Research Methodology- RES 805

Dr DEEPTHI P R
PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITY

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 What is research?

• Research is a process to discover new knowledge.

• Research can be defined as the search for knowledge.

• Any systematic investigation to establish facts.

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 Characteristics of Research

 Systematic
 Logical
 Empirical
 Reductive – Complex to simple
 Replicable

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 Distinction between research methods and research methodology
Research Methods: Research Methodology:
•Definition: Research methods refer to the •Definition: Research methodology is the systematic
specific techniques or procedures used to study of the methods that are applied in a research field. It
collect and analyze data in a research study. involves understanding the underlying principles,
These can include experiments, surveys, theories, and approaches that guide the selection and
observations, interviews, and statistical tests. application of research methods.
•Purpose: The main goal of research methods •Purpose: The goal of research methodology is to
is to gather data and evidence that can be used provide a framework for the research process, ensuring
to address a research question or hypothesis. that the research is conducted in a systematic, logical, and
•Examples: Sampling, data collection scientifically sound manner.
techniques, measurement tools, data analysis •Components: It includes the philosophical
methods, etc. underpinnings of research, the research design, the
rationale for choosing certain methods, and the process of
validating and justifying the research approach.
Research methods are the tools and techniques used for conducting research, research methodology is the broader
discipline that explains how and why those tools and techniques are used.

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 Objectives of research

• Exploratory / Formulative
Research

• Descriptive Research

• Diagnostic Research

• Hypothesis- Testing Research

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Types of Research

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 Descriptive vs Analytical
Descriptive Research:
•Purpose: The main goal of descriptive research is to describe and document the characteristics, conditions, or phenomena
as they exist. It aims to provide a detailed, accurate snapshot of a situation or group.
•This type of research is often referred to as "ex post facto research," particularly in social sciences and business research.
•Focus: Descriptive research is focused on answering the "what" questions. It does not explore the "why" or "how" of a
situation but rather concentrates on what is happening.
•Methodology:
• Often involves surveys, observations, case studies, and fact-finding inquiries.
• Data collection is typically straightforward and involves measuring or recording what is observed.
•Control Over Variables: The researcher does not have control over the variables; they simply observe and document
what is happening or what has already occurred. The researcher does not manipulate variables. Instead, they observe and
report on the variables as they naturally occur.
•Outcome: The result is a detailed account or summary of the observed phenomena, providing a foundation for further
research.
•Examples:
•A study detailing the demographics of a population.
•A survey of consumer preferences in a particular market.
•Observing and recording the behavior of students in a classroom.

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Analytical Research:
•Purpose: The goal of analytical research is to understand and interpret existing data or information critically. It goes
beyond mere description to explore relationships, test hypotheses, and uncover underlying causes.
•Focus: Analytical research is concerned with answering the "why" and "how" questions. It involves evaluating and
interpreting existing data to draw conclusions.
•Methodology:
• Involves the use of analytical tools and techniques to dissect and interpret data.
• May include statistical analysis, comparisons, evaluations, and the testing of hypotheses.
•Control Over Variables: Analytical research typically uses existing data, so the researcher does not control the
variables but rather analyzes them.
•Outcome: The result is a deeper understanding of the subject, including explanations, interpretations, and insights that
can lead to informed conclusions or decisions.
•Examples: Analyzing the causes of a decline in customer satisfaction based on survey data.
•Evaluating the relationship between economic indicators and market performance.
•Testing a hypothesis about the correlation between two variables using existing data.
• In summary, descriptive research describes "what is," while analytical research digs deeper to understand "why"
or "how" something is the way it is. Both methodologies are essential, often complementing each other in the
research process.

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 Applied research and fundamental research

Applied Research: Fundamental (Basic/Pure) Research:

•Purpose: The primary goal of applied research is to •Purpose: The main objective of fundamental research is to
solve specific, practical problems. It is directed towards increase our understanding of fundamental principles and
finding solutions to real-world issues, often with concepts. It is not concerned with immediate practical
immediate applications. applications but aims to expand knowledge in a particular
•Focus: Applied research is typically focused on field.
practical outcomes and is often driven by the needs of •Focus: Fundamental research is often curiosity-driven,
industries, governments, or organizations. For example, exploring theoretical or abstract questions. It lays the
it might involve developing new technologies, groundwork for future applied research by providing the
improving processes, or creating new products. foundational knowledge needed to address practical
•Examples: problems.
• Developing a new drug to treat a specific •Examples:
disease. • Studying the properties of subatomic particles.
• Creating more efficient energy sources. • Exploring the genetic basis of inherited traits.
• Improving the design of a product to enhance • Investigating the principles of quantum mechanics.
user experience.

