3.

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Linear equations cover almost any field of study. Finding the solution set for such equations have
great practical importance’s. The techniques of doing so differ with the complexity of the equations.
For instances, solving linear equation with one, two or three variables which can be easily handled
by graphical solution, substitution / elimination through algebraic technique. But most linear
equations of any consequence involve large number of equations and variables.

In the past, the complex system could be solved only a large computers. Now a wide array of
graphic utilities can be used to solve linear systems. This range from graphing calculators to soft
wear packages to spread sheets (such as excels). The process can be made more efficient for
generalization and computer work by using matrix algebra. Matrix method is the method through
which the coefficients of linear equations can be efficiently arranged and used to solve the problem
under consideration.

Accordingly, we develop/ introduce ourselves with matrix method for solving system of equation in
conjunctions with graphing utilities. More specifically, in this section, we will see matrix algebra and
concept of determinant, and the techniques of application.
Hence, after completing use topic, you will be able to
 Define matrix
 define some special matrices,
 Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and transpose on matrices
 Describe the properties of matrices
 Determine determinants, co-factors, and minors of a given square matrix
 define the transpose of a matrix,
 define multiplicative inverse of a square matrix,
 define row echelon and row reduced echelon form of a matrix,
 define row space and column space of a matrix,
 rank of a matrix,
 define the determinant of a matrix,
 explain properties of determinant of a matrix,

1
Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, parameters, or variables, each of which has a
carefully ordered place. The numbers (parameters or variables) are referred to as elements of the
matrix. It is usually written within brackets that is a single letter in bold –face type X, Y, Z, A….etc (
capital letters).

A=

We can abbreviate the above matrix as A = (a ij) m x n , where i = 1,2,3,…, m and j = 1,2,3,…, n . The
matrix A = (aij) mxn is said to be of size (or order) m x n. In the matrix A =(a ij) mxn , the element aij
appearing in the ith row and the jth column is called the (ij)th element. Let A=(aij) m x n be a matrix, then
the ith row of A is denoted by Ai and the jth column of A is denoted by Aj.

Ai = (ai1, ai2, ai3, …, ain) Aj =

The definitions can be illustrated by the following:

I. For the case of m x n dimensional matrix consider any arbitrary 3x3 matrix

3x3 3 x3

From this
all =0.5 a12 =0.2 a13 = 1
a21=0 a22=0.3 a23=0.5
a31=0.7 a32=0 a33=0.2

Exercise

1. A. If A is a matrix given as:

Find
a) The order of a matrix?
b) The value of a11, a12, a22, a31, a24 and a 32 ?
c) Indicate the third raw and second column?

2
 Solution
a. matrix A has 3 rows and 4 columns, then it is order of 3x4
b. a11=1 ,a12= -1, a22=3, a31 =0, a24 =1

c. The third row is and the

2. For a company with several different outlets selling several different products, a matrix provides a
concise way of keeping track of stock. A certain company A has 4 outlets and sell four different
products in each of the outlets with the amount given below.

Out lets skis poles binding outfits

1 120 110 90 150

2 200 180 210 110

3 175 190 160 80

4 140 170 180 140

By reading across a row of the matrix, the firm can determine the level of stock in any of its outlets,
By reading down a column of the matrix, the firm can determine the stock of any line of its products.
Example, 120 is stock of ski in outlet one, and 160 is stock of binding in out let three and soon.
Interpret the rest in similar manner?
The data can be summarized in matrix from by assuming row representation outlets and column
stock of different products

3. Suppose that a Tiger oil company has six gasoline stations, three in region # 1 and three in region
#2. January sales volume in thousands of gallons is shown for each station.

Tiger oil company; sales in thousand of gallons January

station Region # 1 Region # 2
#1 10 15
#2 12 18
#3 8 12

3
We noted that sales of station # 1 in region #2 were 15 thou sand gallons. The
position of entry (element) 15 is the intersection of the first row and second
column, and we symbolic
The entry as a 12 (a sub one-two) where the first subscript refers to the row
and the second to the column. If we keep in mind that rows are stations and
columns are regions, we can omitted stub and caption of the table and write
the matrix as

Station by region sales matrix

Next suppose Tiger Oil Company sells one grade of gasoline but due to transportation cost, price
varies in the two regions as shown below.
Regional price variation
Region Price per gallon
#1 $ 1.10
#2 1.20
Matrix form representation as 2 -dimensional column or row matrix. Thus
regional price matrix

3.1 Some Special Matrices

A. Row matrix: A matrix which has exactly one row, often referred to as
row vector/matrix.
Example A=
- It is a matrix containing single row with the dimension (1xn).
i.e.
B. Column matrix: A matrix which has exactly one column, often referred
to as column matrix.
It is a matrix containing a single column with the dimension
(mx1)

4
 i.e. Examples A=

-
C. The Zero matrix: A matrix A = (aij m x n is said to be the zero matrix if aij = 0 for each
i = 1, 2, 3, …, m and for each j = 1, 2, 3, …, n .
The zero matrix of size (m x n) is denoted by 0m x n.
The following are examples of the zero matrix.

B=

D.. Square matrix: A matrix A = (aij) m x n is said to be a square matrix if and only if
m = n, that is, a matrix is a square matrix if it has equal number of
rows and columns.
The following are examples of square matrix.

Definition: Let A = (aii) n x n be a square matrix. The elements aii are called the
diagonal elements of the matrix for i = 1, 2, 3, …, n.
E. Diagonal matrix: A square matrix A = (aij)n x n is said to be a diagonal matrix if
and only if the elements other than the diagonal elements are
zero.
A = (aij)n x n is a diagonal matrix if and only if aij = 0 for all
The following are examples diagonal matrix.

5
F. Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix A = (aij)n x n is said to be scalar matrix if and
only if the diagonal elements are equal.
The following are examples of diagonal matrix.

, ,

G. Identity matrix: A diagonal matrix A = (aij)n x n is said to be an identity (unit)

matrix if and only if the diagonal elements are 1, that is, a
square matrix A = (aij)n x n is said to be an identity matrix if

aij =

for i = 1, 2, 3, …, n and j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n.

A unit matrix of size (n x n) is denoted by In.
The following are examples unit matrix.

I2 = I3 =

H. Triangular matrix
i) A square matrix A = (aij)n x n is said to be an upper triangular matrix if all the elements
below the diagonal elements are all zero. A square matrix
A= (aij)n x n is an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i > j.
The following are examples of upper triangular matrix.

ii) A square matrix A = (aij)n x n is said to be a lower triangular matrix if all the
elements above the diagonal elements are all zero. A square matrix
A = (aij)n x n is a lower triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i <j.
The following are examples of lower triangular matrix.

