First Order Linear Partial

Diffe rent ial Equations

t> 2.1. INTRODUCTION

Partial differentia l equations of first order may be linear or non-linear . In this chapter, we
shall discuss the methods to find th e solution of partial differentia l equations of th e first order
and linear in p and q.

[;> 2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOLUTIO N OR INTEGRA L OF PA RTIAL

DIFFERE NTIAL EQUATIONS

A function which satisfies a given partial differ ential equation is said to be its solution or
integral. There are four types of solutions of a partial differentia l equation.

(a) Complet e Integral or Complete Solution

If from th e partial differentia l equation f (x, y, z, p , q) = 0, a relation F (x, y, z, a, b) = 0 is
obtained, which contains as many arbitrary constants as there are independent variables in the
partial differential equation, then F(x,y, z, a, b ) = 0 is called Complete Integral or Complete
Solution of the given partial differentia l equation.
Geometrically, the complete integral represents a two parameter family of surfaces.
(b) Particula r Integral or Particula r Solution
Ifwe assign particular values to arbitrary constants a , bin the complete integral, then the
solution obtained is called Particula r Integral or Particula r Solution .
(c) General Integral or General Solution
Let F(x , y, z, a, b) = 0 be the complete solut ion of a p artial differenti al equation
( (x,y, z, p, q ) = 0.

If b - ~ (a ), t hen F (x, y , z, a, $(a))= 0 represents on e of the fomiliC's of surfncC's ~1,·en by

F(x,y, z, a , b) 0. Th e relation bctween x, y and '? obtained by eliminatin g nrbitrnl') con~rnnt 'a'
a, cp(a)) - 0 an<l ?F - 0 i~ cnllC'd n Gt•nN ·al Integral tW
tx.•tw,,,.11 th <• <•qua ti oni; F'(x, y, i-,
,1a
G,meraJ Sol ution of tlw parlin l diffPt'Pll tin l t>qun t ion /tr, v. :: ,p, q) 0, pn\\ tdPd it sntisfies the
1: 11uatio11
[ill~-- -~---- -----~ -~~-- - ~•-•A_R_TIAL DJFft}RENTfAL E(JUATIO!IJI
hm ,_, sct'n in Art. 1.6. thaL if two functions u and u of x, Y, z are connected by the
\\ l'

relntwn {(u, 11) - O, then by eliminating/w e can obtain a differential equation of the form

Pp + Qq = R.
Obviously, solution of this equation is f (u , v) = 0 which we call the general integral or
gcn<'ral solution of the differential equation.

(d) Singular Integral or Singular Solution

Let F (x,y, z, a, b) = Obe the complete solution of the given partial differential equation
f(x,y,z, p, q) = 0. The relation betweenx, y and z obtained by eliminating the arbitrary constants
'a' and 'b' between the equations

F(x, y, z, a, b) = 0' aF =0 aF =0
aa ' ab

is called Singular Solution or Singular Integral of the partial differential equation

f(x,y, z, p, q) = 0, provided it satisfies the given equation. The singular solution may or may not
be contained in the complete solution of the given partial differential equation.

( 9'{_ote : )
The relation obtained by eliminating a, b between the equations

F =0, aF =0 aF =0
aa ' ab
is also said to be envelope of the complete integral F(x y z a b) - o Th · gu1 1 · •
envelope of the complete integral. ' ' , ' - . us, sm ar so ution is the

► 2.3. SOLUTION OF LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS BY DIRECT

INTEGRATION

Before proceeding on to study the various methods fo . .

equations, we first solve the differential equatio b di r ~olvmg t~e lmear partial differential
place of constant of integration we will have th n ~-t rect mte~atwn, keeping in view that in
1
integration. ' ear rary function of variable kept constant in

Th e method will become clear from the following solved examp1es :

f Example 1. I
82 u
Solve - - = e- 1 cos x IM.D. U. 2012]
oxat
FIRST ORmm LINl<:An l'ARTIAI. DIFl'.''lmENTJAL (<~<lUATIONS
[TI]
Solution. 'l'hcghcn d1ffercntiul cqualion is

a2u = e- t COS X
axct

or ! (:) = e- t COS X

Integrating w.r.t. x keeping t constant, we have

au
= e- t sin x + q>(t)
at

[Constant of integration is arbitrary function oft]

Again integrating w.r.t. t, we have

u = - e- t sin x + f$ (t) dt + \jl (x)

or u = - e-t sin x + F(t) + \jl(x), where F(t) = f$ (t) dt.
I Example 2. I
a2 z 8z
Solve -
cy
- z = 0 given that when y =0, z =eX and - = e-x .
2
cy
Solution. Here z is a function of x and y.
:. Constants will be taken as function of x

Thus the solution is z = $ (x) eY + \jl (x) e-Y ... (1)

Now wheny = 0, z = eX

:. From (1), ... (2)

When y = 0 -
az = e- x
' ay
Differentiating (1) w.r.t.y, we have

... (3)

Putting y = 0 and 8,: : e-x in (3), we have

oy
(' l = q>(x) - \1/(,r)
 11
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

ex + e-x
Soh-ing(2) und (4), we h ave ~ (x) = = cosh x
2

eX - e- X
'I' (x) = - - - = sinh x
2
From (1), the solution is z = eY cosh x + e-Y sinh x.

