1.

id - This is used to find out user and group names and numeric
ID’s (UID or group ID) of the current user or any other user in
the server.
Example: id -u root
2. cd - Change Directory: Navigate to a different directory.
Example:cd /home/user/documents
3. pwd - Print Working Directory: Display the current directory's full
path. Example: pwd
4. mkdir - Make Directory: Create a new directory.
Example: mkdir new_folder
5. rm - Remove: Delete files or directories.
Example: rm file.txt
6. cp - Copy: Copy files or directories.
Example: cp file.txt /backup
7. mv - Move: Move files or directories.
Example: mv file.txt /new_location
8. touch - Create Empty File: Create a new empty file.
Example: touch new_file.txt
9. cat - Concatenate and Display: View the content of a file.
Example: cat file.txt
10. nano - Text Editor: Open a text file for editing.
Example: nano file.txt
11. grep - Search Text: Search for text patterns in files.
Example: grep "pattern" file.txt
12. find - Search Files and Directories: Search for files and
directories. Example: find /path/to/search -name "file_name"
13. chmod - Change File Permissions: Modify file permissions.
Example: chmod 755 file.sh
14. chown - Change Ownership: Change the owner and group of a
file or directory.
Example: chown user:group file.txt
15. ps - Process Status: Display running processes.
Example: ps aux
16. top - Monitor System Activity: Monitor system processes in real-
time. Example: top
17. kill - Terminate Processes: Terminate a process using its ID. Also
can use pkill to terminate processes based on their name or other
attributes.
Example: kill PID
pkill Process_Name
18. wget - Download Files: Download files from the internet.
Example: wget https://example.com/file.zip
19. less - To view the contents of a file one screen at a time, allowing
for easy navigation and search within the file. Example: less test.log
20. tar - Archive and Extract: Create or extract compressed archive
files. Example: tar -czvf archive.tar.gz folder
21. ssh - Secure Shell: Connect to a remote server securely.
Example: ssh user@remote_host
22. scp - Securely Copy Files: Copy files between local and remote
systems using SSH.
Example: scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path
23. rsync - Remote Sync: Synchronize files and directories between
systems.
Example: rsync -avz local_folder/ user@remote_host:remote_folder/
24. df - Disk Free Space: Display disk space usage.
Example: df -h
25. du - Disk Usage: Show the size of files and directories.
Example: du -sh /path/to/directory
26. ifconfig - Network Configuration: Display or configure network
interfaces (deprecated, use ip).
Example: ifconfig
27. ip - IP Configuration: Manage IP addresses and network settings.
Example: ip addr show
28. netstat - Network Statistics: Display network connections and
statistics (deprecated, use ss).
Example: netstat -tuln
29. systemctl - System Control: Manage system services using
systemd. Example: systemctl start service_name
30. journalctl - Systemd Journal: View system logs using systemd's
journal.
Example: journalctl -u service_name
31. free - This command displays the total amount of free space
available.
Example: free -m
32. at - Execute Commands Later: Run commands at a specified time.
Example: echo "command" | at 15:30
33. ping - Network Connectivity: Check network connectivity to a
host. Example: ping google.com
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34. traceroute - Trace Route: Trace the route packets take to reach a
host. Example: traceroute google.com
35. - Check Website Connectivity: Check if a website is up.
Example: curl -Is https://example.com | head -n 1
36. dig - Domain Information Groper: Retrieve DNS information for
a domain.
Example: dig example.com
37. hostname - Display or Set Hostname: Display or change the
system's hostname.
Example: hostname
38. who - Display Users: Display currently logged-in users.
Example: who
39. useradd - Add User: Create a new user account.
Example: useradd newuser
40. usermod - Modify User: Modify user account properties.
Example: usermod -aG groupname username
41. passwd - Change Password: Change user password.
Example: passwd username
42. sudo - Superuser Do: Execute commands as the superuser.
Example: sudo command
43. lsof - List Open Files: List open files and processes using them.
Example: lsof -i :port
44. nc - Netcat: Networking utility to read and write data across
network connections.
