Test Construction and Adaptation

_________________________________________________________________________

BY

MUHAMMAD KAZIM

ROLL NO #

22016111-005 &22016111-006

Degree program:

Ph.D. Psychology PSY-724

Submitted to:

Dr.Bushra Akram

Department of psychology

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
Introduction to Key Features of Testing and Assessment

Testing Definition

A test is a tool or method used to measure behavior or to help understand and predict behavior

Testing is a process to evaluate behavior patterns. Psychological assessment is the process of assess

ing mental disorders using tools or techniques designed to obtain behavioral patterns.

Test is a systematic dynamic process of behavioral observation through standardized procedure with

the help of statistical scales in quantified data form (Cronbach, 1990).

Assessment is a wideranging term that includes all methods used to obtain information about studen

t learning (assessment, performance or grading, tests and text) and to make decisions about progress

in education.

Measurement

"Measurement is the process of obtaining descriptive statistics about the level of a person with a cert

ain characteristic (Norman E. Gronlund, 1985). "

" Measuring is done to obtain information in quantitative form (Mehrens & Lehmann, 1984).

Measurement is the process of finding the size and quantity of an object according to this law (Educ

ational Dictionary, 1989). Evaluation

Assessment is the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data to determine whether

students have achieved their learning goals (Norman E. Gronlund, 1985)

Evaluation is a process of explanation, acquisition and explanation. Information is essential for

judging alternatives (Mehrens & Lehmann, 1984). It is the process of gathering information that

leads to judgments about quality or value decision making about results of performance, products,

student performance and behavior and using this data to improve learning/teaching and data

worksheet. It determines how well a tudent achieve learning objectives. (Murry Print, 1993).
Underpinning Concepts in Psychological testing

In the last quarter of 19th century a new science was emerged and named as Psychological testing as

first practical application of psychological terminologies.

Human behavior was studies with the opening of the 1st psychooogical laboratory in 1879 at

Germany (Lipzig). Its purpose is actually to measure and establish the knowledge and physical

capabilities of the human body. To achieve this aim, measurement tools have been developed and

non-standard methods have been developed to control the situation according to the measurement

system. It was the pursuit of knowledge, not the application of knowledge, that inspired the work of

the early psychologists, but they sowed the seeds for later developments. The use of psychometric

tests in schools, hospitals, the military and other professions, as well as in research, has been the

foundation of business from the very beginning. Before moving on to the history and use of

psychometric tests, it is necessary to clarify psychometric tests and their distinctive features.

Darwinian Doctrine

Perhaps the most important subject of philosophical and experiential learning has been individual

differences. While people have long acknowledged that people are different, it is not easy to

develop tools to measure these differences. To develop a measurement tool, we need to understand

what we are trying to measure. Individual differences were elaborated by the Charles darwin’s

doctrine on the origin of the species. This led the foundations of formal testing procedure in the

form of experiments.

Psychophysical measurement and experimental psychology

2nd source of experimentation was found in psychological experiments by early attempts to uncover

the mystery of human consciousness by the use of science.

considered as the pioneer of testing and experimentation. Psychological tests develop from at least

two lines of research: one from Darwin, Galton, and Cattell's work on measuring individual

differences, and the other from the work of German psychophysicists Herbert, Weber, Fechner, and

Wundt Work. These tests also seem to meet important needs such as the classification and

identification of people with mental and emotional disorders. The turn of the 20th century saw an

important step in the creation of modern experiments. The French Prime Minister has appointed a

group of people to study the process of identifying people with disabilities to provide an appropriate

education. Member of the board of directors was Alfred Binet. French doctor.

Simon Binet created the chief intelligence test. Binet's early determinations were the first serious

attempts to measure individual differences in human intelligence.

Personality Tests

Around the Second World War, personal experiments began to flourish. Intelligence tests measure

potential or abilities, while self-tests measure fixed qualities or traits that affect behavior in a

psychological way.

The earliest personality tests were standardized pen and paper tests. Multiple choice and true false

options were asked in these tests.