6
 Note: A diagonal matrix is both upper and lower triangular matrix.

3.2 Operations on Matrices

Our ability to solve and analyze system of equations will be greatly enhanced with matrix operations.
Some of the operations in relation to matrixes are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
factorization and so on which appear in modern uses of linear algebra. Different theorems provide
some basic tools for handling the linear equation with any number of variables. These will be
covered in some detail under this subtopic.

A. Equality of matrix

Before we discuss arithmetic operations for matrices, we have to define equality for matrices. Two
matrices are equal if they have the same size and their corresponding elements are equal.

Definition: Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, A =B if and only if they have the same
size and the corresponding elements are equal .
Let A = (aij) mxn and B = (bij) mxn. Then
A= B if and only if aij = bij
for all i = 1,2,3,…, m and for all j = 1,2,3,…,n.

a) if and only if. A=u b=v, c=w

d=x e=y f=z

A B

b)

c) A1 =

D. C = C≠D because C21≠D21 as 2≠-4

7
 E. Let

What will be value of x so that A = B? Is there any possibility where A=C?

B. Matrix Addition and subtraction

Definition: If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then the sum of A and B, denoted by
A+B, is defined to be the matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B, that is
defined to be the matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B

If A =

Let A = (aij) mxn and B = (bij) mxn be matrices of the same size. Then
A + B = (aij + bij) mxn where i = 1,2,3,….m and j = 1,2,3,…,n.

A+B= +

Similarly, the difference of A and B, denoted by A-B, is defined to be the matrix obtained by
subtracting each element of B from the corresponding element of A.
That is, A-B=

Note that: for addition or/and subtraction the matrix should be the same dimension. That is, A and B
should be of the same dimension.
A+ B = C

Example .1

8
a) Let A=

Find A+B A-B

Solution

A+B =

A-B =

b) Let A=

Example.2: Let

A= ,B= and C =

Then

a) A+B= +

b) B+C= +

9
 c) C + A = +

Exercise

1. Given A = b, B-A c, A+B

2. Given D = Find a) A+B b) A-B

3. Given A+B =

5. A = b, B-A

Properties of matrix addition

Let A, B and C be matrices of the same size.

i) Matrix addition in commutative.
A + B = B + A.
Proof: Let A = (aij)mxn and B = (bij)mxn . Then
A + B = (aij)mxn + (bij)mxn
= ( aij + bij) mxn
= (bij + aij ) mxn
= (bij)mxn + (aij)mxn
= B + A.
Example

10
 a) Let A=

Then

A+B =

Hence, for any two matrices A and B of the same order, say

A=

As matrix subtraction A-B can be converted to matrix addition A+(-B). That is A+(-B) = -B+A
(subtraction is commutative)

Example

Let A=

Then

A+ (-B) -B+A

A+ (-B)

ii) Matrix addition is associative

Let A, B and are any three matrices of the same order say m x n matrices, then
(A+B)+C= A+ (B+C)

Let A=

Now A+B =

So (A+B) +C =

11
On the other hand

B+C =

A+ (B+C)=

Therefore, (A+B)+C= A+(B+C)

In general, for any three matrices A, B and C of the same order, say m x n matrices

(A+B)+C=

Again

A+(B+C)=

Since, we conclude that for any three matrices A, B and C of the

some order we have (A+B)+C = A+(B+C).

Similar logic can be employed for subtraction of matrices.

iii) Existence of identity element

The zero matrix is the identify matrix for matrix addition.
A+ 0 = 0 +A = A
Example 1. Let

12
 Then A+0=

iv ).Existence of inverse of a matrix

For any matrix A there exist a matrix B, called the additive inverse of A, such that
A + B = 0 = B +A

a) The matrix is an additive inverse of because

(-1) (1) (0)

+ =
(-2) (2) (0)

b) Since

A B

Applications
1. In an examination of mathematics, 20 students from college A, 30 students from college B
and 40 students from college C appeared. Only 15 students from each college could get
through the examination. Out of them 10 students from college A and C, 5 from college B
secured full marks. Write down the above data in matrix form.

Let column represent colleges A B C and row represent activity and students.

A B C
20 30 40 -------- number student in each college
15 15 15 -------- no of student who get throng
the exam.

10 5 10 no of student who get full mark

2. Sales commission: Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones are sales people in new car agency that sells
only two models. August was the last month for this year’s models, and next year’s models
were introduced in September. Gross dollar sales for each month are given in the fowling
matrices;

August sales September sales

13
 Compact luxury compact luxury

Mr. smith

Mr .Jones

(For example, MS, smith lad $ 54,000 in compact sales in August and Mr. Jon had $322,000 in
luxury car sales in September.)
A. What were the combined dollar sales from August and September for each sales
person and each model ?
B. what was the increase in dollar from August to September,
C. If both sales, person receive 5% commissions on gross dollar sales, compute the
commission for each persons for each model sold in September

Compact luxury
Mr.Smith

A+B= Mr. Jones.

B) Scalar multiplication
Let A = (aij) mxn be a matrix and k . Then kA= (kaij) mxn.

Example 1: Let

Then a) 4A = 4 =

b) -3A = -3

3. A clothing store discounts all its slacks, jackets, and suits by 20% at the end of the year. If V1 is
the value of stock in its three branches prior to the discount, find the value V2 after the discount,
when

14
 V1=

Solution
After 20% deduction the selling prices of each product is 80% of its original value.
Hence ; V2 =0.8 V1 and

V2 =0.8 =

4. Let A = and B = .

Can you find a matrix C such that

a) A + C = B?
b) 2A + 3B = C?
c) 3B + 5C = A
Properties of scalar multiplication
Let A and B be matrices of the same size and . Then
i) (A + B) = A+ B
ii) ( )A= A+ A
iii) ( )A= ( A) = ( A)
Activity1:
a) Let M be the set of all (m x n) matrices. Shown that M with matrix
Addition and scalar multiplication is a vector space over .
b) Show that matrix addition is associative.
c) Let A and B matrices of the same size and , . Prove that
(A+B) = A + B
d) Let A be a matrix and . Show that
( )A= ( A) = ( A).

C) Matrix multiplication
Matrix multiplication was first introduced by Arthur Cayley (1821-1895) in studies of system of
linear equations and linear transformations. Matrix multiplication is a process of expressing systems
and linear equations as matrix equations and to the process of solving matrix equations.
15
 Let A = (aij)m x n and B = (bij)n x t be matrices. The product AB is a matrix of size (m x t)
defined as AB = (cij)m x t, where cij = ai1b1j + ai2b2j + ai3b3i +…+ ainbni

= for each i= 1, 2, 3, …, m and for each j = 1, 2, 3,…, t.

The element cij of the product matrix AB is obtained by finding the scalar (dot) product of the ith row
Ai of matrix A and the jth column Bj of matrix B, that is,
cij = AiBj
= (ai1, ai2, ai3, …, ain)(b1j, b2j, b3j, …, bnj)
= ai1b1j + ai2b2j + ai3b3j + …+ ain bnj
Therefore,

AB =

= (cij)m x t , where i = 1, 2, 3, …, m and j = 1, 2, 3, …, t.