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 Quantitative and qualitative research
Quantitative Research:
•Purpose: Quantitative research aims to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be
transformed into usable statistics. It is used to measure the extent, frequency, or relationships between variables.
•Focus: This approach focuses on the "how many," "how much," or "how often" aspects of a research problem. It seeks to
establish patterns, test theories, and make predictions.
•Data Collection Methods:
• Surveys and questionnaires with closed-ended questions.
• Experiments, which involve manipulating one variable to observe the effect on another.
• Observations that involve counting instances of behavior.
• Use of existing statistical data or secondary data sources.
•Data Type: Numerical data that can be subjected to statistical analysis.
•Analysis: Involves statistical techniques to test hypotheses, determine relationships, and generalize findings from the sample
to the population.
•Outcome: Provides measurable and often generalizable results. Findings are typically presented in charts, graphs, or tables that
highlight statistical trends.
•Examples:
•A survey measuring customer satisfaction on a scale of 1 to 10.
•An experiment testing the effectiveness of a new drug by comparing results between a control and an experimental group.
•Analyzing crime rates in different neighborhoods to identify patterns.

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Qualitative Research:
•Purpose: Qualitative research aims to gain a deep understanding of a phenomenon, experience, or concept. It explores the
"why" and "how" behind behaviors, decisions, and emotions.
•Focus: This approach focuses on the meaning and interpretation of the data. It seeks to understand perspectives, motivations,
and experiences.
•Data Collection Methods:
• In-depth interviews with open-ended questions.
• Focus groups that allow participants to discuss a topic in detail.
• Participant observation, where the researcher immerses themselves in the environment being studied.
• Content analysis of texts, videos, or other media.
•Data Type: Non-numerical data, such as words, images, or objects.
•Analysis: Involves thematic analysis, coding, and identifying patterns and meanings within the data. The analysis is
interpretive
•and often subjective.
•Outcome: Provides rich, detailed insights into the subject. Findings are typically presented in a narrative format, often with
direct quotes from participants or detailed descriptions.
•Examples:
•A study exploring patients' experiences with a particular healthcare service through interviews.
•Analyzing the themes in a series of autobiographies to understand cultural identity.
•Observing and describing the interactions within a classroom to understand teaching dynamics.

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 Conceptual Research and Empirical Research

Conceptual Research:
•Purpose: Conceptual research is primarily concerned with developing new concepts, theories, or frameworks. It involves
thinking through ideas, exploring theoretical perspectives, and synthesizing existing knowledge to create new insights.
•Focus: The focus is on abstract ideas and theoretical constructs rather than on practical application or observation. It seeks to
understand and refine concepts or theories that explain phenomena.
•Methodology:
•Involves extensive literature reviews, critical analysis, and logical reasoning.
•Often based on the synthesis of existing research, thought experiments, or philosophical inquiry.
•Researchers may propose new models, frameworks, or theories based on their conceptual analysis.
•Data: Does not typically involve the collection of empirical data. Instead, it deals with abstract ideas, theories, and the
relationships between them.
•Outcome: The result is a theoretical framework, model, or concept that can be tested or applied in future empirical research.
Conceptual research often lays the groundwork for new ways of thinking or approaching a problem.
•Examples: Developing a new theory of organizational behavior based on existing literature.
•Proposing a conceptual model of consumer decision-making processes.
•Exploring philosophical questions about the nature of reality or knowledge.

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Empirical Research:
•Purpose: Empirical research is focused on collecting and analyzing data to observe and measure phenomena. It aims to
test hypotheses, validate theories, or explore new relationships based on real-world data.
•Focus: The focus is on gathering observable and measurable evidence, often with the goal of testing the validity of a
theory or hypothesis.
•Methodology:
• Involves the collection of empirical data through experiments, surveys, observations, or other data-gathering
techniques.
• The research is structured and follows the scientific method, including hypothesis formulation, data collection,
analysis, and interpretation.
• Results are often generalized to broader populations or contexts.
•Data: Relies on empirical data, which can be quantitative (numerical) or qualitative (descriptive), depending on the nature
of the study.
•Outcome: The result is evidence-based conclusions that either support or challenge existing theories. Empirical research
provides concrete data that can be used to confirm, refute, or refine theoretical concepts.
•Examples:
• Conducting an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new drug.
• Surveying consumers to understand their purchasing behavior.
• Observing classroom interactions to study the impact of teaching methods on student learning.

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 Steps in Research Process

1. Selection of Research Problem

2. Extensive Literature Survey
3. Making Hypothesis
4. Preparing the Research Design
5. Sampling
6. Data collection
7. Data Analysis
8. Hypothesis Testing
9. Generalization and Interpretation
10. Preparation of Report

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 The review of literature is a summary of all the reviews from various research literatures
related to the current study carried out by a researcher.