Unlike previous self-tests interest in the PRIT has gradually increased. Hermann Rorschach of

Switzerland published the Rorschach test for the first time in 1921. In 1935, Henry Murray and

Christina Morgan developed the Thematic Perception Test, which strengthened the acceptance and

use of the test. TAT was more developed when the Rorschach test consisted of ambiguous inkblot

stimuli. His stimuli consisted of abstract pictures depicting various situations and events, such as a

child sitting at a bench with a violin. Unlike the Rorschach test, which asks the subject to explain
what the inkblot is, TAT asks the subject to make up a story about the mystery. TAT is planned to

measure people's needs and thus identify individual differences in motivation.

Emergence of modern personality testing

In 1943, MMPI ushered in a new period of personality testing. The impression behind MMPI -

using empirical methods to regulate the meaning of test answers - helped revolutionize the self-

testing paradigm. In contrast, the MMPI authors argue that the importance of responses can only be

determined through empirical research. The MMPI and its latest version, the MMPI-2, are the most

widely used and widely accepted personality tests today. He strained the requirement for empirical

data to support the development of tens of thousands of studies.

At the same time as the MMPI, self-assessments grounded on statistical techniques called factor

analysis began to appear. Guilford first tried to use analytical techniques in the development of self-

assessment models. Cows were introduced to the Eleven Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF);

Although its popularity has decreased, it is still one of the utmost effective personality tests and an

important example of tests developed with the help of analysis. Today, analysis is a tool used to

design or perform virtually any large-scale experiment.

Current Trends

During the 80s, 90s and 2000s, several important branches of applied psychology developed:

neuropsychology, health psychology, forensic psychology, and child psychology. As all aspects of

psychology benefit from a variety of psychometric tests, the number and use of psychometric tests

has increased. Neuropsychologists use tests in hospitals and other clinical settings to evaluate brain

injuries. Psychologists use these tests in many clinical settings. Psychologists use tests in the law to

assess mental health as it relates to complaints, the ability to represent or be killed, and mental

health. Child psychologists use tests to evaluate children for problems. The test is indeed one of the

most important aspects of psychology. However, not all psychologists use tests, some psychologists
oppose them, and all psychologists rely on experience, accepted in measurement-based research.

The principles, practices and questions of psychological assessment in today's society are related to

psychology. Even if you do not intend to become a psychologist, you may be faced with

psychological tests. Lawyers, doctors, social workers, administrators, teachers, and many more

professionals must constantly work with reports based on tests.

Modern Testing

There have been major improvements in testing over the past year, most of which have taken place

in the United States. The origin of this test is neither American nor new. Historical records show

that China had a complete system of public examinations and testing programs of more than 4,000

years ago. Oral examinations are held every three years to determine promotion and job evaluation

in the People's Republic of China.

Most of the English-speaking world will understand the Chinese test system. Reports from British

diplomats and missionaries encouraged the Yingdong Company to follow China's choice of

immigrants. The test system plays a very important role for companies; The UK government has

adopted a similar test for civil service. After England accepted the public examination, the

governments of Germany and France accepted it. The U.S. government established the American

Civil Service Commission, which creates and administers government contests. Test support in the

English-speaking world increased rapidly at that time.

Testing vs Psychological Assessment

Psychological testing (ie, performing the tests described in Chapter I) is different from

psychological Assessment (Handler & Meyer, 1998). Psychological testing is the process of

gathering information to understand a person - their past experiences, current problems and future
goals. Psychological tests often include, but are not limited to, psychological tests to gather

information about reaching that understanding.

Assessments usually begin with questions. These are questions from examiners (for example, "How

is my personality?"), questions from therapists (eg.

For example, “Does my patient meet the criteria for mental illness?”), or a third party’s perception

of the evaluator (for example, on behalf of the criminal justice system, is the person “Is the

defendant entitled to prosecute?

"). After determining the reason for the test, the examiner collects background information (usually

through an interview) about the test taker and selects one or more psychometric tests that will

provide information about the test questions. He interprets the test results and usually (but not)

always ) these comments are shared with the test taker. Although these methods may reflect

traditional or traditional criteria, other types of criteria have become popular, with slightly different

purposes.