C 9\pte :)
Had z been a function of y alone, then auxiliary equation is D2 - 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 1

Solution is cieY + c2e-Y, where c1, c2 are arbitrary const ants.

' 1 ·-~- ---,

► 2.4. STANDARD FORM OF LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST

ORDER

A linear partial differential equation of first order of the form Pp + Qq = R , where P, Q, R

are functions of x, y, z is called Lagrange's linear equation.

► 2.5. SOLUTION OF LAGRANGE'S LINEAR EQUATION

In Art. 1.6, by eliminating arbitrary functionffromf (u , v) = 0, we obtained the partial

differential equation
Pp +Qq =R ...(1)

where
P= au_ av_av _au
ay az ay az

R- au av au av
- ax·ay-cy·ax
Thu s, clearly ( (u, v) = 0 is the general integral of(l).
We h ave to find u and v in order to goL Lh c solution .
u (x, y 1 z) -. a ... (2)
Let
v(x,y,7) b ... (3)

where a and bare arbitra1-y consLanls.

1-'IHST ()Hl)t-"H LINt:,,u P,\H 11 \I. J>IFl•'l•:nEN 1'1/\1. EClfJA'J'IONS

l1ifTcre1,tiating (2) and (3), we have

au dx + -au dy + -au dz= 0

-
ax &y az

and -
ov dx + -av dy + -av dz= 0
ax oy az
Solving the above equations, we have

dx dy dz
au av av au =- a-
av----
au-- u-- =au-av- -au
av -
-av
-- - - - --
oyaz &yaz azax axaz axoy &yax
dx dy dz ... (4)
i.e., P = Q =R
Thus we see, u = a and v = b satisfy (4). Solve (4) for u = a and v = b.
Thus the solution of the given equation is written as f (u, v) = 0.
Equa tion (4) from which u and v are determined is called Lagrange's auxiliary
equation or subsidiary equation.

C 9{pte .. )
General solution is written in one of the form f (u , v) = 0 or v =f(u) .

working Rule to Solve Pp + Qq = R:

Step 1. Write the equation as Pp + Qq = R and find P, Q, R by comparing the given
equation with Pp + Qq = R.

. d h L ' ·1· t· dx
S tep 2. Wnte own t e agrange s auxi 1ary equa 10n p =Q dz .
dy = R

Step 3. So]ve the auxiliary equation obtained in step 2.

Let u(x, y, z) =a and v(x, y, z) =b be two independent solutions ofit.
Step 4. General solution or integral of the given equation can be written as
f(u , v) =O or v=f(u).
 1
J>AftTIAL DJF'FERJ,;NTIAL EQ

SOLVED EXAMPLES

'l'nu.' I:

' Example 1. I
Solve yzp + zxq = xy. [K.U. 2017, 16, 13, 05; M.D.U. 2016)
Solution. The given equation is yzp + zxq = xy
Comparing it with Pp + Qq = R, we have
P = yz, Q = zx and R = xy

dx dy dz
Subsidiary equations are =- =
p Q R

dx dy dz
i.e., = = ... (1)
yz zx xy

Taking th€ first two members of (1), we have

dx dy
= i.e., xdx=ydy
y X

Integrating,

or x 2 - y 2 = a, where a= 2c 1
Taking the last two members of(l), we have

dy dz
= i.e., y dy = z dz
z y

y2 22
Integrating, = - + c2
2 2
or 2 2
Y -z =b, where b = 2c 2
ThuR we have oLtain ed u(x, y, z) = a and v(x, y, z) = b
Here u = x2 - y 2 and u - y 2 - z/l

.. General solution 1p, ffa'2 - y 2 ,y'l. .z'l.) = o.

The solution may Le writ11•11 HA u ((11)

i.e., y 2 -z'l. /h '1i-J,~).

f'lRS1' muum l l~~Al{ P\ln'I \lADIFFERENTJAI, EQUATIONS
l 2.1
(·~
h ~\ho, t' t', ampl~. one of the variables cancels out from the fractions taken from (1 ), which make it
(~~lt'r for us to integrnte the fractions.
"(' giw fow more example of above type and then proceed with other examples, in which other
n)l'thods will be illustrated to solve these fractions to find u and u.

I Example 2. I
Solve p la!£ x + q tan y = tan z. [M.D. U. 2013]

Solution. The given equ,ation is p tan x + q tan y = tan z.