Note: If the number of column of A is not equal to the number of rows of B then the product AB is
not defined. This condition is called conformability conditions. If A is an axb matrix and B is an cxd,
then if b=c the product AB will exist and will be axd matrix dimension.

Example : find the product of the matrix A and B for each of the following

a) Let A = and B =

Then AB =

16
 Question: Can you find the product BA?

b) Let A = and B =

Then

i) AB =

ii) BA = = .

Note: The products AB and BA are not equal.

c) Let A = and B = .

Then AB = =

2. A hamburger chain sells 1000 Hamburgers, and 1200 Milk shakes in a week. The prices of a
Hamburger is 45c, Cheeseburger 60c, and a Milk shake 50c. The cost of the chain of a
hamburger is 38c, a cheeseburger 42cx, and a milk shake 32c. Find the firms profit for the
week using
i) total concept
ii) per unit analysis
Note: Matrices A and B are non- zero matrices, but the product matrix AB is the zero matrix.

Question: Let A = . Can you find a non-zero matrix B such that AB = 0?

Properties of matrix multiplication

i) Matrix multiplication is associative.
17
 Let A, B and C be matrices such that the products AB, BC, A (BC) and
A (BC) are defined. Then A (BC)= (AB)C.
Proof: Let A = (aij) m x n, B = (bij)n x t and C = (cij) t x r then the products
AB, BC, A (BC) and (AB)C are well defined.

Let AB = (dij)m x t where dij =

BC = (eij)n x r where eij =

A(BC) = (fij)mxr where fij =

(AB) C = (gij)mxr where gij =

Now, A (BC) = (fij)mxr where fij =

On the other hand, (AB) C = (gij)mxr where

gij =

Therefore, fij = gij for each i and for each j. Hence A (BC) = (AB) C.

ii) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition.

Let A, B and C be matrices such that B and C have the same size and the product AB and BA
are defined. Then
a) A (B + C) = AB +AC
b) (B + C) A = BA +CA
Proof: a) Let A = (aij)mxn, and B = (bij) nxt and C = (cij)mxt then the sum B + C
and the product AB are well defined.

18
 Let AB = (dij)mxt, AC = (eij)mxt, B + C = (fij)nxt and A(B + C) = (gij)mxt.

Then dij + eij =

=
There fore, A (B + C) = AB + AC.
iii) Matrix multiplication is not commutative.

For example let A = and B = .

Then a) AB = =

b) BA = =

Therefore, AB BA .
iv) Let A and B be matrices such that the product AB is defined. Then for any
constant c,
c(AB) = (cA)B = A (cB)

Power of matrices and polynomial matrices

Let A be an square matrix over field K, powers of A are defined as follows. It is multiplication of
matrix by itself.
That is A2=A.A A3=A.A.A An+1=An.A A0=I

Example let A= find A2 , A3

A2= =

19
 A3= A2.A = =

Polynomials in the matrix A are also defined. Specifically for any polynomial:
F(x)=aoI+a1A+a2A2+…………………………….+anAn

Note that F(A) is obtained from F(x) by substituting the matrix A for the variable X and substituting
the scalar matrix a0I for the scalar ao. In the case that F(A) is the zero matrix, the matrix A is called a
zero root of the polynomial f(x).
If (x) =x2+3x-10

F(x)= +3 -10 =

Thus A is a zero of the polynomial f(x).

Activity3.2: 1. If A = then find A4.

2. If B = then find B6.

3. If C = then find C3.

4. Let A = . Show that An = for any positive integer n.

5. Let A = (aij) m x n and B = (bij) n x t be matrices. Prove that

(AB) = ( A)B = A( B) for any real number .

6. Given A= , find A2+3A +5I where I is identity matrix of order 2?

D) Transpose of a matrix
For any matrix A , the matrix obtained from A by interchanging its rows and columns of is
called transpose of A denoted by At..
Let A = (aij)m x n be a matrix. The transpose of A, denoted by At, is defined as
At = (aji)n x m.

20
 Let A = . Then At =

Example3.5: Find the transpose of the following matrices.

a) b) B =

At = Bt =

Theorem3.2: Let A and B matrices of the same size. Then

a) (At)t = A
b) (A+B)t = At + Bt
c) (cA)t = c(At) for any real number c.

Theorem3.3: Let A and B be matrices such that the product AB is defined. Then
(AB)t = BtAt
Proof: Let A = (aij)m x n and B = (bij)m x t. Then the size of AB is (m x t). Hence the
size of (AB)t is (t x m).
Since the size of At is (n x m) and the size Bt is (t x n) then the size of the product BtAt is (t x
m). Therefore, (AB)t and BtAt have the same size.

Let AB = (cij) m x t where cij = Then the (ij)th element of

(AB)t = the (ji)th element of AB

= Aj.Bi

= (At)j (Bt)i
21
 = (Bt)i (At)j
= the (ij)th element of Bt At .
There fore, (AB)t = BtAt

Example-2
Crazy Teddies sells 700 CDs, 400 cassettes, and 200 CD players each week. The selling prices of
CDs is $4, cassettes $6, and CD players $1.50. The cost to the stop is $3.25 for a CDs, $4.75 for
a cassettes, and $125 for a CD player. Find weekly profits by using:
a) total cost approach
b) per-unit concept approach

Exercise

1. Let A= B=

Verify that the following properties hold?

i. ( At)t =A
ii. (A+B)t=At+Bt
iii, (AB)t= BtAt
iV. (KA)t=KAt where K is scalar

22
 E. Symmetric matrix
A matrix A = (aij)n x n is said to be an Symmetric matrix if and only if elements on the main
diagonal elements are equal and others are mirror image of each other. That is, a
Symmetric matrix if (aij) = (aii)n x n

Definition: A Square matrix A is said to be a skew symmetric matrix if A = -At.

Example3.6: The following are examples of symmetric matrix.

a) A = b) A =

Question: Can you give an example of a symmetric matrix?

Definition: A Square matrix A is said to be a skew symmetric matrix if A = -At.