Cultural Consideration in Psychological Testing

Professionals dealing with work measurement are becoming increasingly aware of the role of

culture in many different aspects of measurement. This sensitivity reflects more cultural issues

related to test development and implementation.

Issues of Cultural Considerations

 Communication between the appraiser and the appraiser is the most important part of the val

uation.
  Assessors should distinguish between the language or languages in which they are assessed a

nd the language in which they are assessed.

Verbal Communication

Language, defined as communication information, is an important but sometimes overlooked

variable in the evaluation process. In most cases, the examiner and candidate must speak the same

language.

Nonverbal Communication and Behavior

 Human communication is not only verbal but also nonverbal. Facial expression, finger and

hand movements can convey information by moving in one place. Of course, these body

language messages can vary from culture to culture.

For example, in American culture, a person who does not look into the eyes of the other

person while speaking may be seen as a liar or interrupter. But in other cultures, speaking

without making eye contact can be a sign of respect.

Testing and Group Participation

Testing and other measures of performance evaluation in work, counseling, and other

settings undoubtedly show that people differ from one another and from group to group.

What happens when groups differ in their scores on a test? In performance appraisals, testers

understand the legal and ethical implications of using the tests in hiring, firing, and related

decisions. If a test is used to measure a candidate's ability to do a job, there is an argument

that the test should do the job regardless of the group taking the test. According to this view,

vocational aptitude test scores should be influenced by different occupations.

Psychology, Testing, and Public Policy

facilities. For this reason, very few have the approval of psychometric tests in daily use.

Often, members of society are familiar with the use of psychological testing in high-profile

situations, such as when individuals or groups have gained or lost a lot due to test scores. In

this case, the average person will see evaluation as a means to reject something that people

want or need. Denial of education, expulsion from school, denial and refusal of detention

are some of the threats that the public may face to participate in the psychological

assessment and evaluation process. Citizens urge government policymakers to protect

themselves from perceived threats. Lawmakers override the president's laws, create

ordinances, judges administer, and citizens now call for a referendum on civil rights.

Law and ethics

Laws are laws that people must follow in the interests of people, or laws that are considered b

eneficial to people as a whole.

Economic evaluation is not well understood by the public and even today we can hear criticis

m about some due to misunderstandings. Misunderstandings include anger, fear

law enforcement, lawsuits, and administrative pressure.

Legislation

The law is enacted by the federal government, while states also pass laws that affect job oversi

ght. Many states have minimum test scores: the tests are designed to be used to determine all a

spects of a student's academic performance.

The information obtained from these programs is used in determining degrees, awarding diplo

mas and determining fields of education.

Law is sometimes referred to as a judicial system because it usually takes the form of a judicia

l system. Psychologists serve as experts in criminal cases and may testify on matters such as t

he defendant's ability to stand trial, his ability to testify, or the mood of the defendant who has
claimed his innocence because of insanity.

As experts in civil litigation, psychologists can offer opinions on many different issues, from

parenting in a divorce to compensation for the worker before injury. In extreme cases, expert

witnesses can testify that the actions of other psychologists or even doctors are reasonable and

professional. Reasonable and careful will have to do the same or similar.

Professional Concerns

The American Psychological Association produced the first edition of psychology. The

commission was tasked with investigating many of the new trials. Another APA Evaluation

Commission was formed to further examine various examination-related issues. The APA and

other professional administrations in the US provide evidence-based documents and

publications designed to explain ethical, good practice in mental health diagnosis and

evaluation.

Test User Qualification

There are three levels of the test according to which test user perform on the test by the use of

the psychological knowledge.

Level A: A test or service that can be performed, scored, and interpreted appropriately with

the help of a guide and general guidance to the organization or organization to be employed.

Level B: Some experiments require the creation and use of tests or programs that support

psychological and educational information, such as individual differences, mood swings,

employee opinion, and instruction.

Level C: Should have sufficient knowledge of testing and supporting psychological testing or

assistance, and the knowledge of using these tools in supervision.

