Dr.

Bilal Ahmed Usmani

Islamic Online University

LECTURE 23: BASICS OF INTEGRATION

 INTEGRATION
Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points
and many useful things. But it is easiest to start with finding
the area under the curve of a function like this

What is the area under y = f(x) ?

 The integral of many
functions are well
known, and there are
useful rules to work out
the integral of more
complicated functions,
many of which are
shown here.
SOME BASIC RULES OF INTEGRATION
Table of Integration Formulas
FURTHER DEFINITE INTEGRATION
EXAMPLE
Evaluate using the Change of Limits Rule.
1 1
∫0 (1 + 2 x )4 dx
SOLUTION
First let u = 1 + 2x and therefore du = 2dx. When x = 0 we have u = 1 + 2(0) = 1.
And when x = 1, u = 1 + 2(1) = 3. Thus
1 1 3 1 1 1 3 −4
∫ dx = ∫ ⋅ du = u du
0 (1 + 2 x )4 1 u 4
2 2 ∫1
3
1 u −3 1 1 26 13
= ⋅ = − = = .
2 −3 1 − 6 ⋅ 33 − 6 ⋅13 162 81
THE SUBSTITUTION RULE FOR DEFINITE
INTEGRALS ln x
Compute
e
ln x x
Example ∫1 x dx.
The substitution t = ln x is suggested by
the function to be integrated. We have
x = 1 ⇒ t = 0 and x = e ⇒ t = 1.
1 e
e 1 1
ln x t2 ⎤ 1
Hence ∫ dx = ∫0 tdt = ⎥ = .
1
x 2 ⎦0 2
The area of the yellow domain is ½.
 Example
π

∫4
tan x sec 2 x dx
0
new limit Let u = tan x
1
∫0
u du du = sec 2 x dx
new limit
1 u (0 ) = tan 0 = 0
1 2
u ⎛π ⎞ π Find new limits
2 0 u ⎜ ⎟ = tan =1
1 ⎝4⎠ 4
2
Example

1
2 3
Let u = x 3 + 1 u (−1) = 0
∫ 3x x + 1 dx
−1
du = 3 x 2 dx u (1) = 2
1
2
∫ u 2
du
0

3 2
2
u 2
3 Don’t forget to use the new limits.
0
3
2
⋅ 22
3 2 4 2
= ⋅2 2 =
3 3
 PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
1:

2:

3:

4:

5:

6:
7:
Evaluate u = x2 + 1 du
1
du = 2x dx = dx
x ( x 2
+ 1) 3
dx 2x
∫
0 Note that there are no upper and lower
du
3 limits of integration.
= ∫ x (u )
2x We must determine new upper and
2
u4 ⎤ lower limits by substituting the old
= ⎥ ones in for x in u = x2 + 1
8 ⎦
1 Or, we could use the old limits if we
16 1 15 substitute x2 + 1 back in.
= − =
8 8 8 ⎤4 1

=
(x2
+ 1)⎥ =
16 1 15
− =
8 ⎥ 8 8 8
⎦0
 5
x u= 2x −1
Area = ∫ dx u 2 = 2x −1
2x −1 u2 +1
1 x=
2u du = 2 dx 2
u 2 + 1 (udu ) u du = dx
=∫
2u What limits are
3
1 1 ⎛ u 3
⎞⎤ we going to use?
2
(
2
)
= ∫ u + 1 du = ⎜⎜
2⎝ 3
+u⎟
⎟ ⎥
⎠⎦ 1
1 ⎡⎛ 27 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞⎤ 16
= ⎢⎜ + 3 ⎟ − ⎜ + 1⎟ ⎥ =
2 ⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠⎦ 3
Evaluate

Solution:
To evaluate this integral, let u = x2 + 1.
Then, you obtain
Before substituting, determine the new upper and lower limits of
integration.
 cont’d

Now, you can substitute to obtain

 cont’d

Notice that you obtain the same result when you rewrite the
antiderivative in terms of the variable x and evaluate the
definite integral at the original limits of integration, as shown below.
SYMMETRY IN DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Integrals of Symmetric Functions
Integration of Even and Odd Functions
If f is an even function, then
2
a a Ex. ∫ x 3
dx =0
∫ f ( x ) dx = 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx
−2
−a 0

If f is an odd function, then Odd or Even?

