of fluvial and marine processes. They play a crucial
role in the hydrological and climatic balance of coastal regions.

Body

Geomorphological Factors Influencing the Formation of Backwaters

1. Coastal sedimentation: Deposition of sediments by rivers and longshore drift leads

to the formation of barrier islands and lagoons, creating backwaters.
o Eg: The formation of Kerala backwaters, influenced by sediment deposition
from rivers like Pamba and Periyar.
2. Tectonic activity: Subsidence of coastal areas due to geological movements allows
seawater intrusion, aiding backwater formation.

69
 o Eg: The Malabar Coast's subsidence due to the Indian Plate's collision with
the Eurasian Plate.
3. Wave and tidal action: Continuous wave action deposits sediments along coastlines,
leading to the formation of narrow channels that enclose backwaters.
o Eg: The tidal influence in Chilika Lake backwaters, Odisha.
4. River discharge patterns: Seasonal variations in river flow influence the extent and
shape of backwaters, with monsoonal flows enlarging them temporarily.
o Eg: Expansion of backwaters during the Southwest Monsoon, especially in
Kerala.
5. Climate and rainfall patterns: High precipitation in coastal regions contributes to
the formation and maintenance of backwater ecosystems by maintaining salinity
gradients.
o Eg: The high annual rainfall of 3000 mm in Kerala supports the existence of
backwaters.

Impact of Backwaters on Regional Climate

1. Temperature moderation: Large water bodies influence local temperatures,

reducing extremes and creating a moderate microclimate.
o Eg: Coastal towns like Alleppey experience lower temperature fluctuations
due to the presence of backwaters.
2. Humidity regulation: Backwaters increase moisture content in the atmosphere,
influencing relative humidity levels in the surrounding areas.
o Eg: The high humidity levels in the Malabar region are attributed to
extensive backwater systems.
3. Influence on precipitation: Evaporation from backwaters can lead to localized
convection and enhanced rainfall in coastal regions.
o Eg: Studies suggest that backwater evaporation contributes to Kerala's
high monsoon intensity.
4. Coastal fog formation: The temperature difference between backwaters and land
often leads to the formation of coastal fog, impacting visibility and agriculture.
o Eg: Seasonal fog formation in the Kuttanad region, affecting transportation.
5. Cyclone mitigation: Backwaters act as buffer zones by absorbing storm surges and
reducing the impact of tropical cyclones on coastal settlements.
o Eg: During Cyclone Ockhi (2017), Kerala's backwaters helped mitigate
flooding in certain areas.

Conclusion
The formation of backwaters in India is driven by a combination of geomorphological
processes and climatic factors. Their effective conservation and management are essential to
harness their ecological and climatic benefits while addressing emerging challenges posed by
pollution and unregulated tourism.

70
Q. Discuss the geomorphological factors influencing the formation of backwaters
in India and analyze their impact on the regional climate (10 M)

Introduction
Backwaters in India, particularly along the western coast, are unique geomorphological
features formed due to the interaction of fluvial and marine processes. They play a crucial
role in the hydrological and climatic balance of coastal regions.

Body

Geomorphological Factors Influencing the Formation of Backwaters

1. Coastal sedimentation: Deposition of sediments by rivers and longshore drift leads

to the formation of barrier islands and lagoons, creating backwaters.
o Eg: The formation of Kerala backwaters, influenced by sediment deposition
from rivers like Pamba and Periyar.
2. Tectonic activity: Subsidence of coastal areas due to geological movements allows
seawater intrusion, aiding backwater formation.
o Eg: The Malabar Coast's subsidence due to the Indian Plate's collision with
the Eurasian Plate.
3. Wave and tidal action: Continuous wave action deposits sediments along coastlines,
leading to the formation of narrow channels that enclose backwaters.
o Eg: The tidal influence in Chilika Lake backwaters, Odisha.
4. River discharge patterns: Seasonal variations in river flow influence the extent and
shape of backwaters, with monsoonal flows enlarging them temporarily.
o Eg: Expansion of backwaters during the Southwest Monsoon, especially in
Kerala.
5. Climate and rainfall patterns: High precipitation in coastal regions contributes to
the formation and maintenance of backwater ecosystems by maintaining salinity
gradients.
o Eg: The high annual rainfall of 3000 mm in Kerala supports the existence of
backwaters.

Impact of Backwaters on Regional Climate

1. Temperature moderation: Large water bodies influence local temperatures,

reducing extremes and creating a moderate microclimate.
o Eg: Coastal towns like Alleppey experience lower temperature fluctuations
due to the presence of backwaters.
2. Humidity regulation: Backwaters increase moisture content in the atmosphere,
influencing relative humidity levels in the surrounding areas.
o Eg: The high humidity levels in the Malabar region are attributed to
extensive backwater systems.

71
 3. Influence on precipitation: Evaporation from backwaters can lead to localized
convection and enhanced rainfall in coastal regions.
o Eg: Studies suggest that backwater evaporation contributes to Kerala's
high monsoon intensity.
4. Coastal fog formation: The temperature difference between backwaters and land
often leads to the formation of coastal fog, impacting visibility and agriculture.
o Eg: Seasonal fog formation in the Kuttanad region, affecting transportation.
5. Cyclone mitigation: Backwaters act as buffer zones by absorbing storm surges and
reducing the impact of tropical cyclones on coastal settlements.
o Eg: During Cyclone Ockhi (2017), Kerala's backwaters helped mitigate
flooding in certain areas.

Conclusion
The formation of backwaters in India is driven by a combination of geomorphological
processes and climatic factors. Their effective conservation and management are essential to
harness their ecological and climatic benefits while addressing emerging challenges posed by
pollution and unregulated tourism.