Testing of persons with disabilities

ethnic minorities. Interpretation of scores is among the challenges faced by the test

administrator in the form of translation and response collection.

CAT

Computerized psychological testing is no longer the exception but the norm. Many

psychometric tests can be purchased on CD-ROM or administered and scored online.

Rights of Test Partaker

Right to informed consent

It is the right of the Test taker to get acknowledged about the evaluation and why he is being

evaluated, data will be given to whom and why it is collected for. Informed consent must be

obtained by the observer and should be provided in the language of the test participant.

Candidates also have the right to know if the test, outcomes or endorsements based on test

data were violated for any reason.

Privacy

The impression of privacy recognizes that a person is free to choose when, under what

circumstances, and in particular, to show or show others his or her behavior, belief, behavior

and thoughts.

Measuring Scales

We can define measuring as the use of rules to assign numbers to things. A rule is a special

procedure for converting properties of objects to numbers.

Magnitude is the more or less and equal to a given measurement.

Equivalent Equation

The idea of equivalent equations is bit more complicated than the concept of amplitude. If

the two points on the measurement has same number of units at the different points.

Absolute

Absolute zero value when the meter is not present. For example, if we measure the pulse

and observe that sufferer’s heart rate is zero and he is dead, then we can conclude that there

is no heartbeat at all.

Types of Scales

The most commonly used measurement system is the Stevens scale as follows:

Nominal Scales

Nominal scales intend to nominate the product. These are non-numerical entities and are

coded after the nomination of the element.

Ordinal Scale provides an opportunity for the researcher to rate people, objects, events, or

phenomena based on observable characteristics.

Therefore, when measuring behaviors, objects, or events in order, the researchers try to rank

the participants from highest to lowest. Traditionally, researchers have assigned this 1 point

to participants who maxed out for some traits, 2 points to the highest, and so on. they do it

by appointing.

Interval Scale When the Scale has equal and equal parts but is not zero, it is called as

interval.
Ratio Scale includes all three powers (magnitude, evenly spaced, and absolute zero).

The equivalent temperature scale has components on the F and C scales, but also includes a

zero.

Assumptions of Psychological Testing

Assumption 1

Many things are possible, including good times alone, such as good mood during

destruction.. Thousands of psychographic words can be found in the English language.

Psychological disorders are related to intelligence, special intelligence, cognition,

adaptability, preferences, attitudes, sexual preferences and interests, psychopathology,

general personality, and specific behavior.

Assumption 2

The need to carefully identify the psychological and situation to measure and evaluate once

recognized. Test manufacturers and scientists, like most people, have different ways of

seeing and interpreting the same phenomenon.

Assumption 3

Some tasks of the experiment are founded on the real behavior that is possessed by the test

user. However, by their nature, these tests only produce patterns of behavior that can be

expected to be released under certain conditions. Acquired behavioral models are often used

to predict future behavior of job applicants, such as job performance.

Assumption 4

Potential testers are familiar with the tests they are using. They understand, among other

things, how the test should be designed, the appropriate environment for testing, how the
test should be conducted, what it should be tested for, and how the content of the Test

should be defined.

Testers who can understand and appreciate the implementation of the tests they use and how

these limitations can be met with data from other sources.

Assumption 5

In everyday speech, errors, miscalculations, etc. We use the word error to refer to it.

Changes, omissions, and other breaches of expectations should not be cited in the context of

error measurement.

Assumption 6

All major test publishers today strive to create tools that are fair when used strictly

according to the guidelines in the testing manual. Despite the best efforts of many experts,

issues and issues of justice arise from time to time.

One of the issues with integrity is when users try to use the test, especially with people

whose backgrounds and experiences are different from the audience being tested.

Assumption 7

In a world where there are no tests or other evaluation procedures, talented people will be

recruited through nepotism rather than good writing. In a world without testing, there will be

a great need for tools to assess learning difficulties in reading and math and point to

improvement. In a world without testing, there would be no tools to diagnose

neuropsychological disorders.

Conclusion
Psychological testing possesses great importance due to its usage in major areas of

functioning for better screening and elaboration of behaviors.