Comparing it with Pp + Qq = R, we have
P = tanx, Q = tany and R = tanz

Subsidiary equations are dx = dy = dz

p Q_ R
dx dy dz
... e.. = ----- ... (1)
tan X tan y tan z

Taking first two fractions of (1), we have Taking last two fractions of (1), we have
dx dy dy dz
= =
tanx tan y tan y tanz
or cot x dx = cot y dy or cot y dy = cot z dz
Integrating, Integrating,
log sin x = log sin y + log a (say) log sin y = log sin z + log b (say)

sin x
or 1og-_- =loga or log s~ y = log b
smy sm z

smx b = s~n y
a= - . -
smy Slil Z

Thus the general . .

AO}tltJOn JF; f (sin sin yl = 0.
-.-x , -:---
Hm y srn z

{ Example 3. l
Solve p + 3q = z + cot (y - a:d. II, ll. 20 l'\ !II i>. l' •~()Ii. LO. Oti]
Solution. The given differential cq un I um iH p •I ;J,1 z I e11l ( ,• - :fr)
 PAKTIAL IJIJ<'FERtJN'I IAI .. EQU ATlO ~

Com p:n·i ng tt "ith Pp+ Qq -= R, we have

p = l, Q = 3 and R = z + cot (y - 3x)
L,,grunge'::-- subs idiar y equa tions are
dx dy dz
=-=-
p Q R
dx dy dz
T = 3 = z + cot (y - 3x)
Taki ng first two mem bers of (1), we h ave
3dx = dy
Integ ratin g, y - 3x = a ... (2)
Taki ng first and last fract ions of (1), we have

dx dz
= ------
1 z + cot (y - 3x)

or dx dz
= - -- [Using (2)]
1 z + cot a
Integ rating, x = log I (z + cot a ) I + b
or x - log I (z + cot a ) I= b ... (3)
From (2) and (3), the gene ral solu tion is
f (y - 3x , x - log I z + cot (y - 3x) I) = 0,
whe refis any arbi trary function.

/ Typ e II: I
In the following examples, one of the integ ral from subs
idiar y equa tion can be obta ined as
in the prev ious exam ples, whe reas for findi ng othe
r integ ral we shal l mak e use of the first
integ ral.

f Example 4. I
Solve z(xy + z 2 ) (px- qy) = x4.

Solu tion . The give n equation is z(xy + z 2) (px -

x4 qy) =
or zx (xy + z 2 ). p - yz (xy + ??.)q = .,· 1
Here I-'= xz(x y + z 2 ), Q = - y.i(xy I z2 ), R ., 1
dx dy d.
Subs idiar y Pquation nrc
p Q H
cl.>.: cl11 ,lz
i.e., -- -- - =-
xz (xy r zi)
~= -, ... (1)
- yz (:\)' z.. ) .r
1
 FIRST OROlrn I INJ.;AR PARTIAL J>IFFEHEN'l'IAI. E(ltTATIONS I 2.9 I
Frnm tlw fir~t two fr,,cltonH of (I), WP hnvc

d\' dy
.r.. <.w + z 2
) - - yz (xy + z )
2

dx dy
or -=- [By cancelling z (xy + z 2 ) in denominator]
X y

1ntt'gratmg, log x = - logy + log a

log xy = log a
1:e.. a= xy ... (2)

Takingfu·st and last fractions of(l), we have

dx dz ... (3)
2 =4
xz(xy + z ) x
which is not easy to integrate as such. Here we shall make use of (2) in (3).
dx dz [xy = constant a]
From (3), 2 4
xz(a + z ) - x

dx dz
or 2 = 3
z(a+z ) x

or x 3 dx = (az + z 3 ) dz

4 2 4
x az z
Integrating, - = --+-+c
4 2 4
... (4)
x 4 = 2az 2 + z 4 + b (say)
or
Putting a= xy in (4), we have
... (5)
x 4 - 2xyz2 - z2 =b
From (2) and (5), the general solution is
f (xy, x 4 - 2xyz 2 - z 2 ) = 0.

' Example 5. I [K.U. 20141

Solve z(p - q) = zi + (x + y) 2 •

Solution. The gjven equation may bP wrillen as

1u f/7 z2 + (x ·I y)i

Comparrng it with Pp I Qq H, wP l111v<'

J' z, 'l = -z, H = zw IJ
I ( \" I y ..
)"

d.>. dy ti·
Subsidiary equations Ul'C l' = ci I{
\
r
PJ\Jll lAL DIJ. PEflJ,:N'rfAf, EQUATI

dz
i.r ..
z
= -z z 2 +(x t y) 2
••• ( I J

'l'Rking tlw li.r::-t hHl fractions of (1),

dx =-dy
lnkgra1 ing. X =-y+a
()l' +y =a X •.•(2J
l'aking the 2nd and 3rd fractions of(l),
dy dz
-=
- z 2
z + (x + y)
2

dz
or dy = - z 2 2 [Using(2J]
z +a

Integrating,
fdy 1
= -- f ----=--dz+c
2z
2 z2 + a 2
1 2
l.e., + a 2) + c
y =-
2 log (z
or 2y = - log (z 2 + a 2 ) + log b (say)

or 2y = log b
2
z + a2
b = e2Y (z 2 + a 2 ) = e2Y [z 2 + (x + y) 2]
Hence the solution is e2Y [z 2 + (x + y )2] = f (x + y ).