 It helps to discover what is already known about the research problem and what more has to
be done.

 According to Abdellah and Levine, the material gathered in literature review should be
included as a part of the research data, since it influence the problem and research design it
can be used to compare the results and findings for the current study.

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 Definition:
 A literature review is an assessment of a body of research that addresses a research question.

 An organized written presentation of what has been published on a topic by the scholars.
(Burns and Grove, 2005)
 An Account of what has been published by accredited scholars and researchers.
(Taylor, 2011)

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 Characteristics of a Good Quality Review of Literature

A good literature review not only provides a foundation for your research but also demonstrates your
understanding and critical engagement with the field.

• A good review of literature must be comprehensive.

• It should include up-to-date references.
• It should be systemic.
• It should be reproducible.
• Paraphrase and summarize correctly, and attribute ideas to their original authors.
• It should be well written.
• It should be clearly searched and selected.
• Accurate references should be given in the review

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 Factors Affecting Review of Literature

❖Researcher’s Background: An experienced researcher finds it easy to prepare a review of

literature than a beginner.
❖Complexity of the research project: It is easy to collect review of literature for simple and
easy research projects than complex ones.
❖Availability of resources: Availability of resources like computer, internet facility, online
and offline journal subscription makes it easy to prepare a good review of literature.
❖Study time frame : To conduct a relevant review of literature sufficient time is needed.
❖Availability of support system: If there are many research scholars involved in the research
then a good review of literature can be gathered.

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 Purpose of Review of Literature

It helps to identify what is already known about a research problem.

It helps to build on previous knowledge
Many published research studies contain recommendation for future research, from which we can get idea for a
new research study.

It makes researcher know what research has already been done in a particular area so as to avoid duplication.
It is necessary to narrow the problem to be studied.
 Identify questions which the body of research does not answer
 It helps researcher to get acquainted with the relevant theory, strategies, tools and instruments for conducting
the research.
 It helps to understand the different ways of conducting the research study.
 It helps to identify comparative data so helps in interpretation and discussion of previous study.

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 Types of Review of Literature:
Traditional or Narrative Review of Literature
• This type Critique and summarize literature to draw conclusion about a
topic.
Systemic Review of Literature
• This method uses more well defined approach, mainly used for making
a complete list of all published and unpublished studies relating to a
particular topic.
Meta Analysis
• This type of review takes large quantitate findings and conducts a
statistical analysis to integrate those findings enhance understanding.
Meta Synthesis
• This is a non-statistical method used to integrate and evaluate and
interpret the findings of multiple similar quantitative studies, to
identify the common elements.

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 Sources of Review of Literature

• Literature sources may be classified as primary source and secondary source

PRIMARY SOURCE:

A primary Source is a literature resource of a study written by the original researcher. It is research publication
written by the person or people who conducted the research.

Examples: Research Articles, Unpublished Thesis/Dissertation, Personal Diary, hand written records and reports,
etc.
SECONDARY SOURCE:

These are second hand information prepared or written by someone other than the original author.
Examples: Newspaper, Book Chapters, Television, Radio, Magazine, Wikipedia, Journals, etc.
TERTIARY SOURCE:

These are excellent sources that can provide general background information to help narrow or broaden the focus
of a topic.

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 Primary Source

Literature review mostly relies on primary sources, i.e. research reports, which are description of studies written by
researchers who conducted them.

A primary sources is written by a person who developed the theory or conducted the research, or is the description of an
investigation written by the person who conducted it.

For example, a thin film research article.

A credible literature review reflects the use of mainly primary sources.

Example of a primary source:

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 Secondary Sources

Secondary source research documents are description of studies prepared by someone other than the
original researcher.

They are written by people other than the individuals who developed the theory or conducted the
research.

The secondary sources may be used when primary sources are not available or if researchers want
external opinions on an issue or problem or even the results of their own research.

Example of a Secondary Source: A literature review

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Resources of Literature Review

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Steps of Literature Review

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 Continued
1. Defining the Research Question or Topic
• The first stage involves identifying and clearly defining the research question or topic you want to
investigate.
• This step sets the foundation for your literature review by narrowing down the focus of your research to
specific concepts or issues.
• A well-defined research question will guide your search for relevant literature and help you stay focused
throughout the review process.

2. Searching for Relevant Literature

• Once your research question is clear, the next step is to gather literature related to your topic.
• This involves systematically searching for books, articles, journals, conference papers, and other academic
sources that discuss your topic.
• Use various academic databases (like PubMed, Google Scholar, JSTOR), keywords, and search strategies
to ensure comprehensive coverage of the available literature.