Let A and B are symmetric matrices, then:
a) A+B is symmetric
b) KA is symmetric.
c) AB need not be symmetric
Verify using the following examples

A=

A real matrix A is Skew-symmetric if At =-A. Equivalently A= (aij)is skew-symmetric if each

aij=-aji . Clearly, the diagonal of a skewed matrix must be zero.
Example3.7: The following are examples of skew symmetric matrices

23
 A= is skew-symmetric. B =

Theorem : if A is a square martrix , then

i) A+At is symmetric
ii) A-At is skew- symmetric
iii) A=B+C for some symmetric matrix B and some skew-symmetric matrix C.
Activity3. 5: Give an example a non-zero matrix which is skew -symmetric.
Theorem3.4: Let A and B symmetric matrices of the same size. The product matrix AB
is symmetric matrix if and only if AB = BA
Proof: i) Suppose AB is symmetric matrix. Then
AB = (AB)t
= BtAt
= BA, since A and B are symmetric matrix.

ii) Suppose AB = BA. Then

(AB)t = Bt At
= BA, since A and B are symmetric.
= AB
There fore, AB is symmetric matrix.
Theorem3.5: A square matrix B can expressed uniquely as a sum of symmetric
and skew symmetric matrices .
Proof: Let B be square matrix. Then
2B = B + Bt + B - Bt.
But i) (B + Bt)t = Bt + (Bt)t = B + Bt.
Hence (B + Bt) is symmetric matrix.
ii)(B - Bt)t = (( B + (-B)t)t = Bt - B = -(B - Bt).
Hence B - Bt is skew symmetric matrix.

Therefore, the square matrix B = (B + Bt) + (B - Bt) can be expressed as a

sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.

Now let's prove the uniqueness.

24
 Suppose B = A + C where A is symmetric matrix and C is skew symmetric matrix.
Then
Bt = (A + C)t = At + Ct = A - C

But i) B + Bt = (A + C) + (A - C) = 2A. Hence A = (B + Bt).

ii)B - Bt = (A + C) - (A - C) = 2C. Hence C = (B - Bt).

Therefore, the sum is unique.

Example3.8: Express the following square matrices as a sum of symmetric and
skew symmetric matrices.

a)

i) At =

ii) (A + At) =

iii) (A – At) =

iv) A= (A + At) + (A – At)

= +

25
 b) A =

i) At = =A

ii) (A + At) =

iii) (A – At) =

iv) A= (A + At) + (A – At)

= +

Activity3. 6:

1. Let A = .

Express A as a sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.

2. Let A be a square matrix. Show that
i) if A is symmetric then A symmetric for any .

26
 ii) if A is skew symmetric then A is skew symmetric for any .
3. Let A be square matrix. Show that AAt and AtA are symmetric matrices.

F. Idempotent matrices
A square matrix A is said to be idempotent matrix if
A=A2=A3=A4==……………………….etc, where A2 =A. A, A3=A.A.A
It is a special type of symmetric matrix with the above property

Example

A= is idempotent because A.A=A

That is

A.A=A = =

Exercise

Verify that B= is idempotent?

This matrix play very important role in statistical distribution theory.

G. Orthogonal matrix
A real matrix A is said to be orthogonal if AAt=AtA=I
Example

27
Let A=

Then AAt=

AtA=

Since A-1=At

Then 1/81 =

Theorem: A square matrix A is orthogonal if and only if A-1=At

SOME APPLICATIONS

1 .A shop sells 20 table fans, 30 ceiling fans and 10 pedestal fans in a month. The price of at Table
fan is Rs 100, that of a ceiling fan is Rs 150 and of pedestal fan Is Rs 170. The cost to the shop is Rs
90 for one table fan, Rs 135 for , a ceiling fan and Rs 150 for a pedestal fan. Find the monthly profits
of the shop.

SOLUTION
Let A, B and represents, quantity of goods sold , selling pnite of the three types and cost of each for
in column matrix .

28
2. In south Delhi there are 20 colleges and 50 schools, each schools and colleges has one peon, 5
clerks, one cashier. Each colleges in addition has 1 accountant, and 1 head-clerk, Further there more,
the monthly salary peon Rs=150, clerk Rs 250, cashier Rs 350, head clerk Rs 400 .Using matrix
notation find:
i. the total number of posts of each kind in schools and collages taken together ?
ii. The total monthly salary bill of all each schools and college separately
iii. The total monthly salary bill of all the schools and colleges taken together
Solution.
I. Consider the row matrix of order 1x2 to represent collage are schools as they are the key to the
system.

College Schools
Let B= represent number of workers in matrix form

Where columns represents numbers of peons, clerks, cashirs, accountants, head- clerks while row
represents colleges and schools in that order.
Then AB is the total number of post. Since post between each times the number of posts in each
school and colleges.

AB=

Where first element show total number of peons, second total number of clerk……. etc in their
original order.
29
 II. Since total monthly salary is the salary of per each post times the number of the posts . and
we found in above the total number of posts in each posts. Further more, we have already
defied the total number in row matrixes in order to get total salary. The salary matrix should
be ordered in coulm for multiplication conformability

Then BC= is total salary for college and school refectory.

Thus, the total monthly salary bill of each college is RS 2450 and of each school is Rs 1700

III. Consider A(BC)=

which gives the total monthly salary bill of the school and colleges.

3. A manufacturing units produces three types of television sets A,B,C. The following matrix
shows the sales of television sets in two different cities
A B C
400 300 200
300 200 100

30
If cost , prices of each set A,B,C is Rs 1000 ,Rs 2000, and Rs,3000 reflexes actively and selling price Rs
1500, Rs 3000, Rs 4000 respectively . Find the total profit using matrix algebra.

Solution . consider the product

Total cost is cost of each set x total number of sets in two cities

cities in column,

Thus,

The total cost is (160000 1000000) is 2600000 from the two cities. Consider again the revenue
generated from these activity in two cities .
Total revenue = Revenue prevent for the three. number of sales in two cities
Products

Hence the total many obtained after selling the sets is Rs (2,300,000,4,500,000) i.e
3750,000 and the total profit is 1,150,000.
4 The cost of manufacturing the three types of motor cars is given below;
Car labor hrs Material used Subcontracted work
A 40 100 units 50 units
B 80 150 ,, 80
C 100 250 100 units

Labor cost per hour, per hour material cost is 10 $ and one unit of subcontracted work costs
. Find the total cost of manufacturing 3000,2000 and 1000 vehicles of type A,B,C respect
very

31
 Let matrix M represent labor hour, material used and subcontracted work. And N the cost per
work ; and p total cost of each car.

To get cost of each MN= represent cost of each car A,B , C in that order.