a

∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
−a
INTEGRALS OF EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
π
Problem Compute ∫ x 5 cos7 xdx.
Solution
−π
An odd function is
symmetric with respect
Observe that the function x 5 cos7 x is odd. to the origin.
Since the interval of integration is symmetric with
π
respect to the origin, ∫ x 5 cos7 x dx = 0.
−π
The definite integral from -a to a, in the case of the -a
function shown in this picture, is the area of the blue a
domain minus the area of the red domain. By symmetry
these areas are equal, hence the integral is 0.
Evaluate

Solution:
Letting f(x) = sin3x cos x + sin x cos x produces

f(–x) = sin3(–x) cos (–x) + sin (–x) cos (–x)

= –sin3x cos x – sin x cos x = –f(x).

 cont’d

So, f is an odd function, and because f is symmetric about the origin over [–π/2, π/
2], we can conclude that

Figure 4.41
 cont’d
Figure
From Figure, you can see that
the two regions on either side
of the y-axis have the same
area.
However, because one lies
below the x-axis and one lies
above it, integration produces
a cancellation effect.
EXAMPLES OF INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2: POWER RULE
EXAMPLE 3
 EXAMPLE 4:
MULTIPLICATION BY CONSTANT
EXAMPLE 5: SUM RULE
EXAMPLE 6: DIFFERENCE RULE
EXAMPLE 7: SUM, DIFFERENCE, CONSTANT
MULTIPLICATION AND POWER RULE
THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM
 MEAN VALUE THEOREM
FOR INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
CONSEQUENCES OF THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM
EXAMPLE 8:
!
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF
CALCULUS
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1

If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function

x
F (x ) = ∫ f (t )dt
a

has a derivative at every point in [a, b ], and

dF d x
= ∫ f (t )dt = f (x )
dx dx a
First Fundamental Theorem:
d x
∫ f (t )dt = f (x )
dx a

1. Derivative of an integral.

→
First Fundamental Theorem:

d x
∫ f (t )dt = f (x )
dx a

1. Derivative of an integral.
2. Derivative matches upper limit of
integration.
→
 First Fundamental Theorem:

d x
∫ f (t )dt = f (x )
dx a

1. Derivative of an integral.
2. Derivative matches upper limit of integration.
3. Lower limit of integration is a constant.

→
 First Fundamental Theorem:
d x
∫ f (t )dt = f (x )
dx a

New variable.
1. Derivative of an integral.
2. Derivative matches upper limit of integration.
3. Lower limit of integration is a constant.

→
The long way: First Fundamental Theorem:

d x
∫ cos t dt = cos x 1. Derivative of an integral.
dx − π

d 0
dx
( x
sin t −π) 2. Derivative matches upper
limit of integration.
d 3. Lower limit of integration
dx
(sin x − sin (−π ))
is a constant.
d
sin x cos x
dx
→
 1. Derivative of an integral.

d x 1 1
∫ 2
dt = 2. Derivative matches upper
dx 0 1+t 1 + x2 limit of integration.

3. Lower limit of integration is

a constant.

→
d x2
∫ cos t dt
dx 0

d 2
cos x( ) 2
⋅ x The upper limit of integration
dx
does not match the derivative,
( )
cos x 2 ⋅ 2 x but we could use the chain rule.

2 x cos x 2 ( )

→
 The lower limit of integration is not a
d 5
constant, but the upper limit is.
∫ 3t sin t dt
dx x
We can change the sign of the
integral and reverse the limits.
d x
− ∫ 3t sin t dt
dx 5

−3 x sin x

→
 Neither limit of integration is a
d x2 1 constant.
∫ t
dt
dx 2x 2+e We split the integral into two parts.
d ⎛ x2 1 0 1 ⎞ It does not matter what
dt + dt
dx ⎝ ∫0 2 + et ∫2 x 2 + et ⎟⎠
⎜ constant we use!

d ⎛ x2 1 2x 1 ⎞
dt − dt
dx ⎝ ∫0 2 + et ∫0 2 + et ⎟⎠
⎜ (Limits are reversed.)

1 1 2x 2
x2
⋅ 2x − 2x
⋅ 2 = 2 −
2+e 2+e 2+e x
2 + e2 x
(Chain rule is used.)
 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2
If f is continuous at every point of [a, b ] , and if F is any
antiderivative of f on [a, b ], then

b
∫ f (x )dx = F (b ) − F (a )
a

(Also called the Integral Evaluation Theorem)

We already know this!

To evaluate an integral, take the anti-derivatives and subtract.