Q. Examine the role of the Sun in shaping space weather. Discuss the impact of
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) on Earth's geomagnetic and upper atmospheric
systems. (15 M)

Introduction

The Sun's activity governs space weather by influencing Earth’s magnetosphere and
upper atmosphere through solar wind, solar flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
CMEs, which are massive plasma ejections, cause geomagnetic storms and ionospheric
disturbances, affecting Earth's space environment.

Body

Role of the Sun in shaping space weather

1. Emission of charged particles: The solar wind, composed of high-energy protons

and electrons, continuously interacts with Earth's magnetic field.
o Eg: NASA’s Parker Solar Probe (2018) is studying the origin and
acceleration of the solar wind to better understand its effects on Earth's space
environment.
2. Solar flares and electromagnetic radiation bursts: High-energy flares release X-
rays and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, which ionize the upper atmosphere and
disrupt communications.
o Eg: The July 2012 solar storm generated an X-class solar flare, causing
widespread radio blackouts in North America and Europe.

72
 3. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and space weather disturbances: CMEs release
billions of tons of plasma at speeds exceeding 3,000 km/s, leading to severe
geomagnetic storms.
o Eg: The Carrington Event (1859), the largest recorded geomagnetic storm,
disrupted global telegraph systems and caused auroras visible near the
equator.
4. Influence on Earth’s magnetosphere: The 11-year solar cycle modulates CME
frequency and intensity, affecting geomagnetic activity.
o Eg: The current Solar Cycle 25 (2020-present) is experiencing higher-than-
predicted CME activity, increasing space weather risks.
5. Impact on satellite operations: Enhanced solar activity increases ionospheric
ionization, leading to satellite malfunctions and orbit decay.
o Eg: The 2003 Halloween Solar Storm disabled over 30 satellites and forced
the International Space Station (ISS) crew to seek shelter.

Impact of CMEs on Earth's geomagnetic system

1. Geomagnetic storms and power grid failures: CMEs induce geomagnetic field
disturbances, generating geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) that damage
electrical infrastructure.
o Eg: The Quebec Blackout (1989) was caused by a CME-driven GIC surge
that collapsed Hydro-Québec’s power grid, leaving six million people
without electricity.
2. Compression of the magnetosphere: CME pressure pushes Earth's magnetic
boundary inward, exposing satellites to intense radiation.
o Eg: A CME event in 2012, described as a near-miss Carrington-level
storm, would have crippled satellites and power grids worldwide had it
been Earth-directed.

73
 3. Induced geomagnetic currents (GICs) and transformer damage: CME-driven
field fluctuations generate large electric currents in power grids, overloading
transformers.
o Eg: In 2003, a strong CME caused transformer failures in South Africa,
forcing the country to replace 14 major transformers at a cost of millions of
dollars.
4. Distortion of Earth’s radiation belts: CMEs alter the Van Allen Belts, increasing
radiation hazards for astronauts and spacecraft.
o Eg: The Starfish Prime test (1962) revealed that geomagnetic storms
amplify radiation levels, affecting satellite lifespan.
5. Intensification of auroras: CMEs inject charged particles into the polar regions,
resulting in stronger auroras at lower latitudes.
o Eg: The March 2023 geomagnetic storm produced auroras visible in India,
Spain, and the UK, areas where auroras are rarely seen.

Impact of CMEs on Earth's upper atmospheric system

1. Ionospheric disturbances and GPS disruptions: CMEs alter ionospheric electron

density, causing GPS positioning errors and signal delays.
o Eg: A 2015 CME event caused severe GPS disruptions, leading to
commercial airline flight delays in the US and Europe.
2. Expansion of the thermosphere and increased satellite drag: CME-driven heat
influx expands the thermosphere, increasing atmospheric drag on satellites.
o Eg: The Skylab space station (1979) re-entered Earth’s atmosphere earlier
than expected due to CME-induced thermospheric expansion.
3. Interference with radio communications: CMEs create ionospheric turbulence,
affecting aviation and emergency communication networks.
o Eg: The 2017 CME event disrupted high-frequency (HF) radio
communications on transpolar airline routes, forcing pilots to reroute
flights.
4. Displacement of space debris and orbital changes: Increased therm
ospheric drag alters space debris trajectories, raising collision risks for
satellites.
o Eg: In 2011, the ISS had to perform an unscheduled orbit adjustment to
avoid debris displacement caused by CME activity.
5. Modification of equatorial ionospheric currents: CMEs distort the Equatorial
Electrojet (EEJ), affecting global weather interactions.
o Eg: The Aditya-L1 mission (2023) is studying CME-induced ionospheric
changes and their effect on climate variability.

Conclusion

74
With rising solar activity, global space weather monitoring is critical for mitigating
CME-induced risks. Advancements in early warning systems like Aditya-L1 and NOAA’s
DSCOVR can help predict and minimize CME-driven disruptions.

Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including

South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for
the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries
in various parts of the world (including India).
Q. Discuss the impact of human-induced interventions, such as embankments
and floodgates, on natural river dynamics and flood risks. (10 M)

Introduction

Human-induced interventions like embankments and floodgates, intended for flood control
and irrigation, often disrupt natural river dynamics, altering flow patterns, sediment
deposition, and increasing flood risks in vulnerable regions.

Body

Impact on natural river dynamics

1. Alteration of natural flow regimes: Embankments confine river channels,

preventing lateral spread and disrupting seasonal flooding essential for groundwater
recharge.
o Eg: The Kosi River embankments in Bihar have restricted the river's
meandering pattern, intensifying flood risks upstream.
2. Sedimentation and riverbed rise: Confined flow increases sediment deposition
within channels, raising riverbeds and aggravating future flood risks.
o Eg: The Farakka Barrage on the Ganga River has caused sedimentation,
reducing river capacity and intensifying floods downstream.
3. Disruption of ecosystems: Floodgates and embankments obstruct fish migration and
reduce wetlands, impacting biodiversity and livelihoods.
o Eg: The Chilika Lake’s ecosystem suffered after the Naraj Barrage restricted
river inflow, reducing fish yield.
4. Floodplain degradation: Reduced connectivity between rivers and floodplains
affects agricultural fertility and natural flood mitigation.
o Eg: The Hirakud Dam's embankments have impacted agricultural
productivity in Odisha’s floodplains.