To get total cost = number of each car X cost per car

= 15, 95,000

The cost the three cars A,B,C is

5. The following matrix shows the sales of cold drinks in a shop dunning one week from Monday to
Sunday.
C F L Where C: coca-cola, F= Fanta, l=limca.
20 25 30 The cost of each bottle of C,F, L is
25 30 40 Re 1;Rs;Rs 2 , Rs3 respectively. Using matrix algebra
30 25 20
40 30 50 i. Find the total sales of C, F, L separately during one week?
45 40 20 ii. Find the total eaaring during one week?
50 20 30 iii. Find total sales of C, F , L taken during one week ?
60 40 60 iv. Find total sales of C,F, L taken together each day?
Solution
i. Let L be matrix that represent the day

This is total sale during one week.

ii. Total cost = cost per unit x no of each

32
 iii. Total sale during one week is equal = sale each day x seven days

iv. sale per day

6. interest at the rates 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08 is earned on respective investment of $ 3,000, $ 2,000
and $4,000.
a, Express the total amount of interest earned as the product of a row vectors by a column vectors?
b, Compute the total interest by matrix multiplication?
7. Two canned meat spreads, Regular and superior, are made by grinding beef, pork, and comb
together. The numbers of pounds of each meat is 15- pound batch of each brand is as follows.
Pounds of
Brand Beef Pork Camb
Superior 8 2 5
Regular 4 8 3

a, suppose we mish to make 10 batches of superior and 20 of regular. Multiply the meat
matrix in the table and the batch vector (10,20) and interpret the result ?
b, Suppose that the per pound prices of beef, pork, and camp are $2.50, $2.00
and $ 3.00 respectively. Multiply the prices vector and the meat matrix and interpret the
results.
Answer
33
 a) b)

H. Elementary operation on matrices and matrix equivalence

Elementary operations involve application of simple algebraic operation on a given matrix. This is
either elementary row or elementary column operations.
There are three basic operations:
A. Row/column Interchanging
The interchanging of ith and jth row or column) will be denoted by
Ri Rj ( C i Cj) where R represent rows and C represent columns.
B. Row /column scaling through multiplication of any row or column by real number (usually
non-zero).
Multiplication of ith row (column) by non-zero number K will be
denoted by Ri KRi (Ci KCj) .
C. Row or column addition or addition of multiplication of one (column) to another row
(column) .subtraction is also included under this. Addition of K times the Jth row (column) to ith
row (column) will be denoted by Ri Ri +KRi ( Ci Ci+KCi)

Example

1. Consider the matrices A=

a) R1 R2 B=

3. C= find matrix D from C by multiplying R2 by 3?

D=3R2(C) = 3R2 =

Theorem:

34
If A and B are matrices and one can be obtained from other by elementary row or column operation,
then A and B are said to be row (column) equivalent. It can be written as A~B. Since elementary row
(column) operation are reversible row /column equivalence is in an equivalent relation.
a) If A~B, then B~A
b) If A~B and B~C, then A~C.
Example

1. consider matrix A= find an equivalent matrices from A through

a) R2 R2+3R3 and R3 R1-3R3

B=

Exercise
Find equivalent matrices from A through

a) A= a) Find B formed by 3R1 of A?

b) E= find matrix F such that F=3C1?

c) A= find matrix S= R2 R3A

One can product on elementary equivalent matrix from the original matrix by continuously applying
elementary operation on the preceding matrix.

35
3.3 Echelon Matrix

Definition: An (m x n) matrix A is said to be an echelon matrix (or a matrix in

echelon form ) if it satisfies the following conditions.

i) All the zero-rows, if any, are at the bottom of the matrix.

ii) Each non-zero leading element in a row is to the right of the non-zero
leading element in the preceding row.

Example3.9: The following are examples a matrix in echelon form.

A= , B= , C=

Definition: An (m x n) matrix A is said to be a matrix in row echelon (or row

echelon matrix) if it statistics the following conditions.
i) A is an echelon matrix
ii) The non-zero leading elements (entries) of a non-zero row
vectors are 1.

Example3.10: The Following are examples of row echelon matrices.

A= , B=

C=

36
An (m x n) matrix A can be transformed in to its echelon form or row echelon form or column
echelon form by applying a finite sequence of elementary row operations on A.

Example3.12: Find the echelon form of the following matrices.

a) A =

A=

(Echelon matrix)

b) A =

A=

37
 (Echelon matrix)

Reduced Echelon Matrix

Definition: An (m x n) matrix A is said to be a matrix in row reduced echelon form
(or a row reduced echelon matrix) if it satisfies the following conditions.
i) A is a matrix in row echelon form
ii) All the elements of a column vector containing the non-zero leading
element of a row vector must be zero except the leading element.
Example3.11: The following are examples a matrix in row reduced echelon form.

A= , B= , C=

Any (m x n) matrix A can be transformed in to its reduced echelon form or row echelon or row-
reduced echelon form by applying a finite sequence of elementary row operations on A.
Steps of finding reduced echelon form:
Step-1: reduce the element in (1,1)th or a11 place to unity by some suitable
elementary operation.
Step-2: reduce all the element in 1st column below the 1st row to zero with the help of
unity obtained in step-1.
Step-3: reduce the element (2,2)th or a22 place to unity by suitable elementary row
operation
Step-4: reduce all the element in 2st column below the 2st row to zero with the help of
unity obtained in step-3

Proceeding in this way any matrix can be reduced to the Echelon form.

Example3.12: Find the echelon form of the following matrices.

38
 a) A =

A=

(Echelon matrix)

b) A =

A=

39
 (Echelon matrix)

Definition: An (m x n) matrix B is said to be row (or column) equivalent to an (m x n)

matrix A if and only if B can be obtained from A by applying a finite
sequence of an elementary row (or column) operations on A.

Example3.13: Find the row reduced echelon form of the following matrices.

a)

A=

(Row echelon matrix)

(Row reduced matrix)

b) A =

40
 B=

(Row echelon matrix)

(Row reduced echelon matrix)

Activity3. 7:
Find the row reduced echelon form of the following matrices.

a) A = b) B =

c) C =

41
3.4. Inverse of matrix

Matrix algebra provides tools for manipulating matrix equations and creating various useful formulas
in ways similar to doing ordinary algebra with real numbers. Consider the multiplicative inverse of a

number such as b It is where b 0. The inverse of a number b, has the property that bb-1 =

b-1 b = 1

For example, the inverse of the number 2 is

2-1.2 = 2.2-1= 1
The matrix algebra also require both equations and avoids the slanted- line notation (for division)
because matrix multiplication is not commutative. Furthermore, a full generalization is, possible only
if the matrices involved are square.

An nxn matrix A is said to be invertible if there is an nxn matrix C such that

CA= I and AC=I

Where I=In, the nxn identity matrix. Then, C is inverse of A. In fact C is uniquely determined by A.
This uniquely determined inverse is denoted by A-1, so that

A-1A=I and AA-1 =I

Note that: the inverse of matrix for some matrix may not exist. A matrix A for which A -1 does not
exist is known as a singular matrix. The matrix A for which A -1 exists is known as a nonsingular
matrix.

42
Obtaining the inverse matrix involves obtaining the elements of A-1 as solutions to the equation
A-1A=I There are two techniques of finding A-1.
A. Direct method / elementary addition and subtraction.
B. Guess Jordan inversion method (practical method)

A. Direct method
Let us start from 2x2 matrix and generalize for the others.

Let A be a general 2x2 matrix given by

Let us assume that it has an inverse matrix A-1 denoted by

Form our definition of the inverse matrix we have that

We try to solve for the unknown elements of A-1 denoted by b11,b12, b21,b22 .