Example: echo "Hello" | nc host port
45. scp - Secure Copy Between Hosts: Copy files securely between
hosts. Example: scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path
46. sed - Stream Editor: Text manipulation using regex.
Example: sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt
47. awk - Text Processing: Pattern scanning and text processing.
Example: awk '{print $2}' file.txt
48. cut - Text Column Extraction: Extract specific columns from text.
Example: cut -d"," -f2 file.csv
49. sort - Sort Lines: Sort lines of text files.
Example: sort file.txt
50. diff - File Comparison: Compare two files and show differences.
Example: diff file1.txt file2.txt
51. ls - List Files and Directories: List the contents of a directory.
Example: ls -la
52. history - This command is used to view the previously executed
command.
Example: history 10
53. cron - Schedule Tasks: Manage scheduled tasks.
Example: crontab -e
54. ssh-keygen - This command is used to generate a public/private
authentication key pair. This process of authentication allows the user
to connect remote server without providing a password.
Example: ssh-keygen
55. nslookup - This stands for “Name server Lookup”. This is a tool
for checking DNS hostname to Ip or Ip to Hostname. This is very
helpful while troubleshooting.
Example: nslookup google.com
56. tr - For translating or deleting characters.
These commands cover a wide range of tasks that are essential for
DevOps professionals working with Linux systems. Remember to
always refer to the man pages (man command) for more detailed
information about each command and its options.
Example:cat crazy.txt | tr "[a-z]" "[A-Z]"
57. tnc - This is “Test Network Connection” command. Mostly used
command while troubleshooting. It displays diagnostic information
for a connection.
Example:tnc google.com --port 443
58. w - Displays current user.
59. su - Switch User.
Example: su - root
60. ac(All Connections) — Total connect time for all users or
specified users.
Example: ac john
61. tail — Displays the last part of a file, commonly used to monitor
logs in real-time.
Example: tail monitor.logs
62. head — Displays the first part of a file, often used to quickly see
the beginning of a file’s content.
Example: head content.txt
63. ip route — To show or manipulate the IP routing table. Shows
clear ip tables rules.
Example: ip rout
Linux is an open-source operating system kernel that serves as the
foundation for various Linux-based operating systems (distributions).
Linux is known for its stability, security, and flexibility. It is based on
the Unix operating system and follows the Unix philosophy of small,
modular, and reusable components. Linux is highly customizable and
can be tailored to suit various needs, ranging from desktop computers
and servers to embedded systems and supercomputers.
Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, CentOS, and
many others, take the Linux kernel and combine it with additional
software packages, utilities, and graphical interfaces to create
complete operating systems that are ready to be used by end-users.
Linux offers a command-line interface (CLI) that allows users to
interact with the system through text commands, as well as graphical
user interfaces (GUIs) that provide a more user-friendly experience. It
supports a wide range of applications, software development tools,
and server services, making it suitable for various purposes, including
general computing, web servers, cloud infrastructure, networking, and
more.
Linux Folder Structure
The folder structure in Ubuntu Linux follows the Filesystem
Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which is a standard for organizing the files
and directories on a Unix-like operating system. Here is an overview
of the main directories you will typically find in Ubuntu:
• /bin: Contains essential command-line executable files
(binaries) that are available to all users.
• /boot: Contains files related to the boot process, including the
Linux kernel, initial ramdisk (initrd), and bootloader
configuration.
• /dev: Contains device files that represent and allow access to
various hardware devices on the system.
• /etc: Contains system-wide configuration files for various
applications and services.
• /home: The home directories for individual users. Each user
typically has a subdirectory here to store their personal files and
settings.
• /lib and /lib64: These directories contain shared libraries needed
by the system and applications. The "lib64" directory is present
on 64-bit systems.
• /media: Mount point for removable media devices such as USB
drives or optical discs.
• /mnt: A general-purpose mount point for temporarily mounting
filesystems.
• /opt: Contains optional software packages installed on the
system. Applications installed here are often self-contained in
their own directories.
• /proc: A virtual filesystem that provides information about
processes and system status. It is used by many system utilities
to obtain runtime information.
• /root: The home directory for the root user, the administrative
superuser.