/ Typem:I
In the following examples, the multipliers P 1, Q1, R1 are chosen in such a way so that by
Algebra we are in a position to write subsidiary equation as
dx dy dz P1dx+Q 1dy+R 1dz
p = Q =R = ppl + QQl + RRl
where

This gives us P 1dx + Q1dy + R1dz = 0.

This equation can be integrated to get one solution as a= u(x, y, z).
The other integral can be obtained either by methods discussed in examples already solved
or by choosing another set of multipliers.

f Example 6. I
S olve x(y2 - z 2)p -y(z2 + x2 )q c:a .zfa..2 + y). IK ll. ?0/6, 10; M .D.ll :'0l.'1,14, 0!); C.D.l.. ll. ::01~J
Solution. Compadllg Orn given Pqu ul1011 wit h Pp I qq H, \\t' hmt•
fl =..t (y:l -z:.l• ), q =- y( z2 t- .,...'') , I'\ ::i -l., •I t- 1 •I l
 FIH S'f OlU)J~H 1 INl<' AH PAU l'Jr\l
Hll◄' ),'l•' ltl~N' l' IAJJ 1-'!(llJA'l'fONH I 2.11 I

d., dy dz
= R
P Q
dy dz
- = -z-(x_2_+_y_2_)
- -+-x2) ... (1)
=- -y(z2
.\(." 2 - z2)

whid1 may be" ritt en as

= dy dz x dx + y dy + z dz
dx
2 2 - y(z 2 + x 2 ) = z(x + y ) =
2 2 0
x(y - z )
vd:ud1 giYes x d.."(, + y dy + z dz = O I
Inte gra ting ,
/
x2 y2 2
2
... (2)
- + - + 2- =c i.e., x 2 +y 2 +z 2 =a
2 2
1 - 1 - 1 as, ,
. h d.
l, cho
.
osrn g -, - , - ano the r set of mul tipl iers , we hav e
T o ohtarn t e secon rnte gra X y Z

from (l),
1 1 1
- dx - - dy - - dz
dy X y Z
dx = - - - - -2= =- --_ ;;__ _ __
2 0
x(y 2
- z 2
) - y(z 2 + x ) z(x 2 + y )

1 1 1
- dx - - dy - - dz =0
whicb. giv es X y Z

k tegr atin g, log x - log y - log z = log b

X X
log - = log b ⇒ b= -
or yz yz

Hen ce the gen era l solu tion is I

~ (x 2
+y +z
2 2
J --=-)
yz
= 0.

Irfyp e rv: I
P1__
dz = ___;;, Q 1dy+
dx + __ R 1dz w 11ere p L. ·Q , R 1 ari' ~l
"l!ll "'
'd' . are -dx - dy
- = - __ _ 1 ~·

u s1 rnry <,;quatw ns
1Sb
p - Q R PP1 + QQ 1 + RR 1

way thn t P 1dr + Q 1<fr ➔ R1d z 1~ t... ~.w

t ditl eren tinl oi
fun ctio n1 of x, y, z cho s,:u in :mc l, n
• ll t' il',. •v
P1dx t Q 1tly t H 1£1. iH nq 11nlt-d with f,l utL l, t\ tnw twn l' nnx lhl_,
1 •

Pp 1 + QQ 1 + HJ( 1. 'J'lwn Vl' i (lQ -f HH '

1 1 1

1,,,, nnd gPI I i11g mtt • of tlw ~o lul ton

equ atio n io mak e thr; integ1·nOn11 s i,11p
 PAH'l'IAL UIJ. Vl<~U ENTJAL ECWATfONs

( Example 7. )

[C.D.L.U. 2016; MDU. 20051

~olni ion. Com poring the given equation with Pp + Qq = R, we have
p = x2 - y2 - z2' Q = 2.xy' R = 2xz
l..agTangc's subsidiary equations are

dx dy dz
=-=-
x2 -y2-z2 2xy 2xz ... (1)
1
Taking 2nd and 3rd fractions of (1),

dy = dz dy = dz
i.e.,
2xy 2xz y z
Integrating, logy = log z + log a

a= 1....
z ... (2)

From (1), dx dy dz x dx + y dy + z dz
x2 _ y2 -z2 = - =- = ----;:;----;::----'--::----=----=----
xy 2 - xz 2 + 2xy 2 + 2xz 2
3
2xy 2xz x -

or dx dy dz
2 2 2 = - = - = x dx + y dy + z dz
X -y -z 2xy 2xz x (x2 + y2 +z2) ... (3)