By performing the indicated multiplication, we can write the matrix as

By equating elements in corresponding position in two matrices, we obtain the following system of
equations

43
Then the system boiled down to solving system of equation. For equation-1 we can rearrange and
write as
a11 b11+a12b21=1

b11 =

By substituting the above value of b11 in to second part of the same equation yields

Multiplying through by all yields

Collecting the b21 and rearranging yields

Returning to the expression for b11, substituting b21 yields

Similarly we can solve for b12 and b22 by looking at equations,

The solutions are b12=

Note that:
The denominator in each of the four fractions just found is the same number a 11 a22 - a12 a21. This
number is very important for it is the key as to whether or not the above solution exists. The solution
exists if a22 a21-a21 a12 0. The number is the determinant (we will see it later).
Thus

44
 A-1 =

Example

1. Let

Solution

Then we must have

AA-1 =

So that

Equating corresponding entries of these two matrixes, we obtain the linear systems.

The solutions are

We can cheek

AA-1 =1

45
Equating corresponding entries of these two matrices, we obtain the linear systems

A+2c=1 b+2d=0
And
2a+4c=d 2b+4d=1

The system has no solution, Hence A is singular.

Example3. Find the inverse of the following matrices if it exists.

a) A=

Assume there exist a square matrix B if size 2 such that AB = I2 =AB.

Let B = such that

Then

From equality of matrices we have

2x - a = 1, 2y - b = 0
4x + a = 0, 4y + b = 0.

Hence and .

Therefore, A-1 = B =

b)

Assume A is invertible, and let A-1 = .

Then A A-1 = =

From equality of matrices we have

3x + 2z = 1, 3y + 2w = 0
46
 x + z = 0, y + w = 1.
Then x = 1, z = -1, y = -2 and w = 3.

Therefore, .

c)

Assume that A is invertible and

Then

Hence a + 2c = 1, b + 2d = 0
3a + 6c = 0, 3b + 6d = 1.
But the system of linear equations has no solution. Therefore, A is not invertible.

Activity3. 3: Find the inverse of the following matrices if it exists.

a) A = c) A =

b) A = d) A =

Theorem3.1: The inverse of an invertible matrix is unique.

Proof: Let B and C be inverses of A. Then
B = BI = B (AC) = (BA) C = IC = C, where I is the identity matrix.

Activity3. 4: Let A = and B =

a) Find the product AB

b) Find the inverse of AB.
c) Find A-1 and B-1.
47
 d) Find the product B-1A-1.
e) Is (AB)-1 = B-1A-1?

B. Gauss -Jordan method.

In this case we start from our original matrix say A and corers pending identity matrix, I and we look
for matrix B=A-1 which is unknown. That is AB=I.To find the solution for unknown matrix if we
substitute the known one in place of unknown, we are augmented the matrix. To form the augmented
matrix , we adjoin the identity matrix to coefficient A. That is with dimension nx2n. Then the
solution set for own problem is a matrix brained after transforming augmented matrix in to row
reduced echelon form
Definition: Let A be a square matrix and the identity matrix of the same order. Form the

augmented matrix (A/I) and transform it to row-reduced edition form .

Then

i. if C=I is the identity matrix D=A-1

ii. If C#I, then, A is not invertible. Or A is singular

Example . Find A-1 through causes-Jordan method.

1.

Form augmented matrix

Since C=I, then D=A-1

48
 From

-2R1+R2 =

-1/2R2=

-R2+R1=

Since C# I, then D#A-1; Then A is Singular

Example 3. Find the inverse of the following matrices.

a)

To find the inverse of A we find the row reduced echelon form of the matrix

B=

49
 There fore A-1 =

Activity3. 8:
Find the inverse of the following matrices if it exists.

a) A = b) B = c) C =

3.5 Determinants

In this section we are going to associate a real number to any square matrix. The real number
associated to a given square matrix is called the determinant of the matrix. The determinant of a
matrix helps us to know whether a square matrix is invertible or not. The determinant of a matrix
also plays a great role in solving a given system of linear equations. We define the determinant of a
square matrix inductively on the order of the matrix.

Determinants of 2x2 matrixes

Let A = (aij) be a square matrix of order two.

50
A= Then the determinant of A, denoted by

det A or |A|,= is defined as det A = a11 a22 – a21a12.

Example3.18: Let .

Then the determinant det A is

det(A) = 15 – 4 =11
Determinants of 3x3 matrixes

Let A = . Then the determinant of A, is defined as

= .

= .

= .

= .

= .

Similarly, one can show that

Example3. 19: Find the determinant of the following matrices.

a) A =

detA =

= 2(6 - 0) - 1(0 -1) +3(0 - 2)

51
 =7

b) B =

detB =

= -2(9 - 4) + 1(0 - 8)
= -18
Question: Can you find the determinant of a square matrix of order four?
Another method for calculating the determinant of a 3x3 matrix is analogous to the method for
calculating the determinant of a 2x2 matrix: copy the first two columns of A to the right of the matrix
and take the product from the downward-sloping diagonals and attach minus signs to the products
from the upward-sloping diagonals.

This method gives

=
But this method is tedious for matrices of more than three. Other method has to be developed.

Laplace expansion method

Minor and cofactor
In our above three by three matrix one can form sub determinant of by deleting the first row and

first column of . The sub determinant formed is minor.

= = =

Where is the minor of , is the minor of , is the minor of . Thus the

determinant can be written as
= + (-1) +
52
In general , the symbol can be used to represent the minor obtaining by deleting the ith or jth

column of a given of a given determinant.

By computing minor for each of the elements of matrix we can replace the original matrix by
associated minor. The resulting matrix is minor matrix.

A closely related concept to the minor is cofactor. The cofactor denoted by is the minor with a

prescribed algebraic sign attached to it.

=(-1)i+j

The rule of sign is as follow. If the sum of the two subscripts i and j in the minor is even, then

the cofactor takes the same sign as the minor. If the sum of the two subscripts i and j in the minor

is odd, then the cofactor takes the opposite sign as the minor.

A cofactor matrix is a matrix in which every element of is replaced with its cofactor .

Example3.21: Find the minor and cofactor matrix for the following matrix?

a) A =

Minor of A= =

Cofactor of A = =

53
 b) B =

Minor of B= =

Cofactor of B = =

Definition: Let A = (aij)n x n be a square matrix and let Aij be the matrix obtained from A
by deleting the ith row and the jth column of A. Then the determinate of A is
defined as

detA =

= (-1)i+1aildetAil + (-1)i+2ai2detAi2 + (-1)i+3ai3detAi3 +…+ (-1)i+naindetAin using the

i-row expansion.

For i = 1, the determinant of A is defined to be

detA =

= all det A11 - a12 det A12 + a13 det A13 - … + (-1) 1+ n aln det aln
which is the first row expansion of determinant of A.

