Unit 4. Job Interview
Unit 4. Job Interview
A CV (or résumé in the USA) is a one or two page summary of your personal details,
education, skills, achievements, work experience and interests. The purpose of your CV is
to get an interview where you can sell yourself. A successful CV should be simple, concise
and easy to read. It should be written with the prospective job in mind:
A CV should include:
Some verbs are followed by -ING. These include admit, deny, dislike, feel like, give up, mind,
avoid, discuss, enjoy, finish, mention, practise, suggest, take up, miss, understand,
recommend.
Helpful tips: after a preposition, we usually use -ING. We can also use the -ING form as the
subject of a sentence.
− Verb + to + infinitive.
Some verbs are followed by TO + infinitive. These include advise, choose, help, afford,
decide, hope, agree, expect, invite, learn, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse,
seem, teach, tell, want, would like.
Some verbs are usually followed by an object + bare infinitive (without to). These include let,
make, help. Help is followed by to + infinitive or without to.
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Some verbs can be followed by either -ING or the full infinitive. With some verbs, the
meaning is the same or nearly the same. These include begin, continue, hate, like, love,
prefer, start.
English has sounds that are not found in other languages. Also, the sounds of English are
not always pronounced as they are spelled or shown in writing. Speakers of English as a
foreign language find it difficult to pronounce and recognize some sounds because in
connected speech sounds change and blend with each other, consonants and syllables get
lost or become almost inaudible, and the pronunciation of a word changes depending on
whether it is stressed or not.
− /ɜː/ (girl): When pronouncing this sound, your lips, tongue and jaw should be in a
relaxed position. These are some examples of words where you can find this sound:
shirt, were, burn, heard, bird.
− /əʊ/ (phone): To pronounce this sound, your mouth has to be relaxed and then you
have to move your lips to a round shape. You have to move your tongue up. These
are some examples of words where you can find this sound: boat, coat, rose, throw,
no, ago, sold, though, own, coast, both, most, owe.
− /eə/ (chair): To pronounce this sound, you need to open your mouth at first and then
relax your lips. You need to put the back of your tongue down a little and then relax
it. Examples where you can find this sound: share, wear, stairs, where, bear, care,
fair.
− Schwa /ə/ (computer): This vowel is used in unstressed syllables. You need to relax
your tongue and lips if you want to pronounce this sound correctly. These are some
examples of words where you can find this sound: away, waiter, actor, until.
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3. Words you need: work vocabulary.
I work for a large European company. Trabajo para una gran empresa europea.
Let's hear from different workers. They are going to tell us about their jobs:
Kevin: I'm an office worker in an insurance company. It's a nine-to-five job with regular
working hours. We all have to clock in / clock on and clock out / clock off every day.
Tania: I work in a factory. I work in shifts. I may be on the day shift one week and the night
shift the next week.
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Martha: I work in an advertising agency. I commute to work every day, like thousands of
other commuters. I like going to the office and working with other people, but working from
home using a computer and the Internet is becoming more popular: it's called teleworking
or telecommuting.
My work involves...
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Session 2. Job ads.
1. What to say.
1.1. Job ads.
What is the first thing people do when they are looking for a job? They usually take a look at
the job vacancies section of the newspaper, or they surf the Internet in order to look for job
ads. Did you know that space in newspapers is expensive? Some of the most common
terms used in job advertisements are abbreviations, that is why some people find job ads
rather confusing.
Ref. Reference.
Req'd. Required.
Avail. Available.
Sal. Salary.
Info. Information.
Mgr. Manager.
Wk. Week.
Mo. Month.
Yr. Year.
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1.2. Writing a covering letter.
Once you find a job you're interested in, you need to submit your CV to the company in
question. The letter of application you send with your CV is sometimes called a covering
letter. It is usually the first direct contact between a candidate and an employer, so make
sure it is well-written and presented. It should normally contain 3-4 paragraphs.
Remember to:
Useful language:
− If you do not know the person's name start with Dear Sir/ Madam and finish with
Yours faithfully.
− If you know the person's surname Dear Mr/Ms/ Mrs López and finish with Yours
sincerely.
Layout/style:
− Put your address in the top right-hand corner with the date underneath.
− Put the name and address of the person you are writing to on the left.
− Don't use contractions.
− Write your full name under your signature.