Choosing the last two fractions of (3),

dz x dx + y dy + z dz
=
2xz x (x2 + y2 +z2)

or dz + 2y dy + 2z dz
= 2x dx
z x2 + y2 +z2

or dz d(x2 + y2 +z2)
=
z x2 + y2 +z2
Integrating, log b + log z = log (x 2 + y2 + z2)

x2 !- y2 + 2 2
or b =-----
z

Hence the solution iR /.(zy' _x2 _.;..__

Yzi +z:.!J
I O i.r.,
 .,.~nt~ r OHl)lm LINl<:.,\H P,AHTl.AL llll◄'l•'EHl•~N1'JAL EQUA TIONS
Mis< 't'llau cous Exmn ples (Usin g Othe r Tech nique s to Solve
Prob lems ):

f Exam ple 8. I
Solve (x2-y z) p + (y2- zx) q = z 2 -xy. [KU. 2018 ;M.D. U. 2016, 07, 05)
Solut ion. Comp aring the given equat ion with Pp + Qq = R, we have
P = x 2 - yz, Q = y 2 - zx and R = z 2 - xy

L agran ge ,s su b s1.d.1ary equat ions

.
are -dx = -dy = -dz
p Q R

i.e., dx dy dz
=-_ _..:: _-= ---
x2 - yz y2 - zx 2
z -xy
Using eleme ntary algeb ra, each of the fracti on is equal to
dx-d y dy-d z dz-d x
2
x -yz- y 2 +zx
= 2 =
y -zx- z 2 +xy 2
z -xy- x 2 + yz
dx-d y dy-d z dz-d x
or = (y - z) (y + z + =
(x - y) (x + y + z) x) (z - x) (z + x + y)

dx - dy dy - dz dz - dx
or = =
x-y y-z ... (1)
z-x
From the first two fracti ons of (1),
dx-d y dy-d z
x-y
= y-z
Integ rating , log (x - y) = log (y - z) + log a

or x-y x-y
log -- =log a ⇒ a= - -
y-z y-z
Simil arly, from last two memb ers, we have
y-z
b=--
z-x

Hence tl><.~ .,,oJuti on is ~

x-
(-
y y-z )
-, -- 0.
y - z z- x

' Example 9. I
Solve (z 2 - 2yz . y~) p t (:\y • zx) ,, .'?.,·.
c:i .,y - lK lJ. 2016, 061
So),ut ion. Comp11!'i11g I lw givM1 t\qunl ion vvith Pp I Q,, H, "t' hnVt.'
P- ,:.i 2_y..- - y"-, q = ~.Y ,. xz n11d R , .,y z.r.
[[ill l'AffTIAl, DlPFERENTJAL EQUATJ~

Lng1·:tng<''s suhsinimy cqm1lions arc

dx dy dz
2z - 2yz - y 2 = xy + xz =xy---zx
-

xdx dy dz
01' = --=--
2 2 y +z y-z
z - 2yz- y
Choosing the multipliers 1, y, z, we have
x dx dy dz xdx + y dy + z dz
=--=--=-----=-c._-::-----~
2
z - 2yz - y 2 y+z y- z z - 2yz - y 2 + y 2 + yz + yz - z 2
2

x dx + y dy + z dz
=
0
which gives x dx + y dy + z dz= 0.
Integrating, x 2 + y 2 + z2 = a
From last two fractions of (1),

dy dz
=
y+z y-z
or y dy - z dy = y dz + z dz
or y dy = (z dy + y dz) + z dz

or _!_(dy 2 ) = d (yz) + _!_ (dz 2 )

2 2
1 2 1 2
Integrating, y = yz + z +c
2 2
2
or y = 2yz + z 2 + 2c
or y 2 - 2yz - z 2 = b (say)

Hence the solution is ~ (x 2 + y 2 + z2, y 2 - 2yz - 2

2 ) = O.

I Example 10. I
Solve (x2 + y2 + yz)p + (x2 + y2 - zx) q = z (x + y).
Solution. Comparing the given equation with Pp + Qq = R, we have
P = (x 2 + y 2 + yz ), Q =x 2 + y 2 - zx, R =z (x + y)
Lagrange's subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz
... (1)
xi ~ yi = ~ y~
I y2' x2 :x Z,l' ~ :-y
Using multipliers 1, - 1, 0, we hnvc
dx dy dz d.x-dy
2 ,, y2 yz = 2X 2 = ZX ... (2)
X
I
I y · Z- X I- zy y z + zx
FJnS'f omnm I INI•' \U l'AH l'lAI , l>Jl•'FIWRN'l'IAL E&i1JA'f'ION8 12.11]
ll1'ing multtplw1 ~ \, , • 0, "l' lwvc
d~,· dy d~ xdx + ydy _
.•. (3)
2
.\' I y'' 1 yz = x 2 + y 2 -zx = zx + zy (x+y)(x2+y2)
l◄'n) 11\ (2) ;rnd (3),
dz dx-dy x dx + y dy
z (x + y)
=
z (y + x)
= (x+y)(x2+y2)

dz dx-dy xdx + ydy

or = = ... (4)
z z x2 + y2

From 1st two members of (4), we have

dz= dx-dy
Integrating, z =x-y+a
M z-x +y=a .. (5)