• /run: A temporary filesystem that contains runtime data for
various system services. It is cleared on each reboot.
• /sbin: Contains system binaries (executable files) that are
primarily used by the root user for system administration tasks.
• /srv: Contains data for services provided by the system.
• /sys: A virtual filesystem that exposes kernel-related information
and configuration.
• /tmp: A directory for temporary files created by applications and
users. Its contents are typically cleared on each reboot.
 • /usr: Contains user-related programs, libraries, documentation,
and shared resources. It has subdirectories such as /usr/bin for
user binaries, /usr/lib for libraries, and /usr/share for shared data.
• /var: Contains variable data that changes during the system's
operation, such as logs, databases, and spool files.
This is a high-level overview of the Ubuntu Linux folder structure.
Each directory serves a specific purpose in organizing the system's
files and resources.
Important Linux Commands for DevOps Engineers
This repository provides a list of important Linux commands that are
frequently used by DevOps engineers. Each command is explained
with a brief description and examples of usage.
1. ls
• Description: Lists files and directories in the current directory.
• Usage:
o ls: Lists files and directories in the current directory.
o ls -l: Lists files and directories in long format.
o ls -a: Lists all files and directories, including hidden ones.
2. cd
• Description: Changes the current directory.
• Usage:
o cd /path/to/directory: Changes the current directory to the
specified path.
o cd ..: Moves up to the parent directory.
o cd ~: Moves to the home directory.
3. mkdir
• Description: Creates a new directory.
 • Usage:
o mkdir directory_name: Creates a new directory with the
specified name.
o mkdir -p path/to/directory: Creates nested directories if
they don't exist.
4. rm
• Description: Removes files and directories.
• Usage:
o rm file_name: Removes the specified file.
o rm -r directory_name: Removes the specified directory and
its contents recursively.
o rm -f file_name: Forces removal of the specified file
without prompting.
5. cp
• Description: Copies files and directories.
• Usage:
o cp source_file destination_file: Copies the source file to
the destination.
o cp -r source_directory destination_directory: Copies the
source directory to the destination recursively.
6. mv
• Description: Moves or renames files and directories.
• Usage:
o mv source_file destination_file: Moves the source file to
the destination or renames it.
o mv source_directory destination_directory: Moves the
source directory to the destination or renames it.
7. grep
• Description: Searches for a specific pattern in files or output.
• Usage:
o grep pattern file_name: Searches for the specified pattern
in the given file.
o grep -r pattern directory: Searches for the pattern
recursively in the specified directory.
o command | grep pattern: Filters the output of a command
and searches for the pattern.
8. ps
• Description: Lists running processes.
• Usage:
o ps: Lists the running processes for the current user.
o ps -ef: Lists all running processes.
o ps -eaf: Lists all running processes with full details.
9. top
• Description: Displays real-time system information and the list
of processes.
• Usage:
o top: Displays real-time system information, CPU usage,
memory usage, and the list of processes.
o Press q to exit the top command.
10. tail
• Description: Outputs the last part of a file.
• Usage:
o tail file_name: Displays the last 10 lines of the specified
file.
 o tail -n N file_name: Displays the last N lines of the
specified file.
o tail -f file_name: Continuously outputs new lines appended
to the file.
Here are the top 50 networking commands in Linux:
1. ifconfig: Displays or configures network interfaces.
Example: ifconfig eth0
2. ip: Configures and displays network interfaces, routing tables,
and more. Example: ip address show
3. ping: Sends ICMP echo requests to a specified network host.
Example: ping google.com
4. traceroute: Displays the route packets take to reach a destination
host. Example: traceroute google.com
5. nslookup: Queries DNS servers for DNS-related information.
Example: nslookup google.com
6. dig: DNS lookup utility for querying DNS servers. Example: dig
google.com
7. host: Performs DNS lookups. Example: host google.com
8. netstat: Displays network connections, routing tables, and
network statistics. Example: netstat -tun
9. ss: Provides detailed socket statistics. Example: ss -tun
10. route: Configures and displays routing table information.