Increased flood risks

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 1. Upstream flooding: Floodgates and barrages create bottlenecks, leading to backflow
and inundation of upstream areas.
o Eg: The September 2024 breach of Kosi embankment caused upstream
flooding, displacing thousands in Bihar.
2. Downstream vulnerability: Sudden water releases from floodgates overwhelm
downstream regions, leading to flash floods.
o Eg: Flash floods in Kerala during 2021 monsoon were linked to
uncoordinated dam water releases.
3. Infrastructure failures: Poor maintenance of embankments often leads to breaches,
intensifying flood risks.
o Eg: Frequent breaches in embankments along the Kamla and Bagmati rivers
in Bihar expose villages to floods.
4. Increased disaster exposure: Communities reliant on embankments for flood
protection face higher risks when these structures fail.
o Eg: Madhubani floods (2025) were aggravated due to the unplanned opening
of floodgates on NH-56.

What can be done

1. Integrated river basin management: Adopt comprehensive approaches to manage

rivers, balancing infrastructure with natural dynamics.
o Eg: Implement recommendations of the National Water Policy (2012) for
sustainable floodplain management.
2. Ecosystem restoration: Promote afforestation and wetland conservation to enhance
natural flood mitigation capacity.
o Eg: Rejuvenation of wetlands in Uttar Pradesh has shown positive outcomes
for flood control.
3. Improved infrastructure maintenance: Regular monitoring and strengthening of
embankments and floodgates are essential.
o Eg: The CWC’s flood monitoring system in Assam has reduced embankment
breaches.
4. Floodplain zoning: Enforce strict zoning regulations to prevent settlement in
vulnerable floodplain areas.
o Eg: States like West Bengal have begun implementing floodplain zoning
policies.
5. Community-based disaster management: Involve local communities in flood
preparedness and response plans.
o Eg: Odisha’s cyclone management strategy integrates community
participation effectively.

Conclusion

While human-induced interventions aim to mitigate floods, their unintended consequences

highlight the need for a sustainable, integrated, and ecosystem-based approach to river

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management. Restoring natural river dynamics and strengthening adaptive infrastructure is
critical for minimizing flood risks.

Q. Analyze the geographical factors influencing the production and distribution

of oilseeds in India. How do these factors contribute to regional disparities in
oilseed cultivation? (10 M)

Introduction
India is one of the largest producers and consumers of oilseeds globally, with cultivation
heavily influenced by agro-climatic factors, soil types, and rainfall variability, leading to
significant regional disparities.

Body

Geographical factors influencing oilseed production and distribution

1. Agro-climatic conditions: Oilseeds require specific climatic conditions, with crops

like mustard thriving in temperate zones and groundnut in semi-arid regions.
o Eg: Rajasthan dominates mustard production due to cool winters, while
Gujarat is ideal for groundnut due to semi-arid climate (MoAFW, 2024).
2. Soil type suitability: Oilseeds demand well-drained, moderately fertile soils with
varying nutrient requirements.
o Eg: Black soils in Maharashtra and MP favor soybean cultivation, while
alluvial soils of Punjab suit mustard.
3. Rainfall patterns: Uneven monsoon distribution affects oilseed yield and
productivity across regions.
o Eg: Deficient rainfall in eastern India limits oilseed production compared to
the well-irrigated north-western plains.
4. Irrigation availability: Oilseeds are primarily rainfed crops, and their cultivation is
dependent on monsoon patterns, with limited irrigation support.
o Eg: Punjab benefits from extensive canal irrigation, boosting mustard yields,
whereas Bundelkhand faces water scarcity challenges.
5. Market accessibility and infrastructure: Proximity to processing units, storage, and
transportation networks influence distribution and farmer participation.
o Eg: Gujarat's proximity to ports facilitates exports, while interior regions
face logistical challenges.

Factors contributing to regional disparities in oilseed cultivation

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1. Climate variability: Regions with erratic monsoons face productivity challenges
compared to well-irrigated areas.
o Eg: Eastern states like Odisha struggle with inconsistent monsoon rains,
affecting yield consistency.
2. Uneven soil fertility: Soil degradation and salinity issues hinder uniform production
across states.
o Eg: Rajasthan's arid soils are less productive compared to the fertile soils of
Madhya Pradesh.
3. Technological adoption: Some states benefit from advanced seed varieties and
mechanization, leading to higher yields.
o Eg: Maharashtra has seen better yields with hybrid soybean seeds, unlike
traditional methods in Bihar.
4. Policy support and subsidies: Disparities in state-level agricultural policies and
financial incentives affect production patterns.
o Eg: States like Gujarat and MP offer strong procurement mechanisms,
whereas northeastern states lag.

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 5. Infrastructure development: Inadequate storage and processing units lead to post-
harvest losses and discourage large-scale production.
o Eg: Southern states have better processing units compared to underdeveloped
regions in Jharkhand.

Conclusion
A region-specific approach considering climatic adaptability, technological interventions,
and policy support is essential to bridge regional disparities and boost domestic oilseed
production, aligning with India's goal of achieving self-sufficiency in edible oils.

Q. Analyze the factors contributing to India's emergence as a crude oil refining

hub in Asia. What challenges could hinder further growth in this domain? (10
M)

Introduction

India has emerged as a key crude oil refining hub in Asia due to its strategic location,
expanding infrastructure, and policy support. With a refining capacity of 256.816
MMTPA (2024), it plays a crucial role in meeting domestic and global energy demands.