Cofactor method

detA =

= ailCil + ai2Ci2 + ai3Ci3 +….+ ainCin (using the i-row expansion)

54
 For our hypothetical case of 3x3 above

detA =

= a1lC1l + a12C12 + a13C13 (using row 1 expansion)

Note that: there is no restriction on the choice of row or column but computation is very simple if
the one with more zeros are selected.
Example:

Given A= find the determinant of A?

The determinant is found by lap lace expansion along the third column, as

= + + since and =0

Deleting row 2 and column 3 to find

=(-1)2+3 =(-1)( 12)(7)-7(6) =-42

Example: compute the determinant of the matrix

A= by

a) Cofactor expansion along the third row?

b) Cofactor expansion along the second column?
Solution: a) detA = + +

=2 -(-1) +3 =5

b) = + +

=-(-3) +0 -(-1) =5

Example3.20: Find the determinant of the following matrix.

55
 a) A =

detA = (Using first row expansion)

=
= 14

b) B =

det B = 3

= 3( 2 -1 + (-1) )

= 3[ 2(1 – 0) – (1 – 0) – (-3 – 0)]

= 12
Activity3. 11: Find the determinant of the following matrices.

a) A = b) B =

b) C = d) D =

Some properties of determinant

1. Let A= (aij) be a square matrix of order n. Then det At = det A.
Proof: Let A= (aij) be a square matrix of size n. Then At = (aji)n x n . Now let Aij be

56
 the matrix obtained from A by deleting the ith row and the jth column of
A. Hence

det A =

= (-1)i+1aij det Aji , where Aji is the determinant obtained from At by

deleting the jth row and the ith column.
= det At.
2. Let A = (aij) be a square matrix of size n. If B is a matrix obtained from A by
multiplying a row (or a column) of A by a constant k then
det B = k (det A).
3. Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then det (kA) = kn det A, for any k

4. Let A be a square matrix. If B is a matrix obtained from A by interchanging

two rows (or two columns) of A. Then
det B = -det A
5. If two rows (or two columns) of a square matrix A are identical then det A= 0.

6. Let A be a square matrix. If B is a matrix obtained from A by adding a constant multiple

of one row to another row (or a constant multiple of one column to another column)
then det B = det A .
7. Let A and B be square matrices of the same order.
Then det (AB) = (detA) (detB).

Activity3. 12: Let A = , B= and C =

a) Find det A, det B and det C.

b) What is the relation between detA and detB?
c) What is the relation between detA and detC?
d) What is the relation between detB and det C?

57
Activity3. 13:

1. Let A ,B= and C =

a) Find detA, detB and detC

b) What is the relation between detA and detB?
c) What is the relation between detB and detC?
d) Find det(AB), det(BC) and det(AC)

2: Evaluate the determinant of the following matrices.

a) A = b) C =

c) D = d) E =

3.6 Inverse of square Matrix Using Determinant

We have defined the inverse of a square matrix. In this section we are going to see how to find the
inverse of a matrix using determinants.

Definition: Let A be a square matrix. Matrix A is said to be singular if det A = 0 and

non-singular if det A
58
Definition: Let A be a square matrix of order nxn and Aij be a matrix obtained form A by
deleting the ith row and the jth column. The matrix B = (bij) n x n where
bij = (-1i + j)det Aij is called the cofactor matrix of A.

Definition: Let A be a square matrix. The adjoint of A, denoted by adj(A) is

defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix of A.

adj(A) = (cofactor of A)t

Example3.22: Let . Find the adj(A).

From the above example

Cofactor of A =

Hence adj(A) =

Theorem3.9: Let A = (aij) n x n be a square matrix. Then A (adj(A)) = (adj(A))A = (detA)In

Proof: Let the cofactor matrix of A be B. Then B = (bij) nxn where bij = (-1)i+j det Aij

Then the (ij)th element of A (Adj(A) = ABt

= (ai1, ai2, ai3,…,ain)(bj1,bj2, bj3, …,bjn)
= ai1bj1,+ ai2bj2 + ai3bj3 +…+ ain bjn .
=

Therefore, A (adj(A)) =

59
 = detA

= (detA)In

Corollary: Let A be a square matrix. If A is invertible then

adj(A)

Example23: i) Find the inverse of the following matrices, if the inverse exists.

a) A =

detA = =8

Cofactor of A =

Adj(A) =

Therefore, A-1 =

b) B =

det B = 5

Cofactor of A =

adj(A) =

B-1 =

60
 ii) For what values of x, the matrix A = is invertible?

Matrix A is invertible if detA 0.Therefore, let’s find detA.

detA =

= 2(x – 1) + x(x2 – 1) – 8(x – 1)

= (x–1) (2 + x(x +1) – 8)
= (x–1) (x2 + x – 6)
= (x–1) (x + 3) (x – 2)
Hence, detA 0 if (x – 1) (x + 3) (x – 2) 0.
Therefore A is invertible if x 1, x 2 and x -3.

Theorem3.10: Let A and B be square matrices of the same order. If A and B are invertible
then AB is invertible and (AB)-1 = B-1A-1

Proof: Since A and B are invertible matrices, det A 0 and det B 0 and hence
det (AB) 0. Then the product AB is invertible.

But (B-1A-1)(AB) = (B-1(A-1A)) B

= (B-1 I ) B
= B-1B = I
(AB) (B-1A-1) = (A (BB-1)) A-1
= (A I) A-1
= A A-1 = I
Therefore, by uniqueness of inverse
(AB)-1 = B-1A-1

Activity3. 14:
1. Evaluate the determinant of the following matrices

61
 a) A = b) B =

2. Let A and B invertible matrices of order n. Show that

a) adj (A-1) = (adjA)-1.

b) adj(AB) = (adjA) (adjB).
c) adj (adjA) = (detA)n-2 A.

3. Let A be an invertible matrix of order n. Then adj (kA) = kn-1(adjA) for any
.
4. Let A and B square matrices of size n. If B is invertible show that
det (In - B-1AB) = det (In - A)

3.7. Row Space and column space of a matrix and rank of matrix
62
If A is an mxn matrix over R, then we consider the row of A as vectors in R n. That is, each row of A
can be considered as a vector in R n and each column can be viewed as vectors in Rm. These rows
generate a subspace of Rn called row space of A. We denote it by R(A). this subspaces consists of all
linear combinations of the row of A. Similarly the columns of A can be viewed as vectors in R m, all
the linear combination of the columns of A constitute a subspace of Rm called column spaces of A.

Definition: Let A = (aij)m x n be a matrix over . Then the row vectors of matrix A are vectors in
and the column vectors of matrix A are vectors in . A=

The row space of matrix A is the subspace of generated by the row vectors A1,A2, A3,…, Am of
A. The rows of A
A1= (a11 ,a12 ,a13, ………… ..a1n )
A2= (a21 ,a22 ,a23, …………. .a2n )
A3= (a31 ,a32 ,a33, ………….. a3n )
Am= (am1 ,am2 ,am3, …………..amn )

Row space of A = { A1 + A2 + A3 + ... + Am} where .