− Put I look forward to hearing from you if you would like a reply.
It is very important you understand the difference between countable and uncountable
nouns.
− Countable nouns refer to things we can count and therefore, they can take the plural
form and can go with a number before them.
• 3 boys, 6 tables, 2 jobs.
− There are a few plural quantifiers which are only used with countable, plural nouns.
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• Many students, few minutes, a few friends, several books.
− Uncountable nouns refer to things we cannot count, so they cannot take the plural
form.
• Music, wine, time, information, advice, water.
− Only a few singular quantifiers can go with the uncountable nouns.
• Little money, a little time, much water.
− Note that while some nouns are countable in other languages, they are usually
uncountable in English.
• Furniture, news, accommodation, advice, luggage, trouble, work, toast.
− Therefore, these nouns cannot be used in the plural form in English, but they need a
determiner before them to be used in plural.
• They gave me two pieces of advice.
• I have bought three new pieces of furniture for my living room.
− We have also to notice that some nouns can be either countable or uncountable,
depending on the context in which they are used.
• I went to the supermarket to buy two cheeses. / Can I have some cheese,
please?
• I bought some coffee from El Salvador last week. / Can I have two black
coffees, please?
• They grow very good wines in the south of Spain. / I would like some red wine,
please.
2.1. Quantifiers 1.
− Lots of, a lot of, plenty of. They are used with countable or uncountable nouns and
are normally used in affirmative sentences. They mean: muchos / muchas in the
plural or mucho / mucha in the singular form.
• A lot of / Lots of students / books / ideas.
• A lot of / Plenty of / lots of sugar / water / information.
• She has got a lot of brothers. There are plenty of students here.
− Many is used with countable nouns, and much is used with uncountable nouns.
They are normally used in questions or negative sentences. Many: muchos /
muchas. Much: mucho / mucha.
• She hasn't got many problems / children. There aren't many students here.
• We haven't got much information / water / time / money.
− Little and few imply negative ideas. Little means not much, poco / poca and it is
used with uncountable nouns. Few means not many, pocos / pocas and it is used
with countable nouns.
• There is little time, hurry up! She is quite poor; she has got little money.
• There are few people in the street because it is really cold now.
− A little and a few are more positive ideas. A little means some, un poco / una poca
and it is used with uncountable nouns. A few also means some, unos pocos / unas
pocas and it is used with countable nouns.
• Don't worry, we have a little time. (This means they have some time.)
• I have got a few friends in Seville to visit next weekend. (This means I have
some friends.)
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Some pronouns which are derived from the determiners above are:
Covering letters, cover letters or letters of application are formal letters. Some of the most
frequently used expressions you may need when writing a formal letter are.
− Opening sentences.
• I saw your advertisement in ....
• I have seen / read your advertisement in ....
• I am writing about the advert in ....
• I would like to apply for the vacancy advertised in ...
• Please consider my application for the post of ... advertised in ...
− Body sentences.
• As you can see from my curriculum, ...
• I studied...
• I have been working as a ... for ....
• I like ... (travelling, working with people, using computers, ...)
• Please find enclosed CV and recent photograph.
− Closing sentences.
• I hope you will grant me an interview.
• I hope you consider me for an interview.
• I look forward to an interview.
• I would be available for an interview at any time.
• I can supply you with the name of 3 references.
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• Please contact me if you need any further details.
• I look forward to hearing from you soon.
− Addresses.
• Your address: it should be written in the top right-hand corner of the letter.
• The address of the person you are writing to it should be written on the left,
starting below your address.
− Date.
• You can write the date on the right below the address you are writing to.
Formal emails and letters have the same basic structure. However, there are some
differences that you have to be aware of.
− Mr is the abbreviation for Mister. It is used before a man's name. The plural form is
Messrs. Mr is used sometimes before the position a person holds.
• Yes, Mr President / Chairman.
− Mrs is the abbreviation for Mistress. It is used before a married woman's name, and
it is pronounced /misiz/.
• Mrs Blanco is receiving visitors.
− Ms is written before a woman's name, but we do not specify if she is married or not.
It is pronounced as /miz/.
• I sent an e-mail to Ms Swam yesterday.
− Miss is used before the name of a woman who is not married or who is not using her
husband's surname. It is also used for girls. It is pronounced /mis/. In some schools,
students call "Miss" their women teachers.