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Body

Factors contributing to India's emergence as a refining hub

1. Strategic geographic location: India's proximity to major crude-producing regions

and fast-growing markets facilitates seamless trade.
o Eg: India's coastline enables easy access to crude from the Middle East and
export to Africa and Southeast Asia.
2. Expanding refining capacity: Significant investments have boosted India's refining
capacity, making it a global player.
o Eg: Refining capacity grew from 215.066 MMTPA (2014) to 256.816
MMTPA (2024) (Source: PPAC).
3. Favorable investment policies: Government initiatives such as Hydrocarbon
Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) attract domestic and foreign investments.
o Eg: HELP encourages private sector participation with revenue-sharing
contracts and simplified procedures.

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 4. Cost efficiency and economies of scale: India benefits from lower labor costs and
advanced refining technologies, making refining highly cost-effective.
o Eg: The Jamnagar Refinery, the world’s largest, operates with one of the
lowest refining costs globally.
5. Integration with petrochemical industries: Co-location of refineries with
petrochemical plants increases value addition and diversification.
o Eg: Indian Oil Corporation's Paradip refinery integrates refining with
petrochemical production.
6. Technological advancements: Adoption of digital technologies, automation, and
green refining techniques enhances operational efficiency.
o Eg: Bharat Petroleum uses AI-based predictive maintenance to optimize
refinery operations.

Challenges hindering further growth

1. High import dependency: India relies on imports for over 85% of its crude oil
needs, making it vulnerable to geopolitical risks.
o Eg: The Russia-Ukraine conflict led to supply chain disruptions and
increased import costs in 2022.
2. Environmental and regulatory challenges: Refining activities contribute to
significant pollution, leading to stricter environmental norms.
o Eg: Compliance with BS-VI emission norms has increased operational costs
for refiners.
3. Fluctuating global crude prices: Volatility in crude oil prices affects refining
margins and investment planning.
o Eg: The price surge in 2022 caused losses for Indian refiners despite high
refining capacities.
4. Competition from other refining hubs: Countries like China and Singapore offer
stiff competition with advanced infrastructure and policy incentives.
o Eg: Singapore’s export-friendly tax regime attracts significant refining
investments.
5. Infrastructure bottlenecks: Inadequate pipeline networks and port congestion hinder
seamless crude transportation and distribution.
o Eg: The lack of dedicated crude pipelines to remote refineries increases
transportation costs.
6. Transition to renewable energy: The global shift towards greener energy sources
poses a long-term challenge to the refining industry.
o Eg: India's National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to reduce fossil fuel
dependence by 2030.

Conclusion
India's refining sector must focus on technological innovation, diversification into cleaner
fuels, and strategic crude sourcing to sustain growth and remain competitive in the
evolving global energy landscape.

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Q. While global competition for critical minerals intensifies, India has lagged in
developing a resilient supply chain. Analyze the role of National Critical Mineral
Mission (NCMM) in strengthening India’s critical mineral security. (10 M)

Introduction

Critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements (REEs) are indispensable
for clean energy, defence, and high-tech industries. As global demand surges, countries are
securing supply chains through strategic mineral diplomacy and domestic exploration.
However, India has struggled to develop a resilient supply chain, making it heavily dependent
on imports and vulnerable to geopolitical risks.

Body

Intensifying global competition for critical minerals

1. Geopolitical mineral diplomacy: Major economies like China, the US, and the EU
are securing mineral assets through diplomatic alliances and trade restrictions.
o Eg: China controls 70% of global lithium processing (IEA, 2024), prompting
the US to sign the Mineral Security Partnership (MSP) with allies.
2. Rise in clean energy demand: The push for electric vehicles (EVs), battery storage,
and renewable energy has led to an exponential surge in demand for critical minerals.
o Eg: Global lithium demand is projected to rise fivefold by 2040 (World Bank,
2023).
3. Resource nationalism: Countries with significant mineral reserves are restricting
exports to secure domestic supply.
o Eg: Indonesia banned nickel exports (2020) to support its domestic battery
industry.
4. Aggressive international acquisitions: Countries like China, Australia, and Canada
are acquiring overseas mines to dominate supply chains.
o Eg: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) investments include strategic
lithium and cobalt mines in Africa and South America.

India’s failure in building a resilient critical mineral supply chain

1. Import dependency and supply chain vulnerability: India relies heavily on

imports, making it susceptible to geopolitical and trade disruptions.
o Eg: 90% of India's lithium is imported from China and Australia (DGFT,
2024).
2. Limited domestic exploration and extraction: Despite having potential reserves,
India has underinvested in mineral exploration, leading to insufficient domestic
production.
o Eg: Only 368 exploration projects were undertaken by GSI in the last three
years (MoM, 2025).

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 3. Lack of domestic processing capabilities: India lacks large-scale mineral refining
and processing infrastructure, forcing it to export raw materials and import finished
products.
o Eg: Monazite (rare earth) reserves exist in Kerala, but India relies on China
for REE separation (NITI Aayog, 2023).

Role of National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in strengthening India’s critical

mineral security

1. Scaling up domestic exploration: NCMM aims to expand exploration and auction

mineral blocks to boost domestic production.
o Eg: 1,200 exploration projects are targeted by FY 2031 (Ministry of Mines,
2025).
2. Fast-tracking regulatory approvals: A streamlined approval process will reduce
delays in project execution and attract investments.
o Eg: 24 strategic mineral blocks auctioned in 2023 under MMDR Act
amendments (MoM, 2025).
3. Acquiring overseas mineral assets: NCMM encourages PSUs and private players to
invest in global mineral reserves, reducing dependence on volatile suppliers.
o Eg: KABIL secured 15,703 hectares of lithium reserves in Argentina
(MoM, 2024).
4. Developing domestic processing and refining capabilities: Establishment of
mineral processing parks will reduce reliance on foreign processing units.
o Eg: Centre of Excellence on Critical Minerals to develop indigenous
processing technology (Ministry of Mines, 2025).
5. Strategic stockpiling of critical minerals: Building national reserves will mitigate
supply disruptions and price volatility.
o Eg: India to develop strategic stockpiles of 24 critical minerals (Union
Budget, 2024-25).