Example: route -n
11. arp: Manipulates or displays the ARP cache. Example: arp
-a
12. iptables: Manages firewall rules. Example: iptables -L
13. tcpdump: Captures network traffic. Example: tcpdump -i
eth0
14. ifup: Brings a network interface up. Example: ifup eth0
15. ifdown: Brings a network interface down.
Example: ifdown eth0
16. ethtool: Displays or changes Ethernet device settings.
Example: ethtool eth0
17. hostname: Displays or sets the system's hostname.
Example: hostname
18. ssh: Connects to a remote server using the SSH protocol.
Example: ssh user@hostname
19. scp: Copies files between hosts using SSH. Example: scp
file.txt user@hostname:/path/to/destination
20. rsync: Syncs files and directories between different
locations. Example: rsync -avz source/
user@hostname:/path/to/destination
21. nc: Reads and writes data across network connections.
Example: nc -l 8080
22. wget: Downloads files from the web. Example: wget
http://example.com/file.txt
23. curl: Transfers data to or from a server. Example: curl
http://example.com
24. nmap: Scans ports and discovers network services.
Example: nmap -p 1-1000 hostname
25. telnet: Establishes a telnet connection to a remote host.
Example: telnet hostname
26. ifstat: Displays network interface statistics. Example: ifstat
27. mtr: Combines ping and traceroute functionality.
Example: mtr google.com
28. route add: Adds a new route to the routing table.
Example: route add -net 192.168.0.0/24 gw 192.168.1.1
29. route delete: Deletes a route from the routing table.
Example: route delete default gw 192.168.1.1
30. ifconfig up: Enables a network interface.
Example: ifconfig eth0 up
31. ifconfig down: Disables a network interface.
Example: ifconfig eth0 down
32. ip link: Manages network interfaces. Example: ip link
show
33. ip route: Manages routing tables. Example: ip route show
34. ip neigh: Manages ARP cache. Example: ip neigh show
35. ip addr: Manages IP addresses and interfaces. Example: ip
addr show
36. ip link set: Modifies network interface properties.
Example: ip link set eth0 mtu 1500
37. ip route add: Adds a new route to the routing table.
Example: ip route add 192.168.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0
38. ip route delete: Deletes a route from the routing table.
Example: ip route delete 192.168.0.0/24
39. ip addr add: Adds an IP address to an interface.
Example: ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev eth0
40. ip addr delete: Deletes an IP address from an interface.
Example: ip addr delete 192.168.0.1/24 dev eth0
41. ip tunnel add: Creates a tunnel interface. Example: ip
tunnel add mytunnel mode gre remote 203.0.113.1 local
198.51.100.1
42. ip tunnel delete: Deletes a tunnel interface. Example: ip
tunnel delete mytunnel
43. ip link set promisc on: Puts a network interface into
promiscuous mode. Example: ip link set eth0 promisc on
 44. ip link set promisc off: Disables promiscuous mode on a
network interface. Example: ip link set eth0 promisc off
45. ip link set mtu: Sets the Maximum Transmission Unit
(MTU) of a network interface. Example: ip link set eth0 mtu
1500
46. iptables -A INPUT: Appends a rule to the INPUT chain of
the firewall. Example: iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j
ACCEPT
47. iptables -D INPUT: Deletes a rule from the INPUT chain
of the firewall. Example: iptables -D INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j
ACCEPT
48. iptables -P: Sets the default policy for a chain in the
firewall. Example: iptables -P INPUT DROP
49. iptables -F: Flushes all rules from a chain in the firewall.
Example: iptables -F INPUT
50. iptables-save: Saves the current firewall rules to a file.
Example: iptables-save > firewall.rules
These commands cover a wide range of networking tasks and can be
helpful for managing and troubleshooting network connections in
Linux.
These commands provide essential functionality for network
configuration, troubleshooting, and analysis in Linux. You can refer to
the respective man pages or online documentation for each command
to learn more about their options and usage.
In Linux, you can change permissions and ownership of files and
directories using the chmod, chown, and chgrp commands. Here's
how you can use these commands:
Changing Permissions
chmod
The chmod command is used to change permissions of files and
directories. It supports two modes of operation: symbolic mode and
octal mode.
