1.
ls - List Files and Directories: List the contents of a
directory.
Example: ls -l
2. cd - Change Directory: Navigate to a different directory.
Example: cd /home/user/documents
3. pwd - Print Working Directory: Display the current
directory's full path. Example: pwd
4. mkdir - Make Directory: Create a new directory.
Example: mkdir new_folder
5. rm - Remove: Delete files or directories.
Example: rm file.txt
6. cp - Copy: Copy files or directories.
Example: cp file.txt /backup
7. mv - Move: Move files or directories.
Example: mv file.txt /new_location
8. touch - Create Empty File: Create a new empty file.
Example: touch new_file.txt
9. cat - Concatenate and Display: View the content of a file.
Example: cat file.txt
10. nano - Text Editor: Open a text file for editing.
Example: nano file.txt
11. grep - Search Text: Search for text patterns in files.
Example: grep "pattern" file.txt
12. find - Search Files and Directories: Search for files and
directories. Example: find /path/to/search -name "file_name"
13. chmod - Change File Permissions: Modify file
permissions.
Example: chmod 755 file.sh
14. chown - Change Ownership: Change the owner and
group of a file or directory.
Example: chown user:group file.txt
15. ps - Process Status: Display running processes.
Example: ps aux
16. top - Monitor System Activity: Monitor system
processes in real-time. Example: top
17. kill - Terminate Processes: Terminate a process using
its ID.
Example: kill PID
18. wget - Download Files: Download files from the internet.
Example: wget https://example.com/file.zip
19. curl - Transfer Data with URLs: Transfer data to or
from a server. Example: curl -O https://example.com/file.txt
20. tar - Archive and Extract: Create or extract compressed
archive files. Example: tar -czvf archive.tar.gz folder
21. ssh - Secure Shell: Connect to a remote server securely.
Example: ssh user@remote_host , ssh
[email protected]22. scp - Securely Copy Files: Copy files between local and
remote systems using SSH.
Example: scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path
23. rsync - Remote Sync: Synchronize files and directories
between systems.
Example: rsync -avz local_folder/
user@remote_host:remote_folder/
24. df - Disk Free Space: Display disk space usage.
Example: df -h
25. du - Disk Usage: Show the size of files and directories.
Example: du -sh /path/to/directory , du -sh /home/muu/documents
26. ifconfig - Network Configuration: Display or configure
network interfaces (deprecated, use ip).
Example: ifconfig
27. ip - IP Configuration: Manage IP addresses and
network settings. Example: ip addr show
28. netstat - Network Statistics: Display network
connections and statistics (deprecated, use ss).
Example: netstat -tuln
29. systemctl - System Control: Manage system services
using systemd. Example: systemctl start service_name
30. journalctl - Systemd Journal: View system logs using
systemd's journal.
Example: journalctl -u service_name
31. cron - Schedule Tasks: Manage scheduled tasks.
Example: crontab -e
32. at - Execute Commands Later: Run commands at a
specified time. Example: echo "command" | at 15:30
33. ping - Network Connectivity: Check network
connectivity to a host. Example: ping google.com
34. traceroute - Trace Route: Trace the route packets take
to reach a host. Example: traceroute google.com
35. curl - Check Website Connectivity: Check if a website is
up.
Example: curl -Is https://example.com | head -n 1
36. dig - Domain Information Groper: Retrieve DNS
information for a domain.
Example: dig example.com
37. hostname - Display or Set Hostname: Display or change
the system's hostname.
Example: hostname
38. who - Display Users: Display currently logged-in users.
Example: who
39. useradd - Add User: Create a new user account.
Example: useradd newuser
40. usermod - Modify User: Modify user account properties.
Example: usermod -aG groupname username
41. passwd - Change Password: Change user password.
Example: passwd username
42. sudo - Superuser Do: Execute commands as the
superuser.
Example: sudo command
43. lsof - List Open Files: List open files and processes
using them. Example: lsof -i :port
44. nc - Netcat: Networking utility to read and write data
across network connections.
Example: echo "Hello" | nc host port
45. scp - Secure Copy Between Hosts: Copy files securely
between hosts. Example: scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path
46. sed - Stream Editor: Text manipulation using regex.
Example: sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt
47. awk - Text Processing: Pattern scanning and text
processing.
Example: awk '{print $2}' file.txt
48. cut - Text Column Extraction: Extract specific columns
from text. Example: cut -d"," -f2 file.csv
49. sort - Sort Lines: Sort lines of text files.
Example: sort file.txt
50. diff - File Comparison: Compare two files and show
differences. Example: diff file1.txt file2.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ifconfig Display and manipulate route and network interfaces.
ip It is a replacement of ifconfig command.
traceroute Network troubleshooting utility.
tracepath Similar to traceroute but doesn't require root privileges.
ping To check connectivity between two nodes.
netstat Display connection information.
ss It is a replacement of netstat.
dig Query DNS related information.
nslookup Find DNS related query.
route Shows and manipulate IP routing table.
host Performs DNS lookups.
arp View or add contents of the kernel's ARP table.
iwconfig Used to configure wireless network interface.
hostname To identify a network name.
curl or wget To download a file from internet.
mtr Combines ping and tracepath into a single command.
whois Will tell you about the website's whois.
ifplugstatus Tells whether a cable is plugged in or not.