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 6. Promoting recycling and circular economy: NCMM will support recovery of
minerals from e-waste, overburden, and tailings to reduce dependency on primary
extraction.
o Eg: Government push for lithium-ion battery recycling to ensure long-term
sustainability (MoEF, 2024).

Conclusion

As global competition for critical minerals intensifies, India cannot afford to lag behind.
The National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) provides a structured approach to
secure domestic reserves, build processing infrastructure, and acquire overseas assets,
ensuring India’s mineral self-reliance and economic security in the clean energy transition.

Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes,

Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features
and their location-changes in critical geographical features
(including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and
the effects of such changes.
Q. Explain the tectonic processes responsible for frequent earthquakes in the
Himalayan region. How do these earthquakes impact the hydrology and ecology
of the region? (10 M)

Introduction

The Himalayas, formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, are one of the
most seismically active regions globally. This tectonic activity causes frequent earthquakes,
impacting the region's hydrology and fragile ecology.

Body

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Tectonic processes responsible for frequent earthquakes

1. Indian-Eurasian plate collision: The Indian plate moves at ~60 mm/year into the
Eurasian plate, creating stress that is released as earthquakes.
o Eg: The 2015 Nepal earthquake (M7.8) was caused by stress release along
the Main Himalayan Thrust fault.
2. Fault zones and thrust systems: The region is dominated by faults like the Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT), which frequently slip
under stress.
o Eg: The 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake (M8.6) occurred due to movement
along a thrust fault.
3. Crustal deformation: Continuous compressive forces deform the Himalayan arc,
creating a high potential for seismicity.
o Eg: The 2025 Tingry County earthquake (M7.1) was caused by
accumulated crustal stress.
4. Isostatic adjustments: Vertical crustal movements due to post-glacial rebound
increase seismic risks in the region.
o Eg: Studies by the Geological Survey of India (2023) show heightened
seismicity in Uttarakhand.
5. Accumulated strain energy: The gradual buildup of strain energy over decades
causes major earthquakes.
o Eg: The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake occurred after decades of strain
accumulation.

Impact of earthquakes on hydrology and ecology

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 1. Altered river courses: Earthquakes disrupt river flows, create natural dams, and
increase flood risks.
o Eg: The 1950 Brahmaputra earthquake significantly shifted the river’s
course.
2. Damage to water infrastructure: Seismic events weaken or destroy hydropower
dams and canals.
o Eg: The Yarlung Tsangpo hydroelectric dam (2024) faces concerns post
recent seismic activity.
3. Glacial destabilization: Earthquakes trigger avalanches and glacial lake outbursts
(GLOFs), increasing flooding risks.
o Eg: The 2016 Kedarnath flood was linked to tectonic-induced glacier
destabilization.
4. Accelerated glacial melting: Seismic vibrations accelerate the retreat of Himalayan
glaciers, threatening water availability.
o Eg: The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (2022) noted rapid
glacial retreat in the Himalayas.
5. Landslides and sedimentation: Earthquakes induce landslides, leading to siltation in
rivers and loss of aquatic habitats.
o Eg: The 2021 Chamoli disaster was worsened by earthquake-induced
landslides.
6. Habitat disruption: Fragile ecosystems, including flora and fauna, are disturbed by
seismic activity.
o Eg: The WWF Himalaya Program (2023) reported reduced snow leopard
sightings post-seismic events.
7. Forest degradation: Landslides triggered by earthquakes result in large-scale forest
loss, affecting biodiversity.
o Eg: The 2005 Kashmir earthquake caused extensive deforestation in
affected areas.
8. Formation of seismic lakes: Earthquakes create new lakes, posing risks of future
outbursts and floods.
o Eg: Studies after the 1950 Assam earthquake documented the formation of
new lakes in the region.

Conclusion

The Himalayan region’s unique tectonic activity presents both challenges and opportunities.
Strengthening disaster-resilient infrastructure and investing in early warning systems is
crucial to safeguarding the region’s hydrology, ecology, and millions of dependent
livelihoods.

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Q. “Land subsidence in mineral-rich regions arises from various anthropogenic
and natural factors”. Examine its causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies. (15
M)

Introduction

Land subsidence, the sinking or settling of the Earth's surface, occurs due to both natural
processes and human activities. Nearly 25% of India’s mineral-rich regions, including
Jharkhand, Rajasthan, and Chhattisgarh, are highly vulnerable (Indian Bureau of
Mines, 2023), leading to severe environmental and socio-economic consequences.

Body

Causes of land subsidence

Natural Factors Anthropogenic Factors

1. Seismic activity and tectonic movements: 1. Mining operations: Unregulated
Geological stress destabilizes land in extraction weakens underground strata and
earthquake-prone zones. creates voids.
Eg: The Himalayan region, prone to tectonic Eg: Coal mining in Jharia, Jharkhand,
uplift, faces regular subsidence. has caused severe surface collapse.
2. Groundwater extraction: Over-
2. Soil erosion: Natural erosion due to wind
withdrawal reduces aquifer pressure,
and water reduces land stability.
leading to soil sinking.
Eg: Brahmaputra basin regions experience
Eg: Excessive groundwater depletion in
frequent erosion-induced subsidence.
Punjab due to irrigation needs.
3. Volcanic activity: Magmatic movements 3. Deforestation: Vegetation loss
create localized subsidence near volcanic exacerbates soil erosion, destabilizing
regions. slopes.
Eg: Deccan Plateau areas face instability due Eg: Limestone mining in Rajasthan
to dormant volcanic activity. accelerates land erosion.
4. Infrastructure development:
4. Karst topography: Natural dissolution of
Urbanization and heavy construction
limestone forms sinkholes and depressions.
overload unstable soils.
Eg: Limestone regions in Meghalaya face
Eg: Rapid urbanization in Gurugram
regular sinkholes.
worsens land stability.
5. Improper waste disposal: Mining waste
5. Soil liquefaction: Earthquakes destabilize
and heavy machinery compromise soil
saturated soils, causing rapid subsidence.
integrity.