1. Symbolic Mode:
o Syntax: chmod [options] [permissions] file(s)
o Examples:
▪ Grant read and write permissions to the
owner: chmod u+rw file.txt
▪ Revoke execute permission from the group: chmod
g-x script.sh
▪ Add read and execute permissions to others: chmod
o+rx program
▪ Combined permissions: chmod u=rw,go=r file.txt
2. Octal Mode:
o Syntax: chmod [options] [mode] file(s)
o Examples:
▪ Set read, write, and execute permissions for owner,
group, and others: chmod 755 script.sh
▪ Restrict permissions to the owner only: chmod 700
private.txt
▪ Grant full permissions to everyone: chmod 777
public_dir
Changing Ownership
chown
The chown command is used to change the ownership of files and
directories.
• Syntax: chown [options] owner:group file(s)
 • Examples:
o Change the owner and group of a file: chown john:users
file.txt
o Recursively change ownership for a directory and its
contents: chown -R alice:staff project_dir
chgrp
The chgrp command is used to change the group ownership of files
and directories.
• Syntax: chgrp [options] group file(s)
• Examples:
o Change the group of a file: chgrp developers script.sh
o Recursively change group ownership for a directory and
its contents: chgrp -R team project_dir
In Linux, you can change permissions using the chmod command.
The permissions determine who can read, write, or execute a file.
Here's how you can use chmod to change permissions:
Syntax:
chmod [options] permissions file(s)
Options:
• -R or --recursive: Change permissions recursively for directories
and their contents.
Permissions:
• u (user/owner): The owner of the file.
• g (group): The group associated with the file.
• o (others): Users who are neither the owner nor part of the
group.
 • a (all/everyone): All users, including the owner, group, and
others.
Each permission has three possible settings:
• r (read): Permission to read the file or view directory contents.
• w (write): Permission to modify or delete the file or add/remove
files in a directory.
• x (execute): Permission to execute a file or access a directory.
Examples:
1. Grant read and write permissions to the owner:
chmod u+rw file.txt
2. Revoke execute permission from the group:
chmod g-x script.sh
3. Add read and execute permissions to others:
chmod o+rx program
4. Set read and write permissions for the owner, and read-only
permissions for the group and others:
chmod u=rw,g=r,o=r file.txt
5. Change permissions recursively for a directory and its contents:
chmod -R u+w project/
Top 100 LINUX COMMANDS
Sure! Here is a list of 100 commonly used Linux commands with
examples:
1. ls: List files and directories in the current directory. Example: ls
2. cd: Change directory. Example: cd /path/to/directory
3. pwd: Print the current working directory. Example: pwd
4. mkdir: Create a new directory. Example: mkdir directory_name
5. rmdir: Remove an empty directory. Example: rmdir
directory_name
6. cp: Copy files and directories. Example: cp file.txt
destination_folder/
7. mv: Move or rename files and directories. Example: mv file.txt
new_file.txt or mv file.txt destination_folder/
8. rm: Remove files and directories. Example: rm file.txt or rm -r
directory/ (recursively)
9. cat: Concatenate and display file content. Example: cat file.txt
10. less: View file content page by page. Example: less file.txt
11. head: Display the first few lines of a file. Example: head
file.txt
12. tail: Display the last few lines of a file. Example: tail
file.txt
13. grep: Search for a pattern in files. Example: grep "pattern"
file.txt
14. find: Search for files and directories. Example: find
/path/to/search -name "filename"
15. chmod: Change file permissions. Example: chmod 755
file.txt (gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner, read
and execute permissions to the group and others)
16. chown: Change file ownership. Example: chown
user:group file.txt
17. tar: Archive files and directories. Example: tar -cvf
archive.tar file.txt (create an archive)
18. gzip: Compress files. Example: gzip file.txt (creates
file.txt.gz)
19. gunzip: Decompress files compressed with gzip.