From last two members of (4), we have

dz xdx + ydy
=
z x2 + y2

l:_ d (x2 + y2)

dz
or = 2"
z x2 + Y2

1
Integrating, log z = - log (x 2 + y 2 ) + c
2
or 2 log z = log (x 2 + y 2 ) + log b

z2
b=--
x2 + y2

~ [z - x + y,
22
Hence the general solution is 2 2] = 0.
X +y

( Example 11. I
Solve (x- yJ p + (x + y) q = 2xz. [KU. ~010: 1\f.D.tJ. 2010]

Solutjon. Colilpnring Uw given c•qu11t ion wi th Pp t Q,1 ~ H, Wt' h.\\ t'

H;;; 2.\'Z
:. Lagrange'A flUL~idiary Pquul 1011R n1'll
dx tly dz ... (1)
= =-
~· - y x I y 2xz
 rru king th(' ftt st I\\'() tr-1•ms nf' ( 1), WC lw Ve

dv ~
dx .\' - y ...<2,
dv dy
Put .\' = tJ.\" so thnl, = V +X
dx dx
'I'hcn from (2),
du vx+x - l-+u
v+x- = -
dx x - vx l -v

or dv l+v
x- = --- u
dx } -v

or dv l +v-v+v 2
x- =
dx l -u

or du 1 + u2
x- = l -v
dx
Separating the variables and integrating, we have

f~
1+
du fdxx + c
u
2
=

or tan - l u - .!. log (1 + u2 ) = log x + c

2
or 1
2 tan- u = log (1 + v 2) + log x 2 + log a (say)
or 2 tan-1 v = log ax 2 (1 + v 2 )
or
2tan- u =logax2
1
(1+ ::J
or e2 tan-1 v = a(x2 + y 2)

e 2tan - 1 ylx
a=-- - -
x 2 + Y2

From (1), choosing 1, 1 _ _!_ as multipliers we h ave

z '

dx dy dz = dx + dy + (- ; ) dz 1
-=----
-y
J; ""'+ y 2xz
dx + dv
. - - d..,-
y +- +y -
1
X - X 2:\:; 0

which gives tb; ➔ dy - 1 d.1 o

/
lnu~gr afi11g, x i y log , b
,, ..' 1 1h11 I .,v/ a
1fon cc the• EHJlr1tioo is q, ., ,, , ,. , y
{ .,I, " f y"'
}?lHSl' omwn I lNl"AH P,\ll'l'l,\1, J>IFli'l,;Hf,)NTIAL l~QUA'flONf-:1
(2.17 I

I Example 12. '

S(>foe (mz - ny) p + (nx- lz) q = ly- mx.

Solution. The given differential equation is
(mz - ny) p + (nx - lz ) q = ly - mx
Lagrange's subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz
=--- ... (1)
mz-ny nx-lz ly-mx
which may be written as
dx dy dz x dx + y dy + z dz
=---=---=
mz - ny nx - lz ly - mx 0

x dx + y dy + z dz = 0
Integrating, x2 + y2 + z2 = a ...(2)
Choosing multipliers l, m, n in (1), we have
. dx dy dz l dx + m dy + n dz
= - -- = - - - =
mz - ny nx - lz ly - mx 0

which gives Z dx + m dy + n dz = 0
Integrating, lx + my + nz = b ...(3)

From (2) and (3), the required solution is

f (x 2 + y 2 + z 2, lx + my + nz) = 0.

~ Example 13. I
at at at
Solve (y + z + t) - + (z + x + t) - + (x + y + t) - = x + y + z.
ax ay az

Solution. Here the subsidiary equations are

dx dy dz dt
= = - --
y +z+t z~x~ t x+y+t x+y + z
g ach of th,~frad1on iR c•qunl to
dr dy dy d~ dz - <It d \· Hly t-dz+ .It
... (1)
(x - y) - (y - z ) - (z - 1) a( , 1 \' 1 z + t)

rrakiug lat tw11 lll<'lllh(·f'R ,,('( f ), WI! h11 vt'

dx rly riv dz
=
x- y y z
 1
PAHTIAL f)lf."J<'f;RENTrAL EQUA~

lnh'grntin1t, log (x - y) log (y - z) = log a

x- y
a= - -
y-z ···'2
l',lk111g 2nd and 3rd members of (l ), we have

dy- dz dz- dt
y-z z- t

Integrating, log (y - z) - log (z - t ) = log b

y -z
b= - ... (3,
z -t
Taking 3rd and 4th members of (1), we have

dz - dt dx + dy + dz + dt
- (z - t) - 3(x + y + z + t )

i.e., dz - dt + dx + dy + dz + dt = O
z- t 3(x + y + z + t)