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 Natural Factors Anthropogenic Factors
Eg: Coastal Tamil Nadu faced soil Eg: Illegal mining in Chhattisgarh has
liquefaction during the 2004 tsunami. led to widespread subsidence.

Impacts of land subsidence

1. Environmental degradation: Leads to loss of vegetation, disruption of ecosystems,

and reduced groundwater recharge.
o Eg: Jharia’s coalfields have witnessed severe deforestation and ecological
imbalance.
2. Damage to infrastructure: Causes cracks in buildings, roads, and bridges,
destabilizing public infrastructure.
o Eg: Joshimath in Uttarakhand suffered significant structural damage in
2022 due to subsidence.
3. Water scarcity and pollution: Damages aquifers and contaminates water sources,
exacerbating the water crisis.
o Eg: Rajasthan’s Aravalli region faces mining-induced aquifer depletion and
contamination.
4. Cultural heritage loss: Damages historical sites and traditional structures, weakening
cultural identity.
o Eg: Kalika Temple in Kanda, Uttarakhand, developed cracks due to land
subsidence.
5. Socio-economic displacement: Forces communities to migrate, disrupting
livelihoods and social structures.
o Eg: Tribal communities in Chhattisgarh have been displaced due to
extensive mining activities.

Mitigation strategies

1. Strengthening regulatory frameworks: Implement strict policies and monitoring

mechanisms for sustainable mining.
o Eg: The T.S.R. Subramanian Committee on environmental laws
recommended better monitoring of mining impacts.
2. Adopting eco-friendly mining techniques: Use advanced methods to reduce
ecological impact, such as controlled blasting.
o Eg: Controlled limestone mining in Gujarat reduced erosion in mining
zones.
3. Rehabilitation and afforestation: Restore mined areas with vegetation cover to
stabilize soil and prevent erosion.
o Eg: Odisha’s afforestation drive in mining-affected zones has shown
promising results.
4. Community involvement and traditional practices: Empower local communities
and leverage indigenous knowledge for slope management.

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 oEg: Van Panchayats in Uttarakhand successfully manage reforestation and
slope stability.
5. Geotechnical monitoring and early warning systems: Use advanced tools to
monitor and predict land subsidence risks.
o Eg: LiDAR technology in Goa’s mining zones has been effective in
monitoring slope stability.

Conclusion

Land subsidence in mineral-rich regions underscores the urgent need for sustainable resource
management and community-centric policies. A blend of robust governance, advanced
technology, and community participation can help mitigate its impacts, ensuring ecological
balance and socio-economic resilience.

Q. Analyze the historical significance of traditional water bodies in shaping

urban landscapes in India. Discuss how urbanization has altered their role and
propose measures for their sustainable integration into modern cities. (15 M)

Introduction

Traditional water bodies in India have historically been essential for managing water
resources, fostering sustainable livelihoods, and creating urban ecosystems. Their
degradation due to urbanization poses critical challenges to sustainability.

Body

Historical significance of traditional water bodies in urban landscapes

1. Irrigation and water supply: These bodies stored monsoon rainwater, sustaining
agriculture and drinking water needs in urban settlements.
o Eg: Hyderabad’s Hussain Sagar Lake was built in 1563 to meet the city’s
water needs.
2. Flood management and groundwater recharge: Interconnected lakes acted as
natural flood buffers and recharged aquifers.
o Eg: Bengaluru’s tank network, built during the Kempe Gowda era,
prevented urban flooding.
3. Cultural and social hubs: Lakes served as spaces for religious rituals, festivals, and
community interactions.
o Eg: Pushkar Lake in Rajasthan is central to the Pushkar Fair and sacred
rituals.
4. Urban design and sustainability: Cities developed around lakes and wetlands,
balancing ecology with infrastructure.
o Eg: The Ghats of Varanasi, built around the Ganga, integrated water access
with urban aesthetics.

89
 5. Community-driven water governance: Local communities actively managed and
maintained water bodies.
o Eg: Kudimaramath system in Tamil Nadu ensured tank maintenance
through collective action.

How urbanization has altered their role

1. Encroachment and commercialization: Lakes have been converted into residential

and commercial areas, disrupting ecosystems.
o Eg: Majestic Bus Terminal in Bengaluru replaced Dharmambudhi Lake.
2. Pollution and neglect: Discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents into
lakes has degraded their quality.
o Eg: Bellandur Lake in Bengaluru is infamous for toxic froth caused by
untreated waste.
3. Loss of community stewardship: Privatization has alienated locals from managing
these resources.
o Eg: The privatization of Puttenahalli Lake restricted public access and
community involvement.
4. Reduced ecological functions: Lake infill and infrastructure projects have disrupted
flood control and groundwater recharge.
o Eg: Chennai’s 2015 floods were exacerbated by the destruction of wetlands
and lakes.
5. Marginalized community displacement: Informal settlements near lakes are often
evicted, disrupting livelihoods and access to water.
o Eg: Displacement near Hyderabad’s Osman Sagar Lake for urban
development projects.

Measures for sustainable integration into modern cities

1. Legal protection and enforcement: Strengthen laws to protect water bodies under
Environment Protection Act, 1986, and prevent encroachments.
o Eg: Amendments to Karnataka’s Lake Development Authority Act aim to
prevent encroachments and ensure sustainable use.
2. Community-based governance: Revive traditional systems like Kudimaramath by
involving locals in restoration and management.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu’s Ukkadam Periyakulam Lake was successfully revived
through community participation.
3. Integrated urban water management: Incorporate lakes into urban planning for
flood control, recreation, and ecological balance.
o Eg: Ahmedabad’s Sabarmati Riverfront Project integrates urban
development with ecological sustainability.
4. Technology for monitoring: Use geospatial mapping, AI, and IoT to monitor water
body health and detect encroachments.
o Eg: The Bhuvan Portal by ISRO monitors urban lake ecosystems.