A1= A2= A3 ------An=

The column space of matrix A is the subspace of generated by the column vectors
A1,A2, A3, …, An of A. Column space of A = { A1 + A2 + A3 + ... + An} where

Example3. 15: Let

63
 a) Then the row space of matrix A is a subspace of generated by the row vectors
A1= (2, -1, 3, 0), A2 = (1, -3, 2, 4) and A3 = (0, 2,1,-2).
Row space of A = .

b) The column space of matrix A is a subspace of generated (spanned) by the column

vectors A1 = (2,1, 0), A2 = (-1, -3, 2), A3 = (3, 2,1) and A4 = (0, 4, 2).
Column space of A =

Theorem3.6: Elementary row operations do not change the row space of a matrix. If A and B are
two matrix mxn equivalent matrices, then the row spaces of A and B are equal. That is if A and B
are row equivalent, then the rows of B are obtained from those of A by a finite number of the three
elementary row operations. Thus, each row of B is linear combinations of the rows of A and the row
spaces of A is contained in the row spaces of B.

It follow that a given A can be transformed to its reduced echelon form B, then the row space of A
and B are equal. Further more, the non-zero row vectors of a matrix in row reduced echelon form
constitute or are a basis for the row space of the matrix.

We may summarize the method used to find basis for the subspace V of R n given by V =span S is a
set of vectors in Rn. The procedures for finding a basis for the subspace V of R given by V=span S,
where S =(X1, X2, X3, X4………….Xn is a set of vectors in Rn that are given in row formis as follows.

Step-1; From the matrix A= whose rows are the given vectors in S.

Step-2; Transforms A to reduced row echelon form, obtaining the matrix B

Step-3; The nonzero rows of B form a basis for V.

Example Find a basis for the row space of the following matrices.

a) A =

To find a basis for the row space of a matrix, find the row echelon form of
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the give matrix.

A=

Therefore, B = {(1,-1, 0,1, 2), (0,1,2,1, 0,),(0, 0,1,-1,1), (0, 0, 0,1-1/3)} is a basis for the row
space of A.

b) A =

To find a basis for the row space of A, find the row echelon form of matrix A.

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 A=

Therefore, B = {(1, -2, 0, 0, 3), (0, 1, 3, 2, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1, -3/2} is a basis for the row space of
A.
Question: Can you find a basis for the column space of a give matrix?

Let A = .

Find a basis for the column space of A.

The column space of matrix A is the same as the row space of At. Therefore, to find a
basis for the column space A, find the row echelon form of At.

Activity3. 9: Find a basis for the row space of the following matrices.

a) A = b) B =

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 c) C = d) D =

Question: Can you define the dimension of the row space and the column space of a
given matrix?

We have already defined that dimension of certain matrix S of subspaces of Rn is the number of
vectors in a basis for S. It is the number of non zero rows in S
Theorem3.8: Let A = (aij)m x n be a matrix over .The row space of A and the column space
of A have the same dimension.

Proof: Let A= (aij)m x n and B = {B1,B2, B3, …, Bk } be a basis for the row space of A.
Then there exist scalars such that
A1 = c11B1 + c12B2 + c13B3 +…+ c1kBk
A2 = c21B1c+ c22B2 + c23B3 +… + c2kBk
A3 = c31B1 + c32B2 + c33B3 + … + c3kBk

Am = cm1B1 + cm2B2 + cm3B3 +…+ cmkBk.

Form this we have
A1j = c11b2j + c12b2j +…+ c1k bkj
A2j = c21b2j + c22b2j +…+ c2k bkj
A3j = c31 b1j + c32 b2j +…+ cmk bkj

Amj = cm1 b1j + cm2 b2j +…+ cmk bkj

Hence

Therefore, every column of A is generated by k vectors in and hence the dimension of

the column space of A is less than or equal to k.
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 By the same argument as above
Dim (row space of A) = Dim (column space of At)
Dim (row space of At)
= Dim (column space of A).
There fore, the row space of A and the column space of A have the same dimension.

Definition: Let A = (aij)m x n be a matrix over . The dimension of the row space of A is
called the rank of A and dimension of spaces A is called the column Rank of A.

Further more, the row rank and column rank of the mxn matrix A= are equal.

Rank is the maximum number of linearly independent rows that can be found in a matrix is rank if a
matrix. We can summarize the procedure for computing the rank of a matrix;
Step-1: Using elementary row operations, transform A to a matrix B in reduced row echelon
form.
Step-2: Rank A is the number of nonzero rows of B

Example3.17: Find the rank of the following matrices.

a) A =

A=

Hence B = {(1, 2,-1, 0), (0, 1, 2/3,-1/3), (0, 0, 1, 2)} is a basis for the row space of A.
Then the dimension of the row space of A is 3 and therefore, the rank of A is 3.

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 b) A =

A=

Hence B = {(1, 0, 1, 4), (0, 1, 1, 12), (0, 0, 0, 1)} is a basis for the row space of A. Therefore
the rank of A is 3.

Activity3.10:
Find the rank of the following matrices

a) A = b) A =

2. Find a basis for the subspace of generated by

a) W = {(1, -1, 0, 0), (-1, 0, 0,1), (1, 0, -1, 0), (0, 0, 1, -1)}
b) W = {(2, 1, -1, 0), (1, 2, -2,1), (-1, 0, 0, 2), (2,-1, 2,1)}

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 c)
Definition: the nullity of a matrix A is the dimension of its null spaces and it is denoted by
nullity(A). It is the same as the number of free variable in the solution.
The rank theorem: If A is an mxn matrix, the Rank (A) +Nullity (A) = N

Example
1. Find the nullity of each of the following matrices

a) M=

Solution
Since the two column of A are linearly independent, rank (M) =2. Thus, by the rank theorem,
nullity (M) =2-rank (M) =2-2=0.

b) Let N=

solution

By applying row operation the reduced form of a matrix is . Since there is only

two non-zero rows then rank (N) =2. Hence nullity (N) = 4- rank (A) = 4-2=2.
For square matrix, its rank can be found from analysis of determinants and it can be used to
determine whether the matrix is singular or nonsingular.

Theorem: An nxn matrix is nonsingular if and only if rank A= n

1. Determine the rank f the following matrices?

a) B= detB= -98. B is non singular and the rows and columns are linearly

independent. Hence rank of B=3

b) N= det N= 0.

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N is singular and the three and column are not linearly independent. Hence rank (N) = 3. Now test to
see if any two rows or columns are independent. Starting with the sub matrix in the upper left corner,

take the 2x2 determinant =60-(-18) =78 0.

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