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• Good evening, Miss Haynes.
• I love Miss White’s lessons.
− You use all the above titles in spoken or written form to refer to people in a polite
way or when you do not know them well.
− Sir is the title used when we don't know the name of a man. Note that it is used
alone. It is used in commercial and official letters. The plural form is "Sirs or
Gentlemen". Sir is also used in schools by students to refer to their male teacher, by
shop assistants and waiters.
• Dear Sir: (American style) Dear Sir, (British) - salutation in letters.
• What would you like to drink, sir?
− Madam is used to refer to a woman when we don't know her name. It is used as a
salutation in official and business letters. In speech, it is used by shop assistants
and waiters.
• Dear Madam,...
• Can I help you, madam?
− Dr. is the title for Doctor and Prof. is the title for Professor.
3.3. Dates.
When we write a formal letter, we have to write the date on the right, under the address of
the person we are writing to. How do we write it, though?
The British write the day followed by the month and then the year. They use both the cardinal
and the ordinal number for the day.
The Americans write the month first and then the day. They put a comma between the day
(using the ordinal number) and the year. This can be more confusing when filling forms
because dates are written as series of numbers.
American style: 8.9.1976 8/9/1976 Aug. 9th, 1976 (Month + Day + Year.)
− Pronunciation.
• Dates can be written in different ways, but they share the same
pronunciation. We always say "the" before the day. Americans sometimes
pronounce it "August nine".
▪ August the ninth / the ninth of August.
• The day of the week is usually mentioned before the date itself.
▪ What date is today? It's Friday the ninth of August / It's Friday August
the ninth.
• The year is usually mentioned after the day and month.
▪ I was born on the ninth of August, nineteen seventy six.
− On.
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• In British English you say that something happens on a particular day.
▪ I got married on Sunday 4th September.
• Americans sometimes leave out "on".
▪ I got married Sunday September 4th.
− The 19...'s.
• When you refer to the 1960's -sixties- , you are referring to the years between
1960 and 1969. You can also specify by saying the early 80's (eighties: 1980-
85) or the late 70's (seventies: 1975-79)
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Session 3. Recruitment process.
1. What to say.
1.1. Successful job interviews.
What do you think is the key to a successful job interview? Can you think of any interesting
pieces of advice tu succeed at job interviews? Let's read a text about this interesting topic
and then do the exercise.
During the first few minutes of the interview, job interviewers will 'break the ice' to help you
feel comfortable. They will ask you about the weather or how you arrived to the job interview.
'Breaking the ice' is an important way to begin the job interview, but it shouldn't take too
long. Make sure to give positive, but not too detailed answers to these 'ice breakers'.
Sometimes, you may have found about a job opportunity through a third person. If this is
the case, make sure to use the name of this person to your best advantage by mentioning it
at the beginning of the interview.
• Mention the name of the third person at the beginning of the interview.
Ideally, this should be done when asked about how you found the job
opening.
• Provide the name of the third person. Don't go into too much detail about
the relationship, unless asked.
• Give the name of the third person only once. Don't continue to repeat the
name during the interview.
• Don't assume the job interviewer knows the person you are mentioning.
− Language.
Talking about your job experience and how it relates to the specific job for which you are
applying are the two most important tasks during any job interview. Make sure to use lots of
descriptive verbs and adjectives to describe your responsibilities. For example, instead of
the following job description: I talked to customers about their problems. A more
descriptive sentence with better vocabulary might be: I counseled customers documenting
their concerns, and coordinating our response to their individual needs.
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• Whether we use a or an with a word depends on the sound, not the spelling.
• An honest person, an hour BUT a university, a uniform.
− THE (definite article): we use it with:
• Countable nouns (specific): Let's go to the new theatre.
• Plural countable nouns (specific): I found the keys you lost.
• Uncountable nouns (specific): He gave them the money and then left.
− NO ARTICLE (zero article): we use it with:
• Plural countable nouns (general): Do newspapers have a future?
• Uncountable nouns (general): You should eat fresh fruit every day.
− SPECIAL RULES:
The Earth, the world, the sky, the moon, the sun.
A title without a name (the President of the company, the King, the
Prime Minister).
THE Groups of people (the army, the navy, the police, the Germans, the
English).
People.
Part of a larger group (One of the students was absent).