1
Integrating, log (z - t) + - log (x + y + z + t) = log c
3
c = (z - t) (x + y + z + t) 113 ... (4)

Hence the general solution is f - y, yz-t

(xy-z - z, (z - t) (x + y + z + t) 113 J= O.

f Example 14. I
Solve the partial differential equation :

P cos (x + y) + q sin (x + y) = z. [M.D.U. 2017, 07; K. U. 201.5]

Solution. The given differential equation is
p cos(x+y) +q sin (x +y) =z ...(U
Lagrnnge'EJ s ubsidiary equations are

clx dy dz
= ...(2)
<'UH ( I I J') s in (., · 1 \')

Takiug tlrn muHipl iPrs l, I, 0

dA
COS ( l f j)
:
Sill
r/y
Ct: I y)
C
dz
z l' IIS lI I
rfr ~.._;;.
\') •
dy ___
~ i1\ l.\' • y)
... (3)
 Nl'fi\ L t<:(lUA1'10NS
f1H~1' Otu} lm 11:",;lw\H l'\H l'I \L IUH'EHE

1'.,~mi~ tlw nn1ltipli1'l'R 1, - 1, 0

d.\· dy dz d:>., dy .. J4)

-~ -- = sin(x+y) =-z =-cos(
--- --- --' ---
x +y) -sin(.x +y)
co~ (x+y )

~1\,m (~~) and (4 ), we get

dx+ dy dx-d y
=cos-- -- -- --
(x + y) - sin (x + y)
cos (x + y) + sin (x + y)

cos (x + y) - sin (x + y)
t)f - - - - - - - (dx+ dy) =dx -dy
sin (x + y) + cos (x + y)

Integ ratin g, we have

log [sin (x + y) + cos (x + y )] = x - y + log a
a
or y - x = log - - - - - - - -
sin (x + y) + cos (x + y)
... (5)
or a= [sin (x + y) + cos (x + y)] eJ-x

have
Taki ng last two fract ions of(3) and integ ratin g, we

dx+ dy f -z
dz ...(6)
f cos (x + y) + sin (x + y)
= + log b

Put x + y = t so that dx + dy = dt

dt f -z
dz + log b
From (6), f cost +sin t =

or __!__
✓2
f 1
dt
. 1
= log z + log b
cos t . ✓2 + sm t . ✓2

or _!_
✓2.
f 7t
dt
+ cos t sm
.7t
= Jog z + log b
sm t cos
4 4

or }
2
f cosec (; t)dt t = log z + log b

1
01 : log tan (~ 1 ) = log z + log b
...;'2 8 2 -

t ) ✓:,
log <', wlln, 11
I•> hi~ b log t'
or Jog fun /l 1 log ~ 1 ,.
(
H i
r
l'Alfl'IAL UII-FEltbNTJAL I < : ~ y,
j 2.20]

log
tan(;,~J
- log e
01

()t'
z 12

C = Z
✓2 tan (7tB + x+y) 0
2

l lcnct~ the required solution is

r[ (sin (X + y) + COS (X + y)) eY x, z-./2 tan (; + X; y)] = Q.

' Example 15. I

Solve the partial differential equation:
1
p cos (x + y) + q sin (x + y) = z + - [KU. 2007]
z
Solution. The given differential equation is
p cos (x + y) + q sin (x + y) = z + .!.
z
Comparing it with Pp + Qq = R, we have

P = cos (x + y), Q = sin (x + y) and R = z + .!.

z
Lagrange's subsidiary equations are
dx = dy dz
cos (x + y) sin (x + y) = --1 ...(1)
z+-
z
Using multipliers 1, 1, 0 and 1, - 1, 0, we have from (1)
dx = dy _ dz dx +dy
cos (x + y) sin (x + y) - z + 1 = cos (x + y) + sin (x + y)
z
dx - dy _ _
= --;--:--.....::_
...(2)
cos (x + y) - sin (x + y)
From (2), dy~ - -
_ d_z_ = ---:--d--:x_+--=
z+ 1 cos (x + y) + sin (x + y)
z
or zdz d (x + y)
z 2 + l = -co_s_(-:---x_+_y_)_+_s~in
.....:._(x-·-+-y-)

or l 2z dz dt
2·2 +1 =-c-os_ t _+_s_in- t
2 [Plltting x + y =ton R.H SI
 1<"1HST OHll~H 1 l~t· \H P,\U l'IAL OIFFEREN'rIAL EQUATTONS

1 2z dz dt
2
2' z +1 = In
v2 sin
( 1t
+t
)

4
1 22
or .
2 z2 + 1
dz = _!_ cosec (2:. +
✓2 4
t) dt
Integrating both sides, we have

