Recall:

• Writing a
Thesis
Statement
“
OUTLINI
NG ”
Lesson 5: English for Academic and Professional
Purposes
Learning Objectives:

• Define an outline
• Identify the kinds of outline according
to structure
• Use a topic and sentence outline in
selecting and organizing
information
OUTLINE
• a helpful tool in organizing your work
• Shows the logical arrangement of ideas
• a written that serves as a skeleton for
the paragraphs you write.
• a summary that gives you the essential
information that will be included in a
paper, book, etc.
BENEFITS OF OUTLINING
It gives an overview of the topic and it
enables us to see how various subtopics
relate to one another
Recording the information in our own
words to tests our understanding of what
we read

It is an effective way to record needed

information from reference books you
do not own
In preparing an outline, there are two
things to consider:

1. FORMAT
2. PRINCIPLES
OUTLINE
FORMAT and PRINCIPLES
Format
• Traditional - uses roman numerals (XV...),
letters, and numbers (1,2,3...)
• Standard - uses numbers

Principles
• Parallelism
• Coordination
• Subordination
• Division
Principles of Parallelism
-entries should observe the same language structure (e.g.,
words, phrases, sentences).
Examples: • The production manager was
asked
to write his report quickly,
accurately, and in a detailed
manner.
• The teacher said that he was a
poor student because he
waited until the last minute to
study for the exam, completed
his lab problems in a careless
manner, and lacked motivation.
• The coach told the players that
they should get a lot of sleep,
that they should not eat too
much, and that they should do
some warm-up exercises before
the game.
Principles of Coordination
• Entries should observe levels of importance.
• Ideas of equal rank and value are coordinate,
therefore, they belong to the same level of the
outline. Coordinate headings must be
expressed in parallel construction.
WRONG:
RIGHT:
I. Mass media are important I. Importance of mass
in modern life. media in modern life
II. Forms of mass media
II. Forms of mass media
The principle of coordination in outlining means that
all main points are given equal weight and are
organized at the same level.

Notes on Coordination:
Each main point (I, II, III, IV) is a primary benefit of
regular exercise, showing that they are equally
important.
The subpoints (A, B, C) under each main point provide
specific examples or explanations, also maintaining
equal weight within that category.
Topic: The Benefits of Regular
Exercise

I. Physical Health Benefits

A. Improves cardiovascular health
B. Aids in weight management
C. Strengthens muscles and bones
I
II. Mental Health Benefits
A. Reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression
B. Enhances mood and overall well-being
C. Improves cognitive function

III. Social Benefits

A. Provides opportunities for social interaction
B. Encourages teamwork and cooperation in group activities
C. Builds a sense of community through classes and clubs

IV. Lifestyle Benefits

A. Increases energy levels
B. Improves sleep quality
C. Enhances overall quality of life
Principles of Subordination
• Entries should observe differences of
importance (which ideas should be classified
as minor or major ideas?)
• minor ideas should fall under the
appropriate big ideas

Example:

I. Definition of Mass
Media
II. Types of mass media
A. Print media
B. Broadcast Media
C. Digital Media
Subordination in outlining involves arranging ideas so that the
main points are supported by subordinate ideas or details. This
creates a hierarchy, where some points are more significant
than others.

Notes on Subordination:
The main points (I, II, III) represent broad categories of benefits.
Each main point is supported by subpoints (A, B, C), which are
further detailed with specific examples (1, 2).
This structure emphasizes the hierarchy of ideas, clearly
showing how subordinate points support the main ideas.
Principles of Division
• Entries should at least be two to be sure
that supporting points of a major idea are
adequate.
• In other words, every part of an
outline that has subtopics should have
at least two parts or subsections
Examples:
I. TYPES OF MASS MEDIA
PRINT
Newspapers
BROADCAST
radio
television
DIGITAL MEDIA
Internet
Computers
Mobile phones
The principle of division in outlining involves breaking down a main point into
two or more distinct subpoints. This ensures that the main ideas are fully
developed and clearly organized.4

Notes on Division:
Each main point (I, II, III) is divided into specific subpoints (A, B, C) that further
explain that main idea.
Each subpoint is further divided into examples or explanations (1, 2), providing
clarity and detail.
This structure makes it easy to see how each aspect of the topic is related and
how they contribute to the overall understanding of the benefits of exercise.
TYPES OF OUTLINE ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
TYPES DESCRIPTI
ON
An outline that consists of a short phrase. It
provides a quick overview of topics to be
included in an essay. You are probably
already familiar with this structure. After
TOPIC OUTLINE each heading in a topic outline for an essay, a
maximum of several words is used to
identify the topic or idea that will be
discussed under the given heading.
An outline that is done in full sentence. It
Forces part of the essay to be written out in
SENTENCE sentences before the first draft. Further, it
OUTLINE expresses the specific and complete idea that
that section of the paper will cover as part
of proving the overall thesis.
EXAMPLE OF TOPIC 2. New School

OUTLINE
1. FAMILY
A.Custodial: Non- custodial
Conflicts
B. Extended Family
C. Adolescent's Age

II.ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
A. Child support
B.Women job training
C. Lower Standard of Living
D.Possible Relocation
1. Poorer Neighborhood
III. PEER PROBLEMS
A. Loss of friends
B.Relationship
with Dates
ARE THERE
ANY
QUESTION
S??
Directions:
Write an outline on the given topic using the types of outline
based on structure. Use the outline discussed previously.
Write your answer on the space provided. You will be
scored base on the given criteria. (1 whole sheet of paper)
1.Write a topic outline 2.Write a sentence
based on the given outline based on the
topic.
given topic.
Topic: How to prevent Topic:
teenage The Secret of
pregnancy
Write your thesis Success
statement here.