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2.1. Verb or adjective + preposition.
Here are some examples of verbs and adjectives which are usually followed by a specific
preposition. You will probably be familiar with most of them, but do you always get the
preposition right? Pay special attention to the prepositions that are different in your
language.
− Verb + preposition.
• She often listens to the radio in the morning.
• I never agree with my friends about politics.
• He got married to a German girl.
• We may go to the park today. It depends on the weather.
• Don't worry about your exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
• She applied for a job last week.
• I never write emails to my friends. I always phone them.
• This book belongs to Mark.
• I never think about the future.
• He spends a lot of money on clothes.
• I never borrow money from friends.
• If you don't know how to do the exercise, ask for help.
• I am waiting for the bus.
• When was the last time you talked to a friend about your problems?
• She told me she works as a secretary. I think she works for a multinational
company.
• I can't concentrate on anything at the moment.
− Adjective + preposition.
• He was never very good at sport.
• She's afraid of spiders.
• I'm very interested in architecture.
• She's similar to her sister, but very different from her brother.
• My sister is very worried about her exams right now.
• The park is full of rubbish.
• My boyfriend is very bad at remembering anniversaries.
• There is something wrong with this DVD.
2.2. Difficult consonant sounds (for speakers of English as a foreign language).
− /h/ (house): When pronouncing this sound, make the gap at the back of your mouth
small. These are some examples of words where you can find this sound: hose, help,
house, heart, who.
• Common spellings: H (hand), WH (who). NOTE: The letter H is sometimes
silent: hour, honest.
− /w/ (work): To make this sound, you have to put your lips round and forward and then
relax them. These are some examples of words where you can find this sound: what,
when, quick, one, witch.
• Common spellings: W (water), WH (which).
− /j/ (yes): When pronouncing this sound, make the gap at the top of your mouth small.
Move your tongue down to open the gap and move your jaw down a little. These are
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some examples of words where you can find this sound: player, cure, year, Europe,
your.
• Common spellings: Y (yellow), I (view), E (euro), U (union).
− /ʃ/ (shop): To make this sound, you have to put the tip of your tongue curved behind
your teeth. These are some examples of words where you can find this sound:
shoes, cash, wish, sugar.
• Common spellings: SH (finish), S (sugar), SS (Russian), TI (nation), C
(ocean).
− /dʒ/ (jazz): To make this sound, you have to put your tongue behind your teeth and
then release the air. These are some examples of words where you can find this
sound: July, jaw, age, garage, judge.
• Common spellings: J (judge), G (gesture), GE (village).
− /s/ followed by another consonant at the beginning of a word: school, student,
Spain, stairs, stone, start, stop, etc.
3. Words you need: interview questions.
3. What are your strengths / weaknesses? ¿Cuáles son sus puntos fuertes / débiles?
5. Why are you interested in working for ¿Por qué está interesado o interesada en
our company? trabajar en nuestra empresa?
6. What type of position do you think you ¿Para qué tipo de trabajo cree que está mejor
are suited for / would suit you? cualificado o cualificada?
7. What aspects of the position are you ¿Qué aspectos del trabajo le interesan más /
most/least interested in? menos?
11. What did your job involve? ¿En qué consistía su trabajo?
12. What do you think you gained by En su opinión, ¿qué aprendió en su anterior
working in your last job? trabajo?
13. What are your salary requirements? ¿Cuáles son sus expectativas salariales?
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14. How do you feel about your future in ¿Cuáles son sus perspectivas de futuro en la
the profession? profesión?
17. Do you prefer working alone or with ¿Prefiere trabajar solo/a o con otras personas
other people as part of a team? en equipo?
18. Do you think you have the ability to be ¿Cree que tiene la capacidad de liderar un
a team leader? equipo?
Competent. Competente.
Enthusiastic. Entusiasta.
Flexible. Flexible.
Loyal. Leal.
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Tactful. Diplomático o diplomática, discreto o discreta.
Arrange. Organizar.
Collaborate. Colaborar.
Coordinate. Coordinar.
Counsel. Asesorar.
Create. Crear.
Develop. Desarrollar.
Improve. Mejorar.
Manage. Dirigir.
Motivate. Motivar.
Organize. Organizar.
Prepare. Preparar.
Programme. Programar.
Review. Revisar.
Supervise. Supervisar.
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