~ log (z 2 + 1) = 1 log tan (; + ½) + c 1

or

(22 + 1)1 / ✓2
or log
tan
(n+ -x +-y) = log a (say)

8 2

(22 + 1)1/✓2
or =a ... (4)
tan ( 8+
TT -x+y)
2-

Again from (3),

dx+dy dx-dy
cos (x + y) + sin (x + y)
= cos (x + y) - sin (x + y)

or + y)
d(x d(x - y)
cos (x + y) + sin (x + y)
= cos (x + y) - sin (x + y)

or cos (x + y) - sin (x + y) d(x + y) = d (x _ y)

cos (x + y) + sin (x + y)

Putting x + y - t on L.H.S., we have

~ I sin/ ell - d(x - y)

cost -1 si n t

Integrating, log (cw, t + sin / ) - ,i: - y 1- log h (imy)

or log [cos (x + y) + sin (x I y) I = :r -y
I

t log b
 l'Aftl IAI IJ(f F:fflf N JI

log l, loA kns l.\ + yl +sin (.\+ y)] =y - r

... (5
l> {l'OS ( \' + y) ➔ sin ( \ + y)} & -x
From t n and {5). the general solution is

f '(it
( ~2 + 1)1/,2
x+ y)'(cos (x + y) + sin {x + y)) eY- t] = 0.
( lan - + - -
8 2

Sofrc the follo~-ing cquatiom by direct integration :

E ~~
c;- ::
2. - ,-+ }8_n-- -SID (2.l -
drcy
,
y) =
0

X
Sofre t'1efollowi11g partial differential equario11S [Q. 4 - 7) :
E (i1) xp + yq = 3::
[KU. 2015]

R (iii) /p - X)'q = X (:: - 2y) (iv) _i1::p + :2::q = y2x

c: c .
C -+-==Sill X
ex CJ
(vi) ::p + ::q =::~ + (x-yf

(rii) .t..-p + y:q = T)'

I (l'iii) (x-a)p T
[JJ.D.L'. 2012]

(r- b) q = (:: - c)

s 5, (i)

(/·,·,·)
::p-::q= .\ T_l"

'' , sm
P - _q = .>r lr - 2x)
Ui)

(fr)
PY+ q, = x\i! (.r- _\2)
p- q = log (x + y)

E 6. (i) (:: - )')p + (.\ · ::)q = y- X [\f.D U. l0/4]

'I ii) f(y-:: )~ + J (: - , ) i/ = :(., - v)

-z2) p -t- )' (i

2.1 (iii)

l/1)
~(l,l

: txp yq) 1J r2
\.l) q = :(r2 _ 1,?)

ll) ,.20 r) p + y2 ('" ') q r l' )l

(II) (>-+xz)p (\ t l )q 1
1:-'HH,l' omnm I l'\1' \H .~ \H 1'l \l , l>ll•'FlClmN'l'IAL l•-:QUA'llONS
liiil
7. (i) c, 2 yz) p 1 (y 2 zx) q-' z2 xy

(ii) (2x 1 + y2+ z2 - 2yz- zx xy) p + (x2 + 2y2 + z1- yz 2zx xy) q

-x2 + y2+2z 2-.,-z-zx-by

(iii) (x2- l - yz) p + (x2 - y2- zx) q = z(x - y)

s
E (iv) z(x + y) p + z(x - y) q = x2 +y2

2.1 (v) (y2 + yz + z2) p + (z2 + zx + x2) q = x2 + xy +y2

1. z= - ~ sin(2x+3y)+x J ~(y)dy+ J \jl(y)dy+co(x)

1

3
2. z+x y3- ~ cos(2x -y)=x J ~(y)dy+ J '-lf(y)dy+co(x)

1
3
=
3. Z
6 x y + X ~(y) + \V(y)

4. (i) f (2- - 2_ ,2_y _2.)= 0

X )i Z

(v) f(x-y,c osx+z)= O

U)
~ (vi) f {x -y, 2x _:_ log (z2 + (x -y)2)} = 0
w
iU) (vii) f(~,xy-z )=0 2 (viii)
x-a
f ( - - , - - =0
y-b)
y-b z-c
z-( 5. (i) f (x + y, 2(x + y) x - :::2) = 0

(iii) x 3 si11 (y r 2x) :: /'l)• I 21')

(i1•) ~ log ( 1 I y ) z /'( 1 I l')

t, , 1 1 \, ,. • :: • , i 1- 1
1
r) o
 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL E Q C ~

,n
1. (,) 1(~.
y-= =-:r)=o
;-=
<11>
X-J }-.;
I - - , - -o
•-z z-x
a:
w 2
f(il- J.2 =1. 2tJ - r, 0
I (iii) f[x-y-=, = )=0
Xl -)'2
(iv)
,n
z
cc (v) r(y-=. .rx-=J=o
X )' - )'