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 5. Awareness and education: Promote public participation and campaigns for lake
conservation to restore community ownership.
o Eg: Namma Bengaluru Foundation conducts campaigns like Save Lakes
Initiative to engage citizens in lake conservation.

Conclusion

Reviving traditional water bodies requires a comprehensive blend of modern urban

planning, community-driven governance, and technological advancements. Sustainable
integration can not only restore their ecological and cultural value but also foster urban
resilience against climate and developmental challenges.

Q. Examine the role of India Meteorological Department (IMD) in disaster

preparedness. How has its evolution over the years contributed to India’s socio-
economic resilience? (10 M)

Introduction

The India Meteorological Department (IMD), established in 1875, has been instrumental in
providing timely weather forecasts and disaster warnings, safeguarding lives, and supporting
India's socio-economic development. Its evolution reflects India's progress in utilizing
modern science for resilience.

Body

Role of IMD in disaster preparedness

1. Accurate cyclone prediction: IMD's early warnings for cyclones minimize casualties
and economic losses.
o Eg: Alerts during Cyclone Biparjoy (2023) facilitated the evacuation of over
100,000 people, reducing fatalities to near-zero.
2. Flash Flood Guidance: IMD’s system helps manage flash floods across India and
neighboring countries.
o Eg: Flash Flood Guidance issued in 2023 to Nepal and Bhutan reduced
response time and saved lives.
3. Lightning early warning systems: IMD provides mobile-based lightning alerts,
reducing rural fatalities.
o Eg: The Damini app saved lives in Maharashtra and Odisha by issuing over
20,000 warnings in 2024.
4. Enhanced monsoon forecasting: IMD provides long-range monsoon forecasts
critical for agriculture and water management.
o Eg: The 2022 monsoon predictions helped farmers adapt to erratic rainfall,
reducing crop losses in Punjab.
5. Support to aviation and transportation: IMD's weather alerts ensure operational
safety in extreme conditions.
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 o Eg: Mumbai Airport's runway monitoring systems (2023) were vital during
heavy monsoon rainfall.

IMD’s evolution and its contribution to socio-economic resilience

1. Technological modernization: IMD has adopted advanced tools such as

supercomputers and Doppler Weather Radars to improve forecast precision.
o Eg: IMD's Doppler radar network expanded from 15 in 2014 to 39 in
2023, improving accuracy by 40%.
2. Climate-smart agriculture: IMD’s agro-meteorological services enable farmers to
manage risks and optimize yields.
o Eg: The Meghdoot app, launched in 2019, now supports over 50% of
farmers with localized advisories.
3. Reduction in disaster fatalities: IMD's timely warnings have significantly reduced
deaths from natural disasters.
o Eg: Deaths due to cyclones fell from 10,000 in 1999 to near-zero between
2020-2024 through effective cyclone warnings.
4. Regional and international contributions: IMD collaborates with neighboring
nations to enhance regional climate resilience.
o Eg: India's Flash Flood Guidance system benefits Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
and Bhutan.
5. Climate change mitigation: Initiatives like Mission Mausam focus on long-term
adaptation and weather resilience.
o Eg: High-resolution atmospheric observations under IMD Vision-2047
support drought and flood preparedness.
6. Disaster cost reduction: Accurate predictions minimize economic losses and
strengthen investor confidence.
o Eg: IMD forecasts helped reduce financial losses during Cyclone Fani (2019),
which earlier would have cost billions.
7. Integration with digital platforms: Real-time data and multilingual apps improve
accessibility and preparedness.
o Eg: Mausam and Damini apps deliver hyper-local weather updates, ensuring
timely decisions by farmers and fishermen.

Conclusion

IMD's transformation into a global leader in meteorology has greatly enhanced India's
disaster preparedness and socio-economic resilience. To address future challenges, IMD must
continue integrating AI-driven models, expand its technological footprint, and strengthen
global collaborations for more climate-resilient systems.

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Q. Analyze the environmental challenges posed by large dam projects in the
fragile Himalayan ecosystem. Examine their specific role in triggering seismic
activity and associated risks. (10 M)

Introduction
The Himalayan region, known for its fragile ecosystem and active seismic zones, faces
serious environmental risks from large dam projects. These include deforestation,
biodiversity loss, and heightened seismic vulnerabilities.

Body

Environmental challenges posed by large dam projects

1. Deforestation and habitat destruction: Dam construction leads to large-scale

deforestation, affecting biodiversity and wildlife habitats.
o Eg: The proposed Upper Siang Hydropower Project in Arunachal Pradesh
threatens numerous species in the region (Source: Ministry of Environment,
2024).
2. Siltation and river ecosystem disruption: Dams trap sediments, reducing
downstream fertility and altering aquatic ecosystems.
o Eg: The Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project in Arunachal Pradesh has
been criticized for disrupting river flows and sediment movement.
3. Displacement of indigenous communities: Dam projects often displace local
populations, disrupting their traditional livelihoods.
o Eg: Protests against the 600 MW Kameng project highlighted concerns over
displacement and loss of ancestral lands.
4. Glacial melt acceleration: Large reservoirs exacerbate global warming-induced
glacial melting, destabilizing water flows.
o Eg: Studies by ICIMOD (2023) link rising Himalayan dam reservoirs to
accelerated glacial retreat.
5. Increased landslides: Road construction and deforestation for dams destabilize
slopes, triggering frequent landslides.
o Eg: The 2021 landslide near the Dhauliganga hydropower project in
Uttarakhand caused major destruction.