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3. Evaluating and Selecting Sources

• After collecting a broad range of literature, you must critically evaluate each source to determine its
relevance and credibility.
• Not all sources will be equally useful or reliable.
• Consider the author's qualifications, the methodology used, the publication date, and the source's
relevance to your research question.
• This stage helps you filter out the most pertinent and high-quality sources for your review.
4. Organizing the Literature
• With a curated selection of sources, you now need to organize the literature in a coherent structure.
• This can be done thematically (by topic), methodologically (by research method), chronologically (by
date of publication), or theoretically (by theoretical approach).
• Proper organization helps you present the literature logically, making it easier to identify trends, gaps,
and key findings.

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5. Analyzing and Synthesizing the Literature
• In this stage, you delve deeper into the literature to analyze and synthesize the information.
• Analyze the findings, methods, and conclusions of the selected studies.
• Look for patterns, themes, and relationships among the sources.
• Synthesis involves combining insights from various studies to form a comprehensive understanding
of the topic.
• This stage is crucial for identifying gaps in the literature and framing the context for your own
research.
6. Writing the Literature Review
• Once the analysis and synthesis are complete, you can begin writing the literature review.
• This involves creating a narrative that discusses the literature in relation to your research question.
• Your review should summarize the findings, critically evaluate the contributions of different studies,
and highlight gaps in the existing research.
• It should also establish a theoretical framework for your study and demonstrate how your research
will contribute to the existing body of knowledge.

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7. Referencing and Citation
• Proper citation is essential to avoid plagiarism and give credit to the original authors.
• In this stage, ensure that all the sources you’ve referred to in your review are accurately cited
according to the required academic style (e.g., APA, IEEE, Chicago).
• A comprehensive reference list or bibliography should be included at the end of your review.

8. Revising and Refining

• The final stage involves revising and refining your literature review to improve its clarity,
coherence, and overall quality.
• This may involve multiple rounds of editing, including checking for consistency in arguments,
ensuring logical flow, refining language, and correcting any grammatical errors.
• Seeking feedback from peers or mentors can be valuable in this stage to gain different perspectives
on your work.

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 Reporting a literature review

Reporting a literature review can be broken down into a series of straightforward steps:
1. Start with an Introduction
What to Do: Briefly explain your research topic and why it’s important.
Why: This helps the reader understand the focus of your review and its relevance.
Example: "This review focuses on the impact of doping in sulphamic acid crystals on their electrical
properties, which is crucial for developing advanced materials."
2. Organize the Review by Themes or Topics
What to Do: Group the studies you’ve reviewed into categories based on common themes or topics.
Why: Organizing your review makes it easier to follow and highlights key areas of research.
Example: You might have sections on "Crystal Growth Methods," "Effects of TiO2 Doping," and
"Electrical Properties of Doped Crystals."

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7. 3. Summarize the Key Findings
What to Do: Briefly describe the main findings from each group of studies.
Why: This gives a quick overview of what the literature says about each theme.
Example: "Studies on TiO2 doping show improved transparency in sulphamic acid crystals, but with
varying effects on electrical conductivity."
4. Analyze and Critique the Literature
What to Do: Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the studies you reviewed. Point out any gaps or
inconsistencies in the research.
Why: This critical analysis shows that you understand the research and can identify areas needing
further investigation.
Example: "While many studies highlight improved conductivity with doping, few have explored the
long-term stability of these materials."

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5. Synthesize the Information

What to Do: Combine the insights from different studies to form a broader understanding of the topic.
Why: Synthesis helps you connect the dots and show how the research fits together.
Example: "Overall, the literature suggests that while doping enhances certain properties, the trade-offs
in material stability need more attention."
6. Conclude Your Review
What to Do: Summarize the main points from your review and explain how they relate to your
research question or the next steps in your study.
Why: This wraps up the review and transitions to your own research.
Example: "This review highlights the potential of TiO2-doped sulphamic acid crystals but also reveals
gaps in understanding their long-term performance, which my research aims to address."

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 Continued

7. List Your References

What to Do: Include a list of all the studies and sources you mentioned in your review.
Why: Proper referencing gives credit to the original authors and allows others to find the sources you used.
Example: List all your sources in the required format, like IEEE, elesevier etc.

Summary of the Steps:

Introduction: Introduce the topic and its importance.
Organize by Themes: Group the literature by common themes.
Summarize Key Findings: Provide a brief overview of what each group of studies says.
Analyze and Critique: Discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the research.
Synthesize Information: Connect the findings to create a broader understanding.
Conclude: Summarize the review and link it to your research.
References: List all the sources you cited.

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