Specific role in triggering seismic activity and associated risks

1. Reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS): Large reservoirs alter the stress field of active
faults, triggering earthquakes.
o Eg: The Koyna Dam earthquake (1967) in Maharashtra was attributed to
RIS, raising concerns about Himalayan dams.
2. Amplification of tectonic stress: Weight from water reservoirs increases tectonic
pressure in seismically active zones.

93
 o Eg: The Assam-Myanmar border earthquake (1950) demonstrated the risks
of dam-building in this region.
3. Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs): Reservoirs and artificial lakes in seismic
zones heighten risks of catastrophic floods.
o Eg: The 2015 Nepal Gorkha earthquake caused glacial lake bursts,
damaging hydropower projects.
4. Cumulative seismic risks: Multiple dams on fault-prone rivers increase cumulative
stress on the Himalayan tectonic system.
o Eg: China’s Mêdog dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo raises concerns about
transboundary seismic and ecological risks.
5. Shortened dam lifespan: Seismic activity and sediment accumulation reduce dam
efficiency and longevity.
o Eg: The Subansiri Project has faced repeated delays due to safety concerns
related to seismicity.

Conclusion
Large dam projects in the Himalayan region present significant environmental and seismic
risks. A sustainable development approach, including smaller hydropower projects and
regional cooperation frameworks, is essential to balance ecological preservation and energy
needs.

Q. “The increasing nitrogen pollution poses a significant threat to planetary

boundaries”. Examine the causes and potential consequences of exceeding these
boundaries. (10 M)

Introduction
Nitrogen pollution has surpassed safe planetary limits due to excessive human activities,
threatening ecological balance and sustainability. Addressing its causes and consequences is
crucial for environmental resilience.

Body

Increasing Nitrogen Pollution and Its Threat to Planetary Boundaries

1. Surpassing Earth's nitrogen absorption capacity: The unprecedented human-

induced nitrogen influx exceeds the planet’s natural recycling capacity, leading to
ecological stress.
o Eg: The Stockholm Resilience Centre has classified nitrogen as a critically
exceeded planetary boundary, with severe ecological consequences.
2. Contamination of water bodies: Excess nitrogen runoff leads to the overgrowth of
algae, depleting oxygen and harming aquatic life.
o Eg: The Gulf of Mexico's 'dead zone', caused by nitrogen runoff, has
expanded to over 6,500 square miles, leading to fish mortality.

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 3. Soil nutrient imbalances: Continuous nitrogen deposition alters soil pH and
microbial composition, reducing agricultural sustainability.
o Eg: Over-fertilization in the Indo-Gangetic Plain has resulted in declining
soil organic carbon levels, affecting productivity.
4. Air pollution and human health risks: Atmospheric nitrogen compounds contribute
to smog formation and respiratory issues.
o Eg: The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported that excess
ammonia emissions from agriculture lead to respiratory diseases in urban
populations.
5. Disruption of terrestrial ecosystems: Nitrogen overload leads to the decline of
sensitive plant species, altering biodiversity patterns.
o Eg: High nitrogen deposition in North American forests has reduced the
growth of nitrogen-sensitive species like lichen and mosses.

Causes of Increasing Nitrogen Pollution

1. Overuse of synthetic fertilizers: Intensive agricultural practices rely heavily on

nitrogen-based fertilizers, leading to excessive application and runoff.
o Eg: In China, fertilizer use exceeds 300 kg per hectare, much higher than the
global average, contributing to severe pollution.
2. Livestock and manure emissions: The expansion of industrial livestock farming
generates vast amounts of nitrogen waste, polluting water and air.
o Eg: The FAO (2024) estimates that livestock contributes to over 32% of
global nitrogen emissions, affecting groundwater quality.
3. Fossil fuel combustion: The burning of coal and oil releases nitrogen oxides, which
contribute to atmospheric pollution and acid rain.
o Eg: The United States EPA reported that power plants and vehicles are
major contributors to nitrogen oxide emissions.
4. Land-use changes: Deforestation and urbanization disrupt the natural nitrogen cycle,
leading to higher nitrogen release from disturbed soils.
o Eg: Large-scale deforestation in the Amazon Basin has increased nitrogen
leaching into river systems.
5. Inefficient agricultural practices: Poor irrigation techniques and lack of precision
farming methods result in excessive nitrogen loss.
o Eg: In India, inefficient irrigation leads to nitrogen leaching into the Yamuna
River, causing eutrophication.

Potential Consequences of Exceeding These Boundaries

1. Loss of aquatic biodiversity: Excess nitrogen causes eutrophication, leading to the

decline of fish populations and aquatic ecosystem collapse.
o Eg: The spread of harmful algal blooms in the Baltic Sea has caused
significant fishery losses.

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 2. Reduction in agricultural productivity: Excess nitrogen alters soil chemistry,
leading to declining crop yields and food insecurity.
o Eg: The Punjab Agricultural University reported a drop in wheat yield due
to nitrogen saturation in soils.
3. Acceleration of climate change: Nitrous oxide emissions contribute to global
warming and ozone depletion.
o Eg: The IPCC (2023) highlighted that N₂O is 298 times more potent than
CO₂ as a greenhouse gas.
4. Public health risks: High nitrogen levels in drinking water cause severe health
issues, including blue baby syndrome and cancer risks.
o Eg: Nitrate contamination in groundwater in Bangladesh has led to
widespread public health concerns.
5. Degradation of terrestrial ecosystems: Excess nitrogen alters plant growth patterns,
leading to habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity.
o Eg: In Scandinavian tundra, nitrogen deposition has facilitated the invasion
of non-native plant species, threatening native ecosystems.

Conclusion
Addressing nitrogen pollution requires sustainable agricultural practices, improved
nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and stricter regulatory measures. Governments and
industries must work collaboratively to balance food security with environmental
sustainability.

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