Example: gunzip file.txt.gz
20. wget: Download files from the web. Example: wget
http://example.com/file.txt
21. curl: Transfer data from or to a server. Example: curl
http://example.com
22. ssh: Connect to a remote server securely. Example: ssh
user@remote_server
23. scp: Copy files between local and remote machines.
Example: scp file.txt user@remote_server:/path/to/destination
24. ping: Send ICMP echo requests to a network host.
Example: ping example.com
25. ifconfig: Display or configure network interfaces.
Example: ifconfig
26. netstat: Network statistics. Example: netstat -an
27. ip: Show or manipulate routing, devices, policy routing,
and tunnels. Example: ip addr show
28. route: Show or manipulate the IP routing table.
Example: route -n
29. whois: Retrieve WHOIS information for a domain.
Example: whois example.com
30. uname: Print system information. Example: uname -a
31. ps: Display running processes. Example: ps aux
32. top: Monitor system processes in real-time. Example: top
33. kill: Terminate processes by ID or name. Example: kill
1234 or killall process_name
34. df: Report file system disk space usage. Example: df -h
35. du: Estimate file and directory space usage. Example: du -
sh directory
36. mount: Mount a file system or device. Example: mount
/dev/sda1 /mnt
37. umount: Unmount a mounted file system.
Example: umount /mnt
38. ln: Create hard or symbolic links. Example: ln -s
/path/to/file link_name
39. echo: Print a message. Example: echo "Hello, world!"
40. date: Display the current date and time. Example: date
41. history: View command history. Example: history
42. tar: Archive files and directories. Example: tar -cvf
archive.tar file.txt (create an archive)
43. unzip: Extract compressed files in a ZIP format.
Example: unzip file.zip
44. file: Determine file type. Example: file file.txt
45. awk: Pattern scanning and processing language.
Example: awk '{print $1}' file.txt
46. sed: Stream editor for filtering and transforming text.
Example: sed 's/foo/bar/' file.txt
47. wc: Count lines, words, and characters in a file.
Example: wc -l file.txt
48. sort: Sort lines of text. Example: sort file.txt
49. diff: Compare files line by line. Example: diff file1.txt
file2.txt
50. grep: Search for a pattern in files. Example: grep "pattern"
file.txt
51. tr: Translate or delete characters. Example: tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
file.txt
52. cut: Remove sections from lines of files. Example: cut -d ','
-f 1 file.txt
53. du: Estimate file and directory space usage. Example: du -
sh directory
54. scp: Copy files between local and remote machines.
Example: scp file.txt user@remote_server:/path/to/destination
55. ssh: Connect to a remote server securely. Example: ssh
user@remote_server
56. man: Display the manual page for a command.
Example: man ls
57. info: View command information and documentation.
Example: info command_name
58. apt-get: Package handling utility for Debian-based
systems. Example: apt-get install package_name
59. yum: Package manager for RPM-based systems.
Example: yum install package_name
60. systemctl: Control the systemd system and service
manager. Example: systemctl start service_name
61. service: Run a System V init script. Example: service
service_name start
62. chown: Change file ownership. Example: chown
user:group file.txt
63. chmod: Change file permissions. Example: chmod 755
file.txt
64. ln: Create hard or symbolic links. Example: ln -s
/path/to/file link_name
65. tee: Redirect output to multiple files or commands.
Example: command | tee file.txt
 66. fg: Bring a background process to the foreground.
Example: fg %1
67. bg: Send a process to the background. Example: bg %1
68. alias: Create an alias for a command. Example: alias l='ls -
l'
69. source: Execute commands from a file in the current shell.
Example: source script.sh
70. echo: Print a message. Example: echo "Hello, world!"
71. export: Set environment variables. Example: `
export VARIABLE_NAME=value`
72. env: Display the current environment variables.
Example: env
73. sleep: Delay for a specified amount of time.
Example: sleep 5 (sleep for 5 seconds)
74. su: Switch user or become superuser. Example: su
username or su - (switch to root user)
75. sudo: Execute a command as the superuser. Example: sudo
command_name
76. passwd: Change user password. Example: passwd
username
77. useradd: Create a new user. Example: useradd username
78. usermod: Modify user account settings. Example: usermod
-aG group_name username
79. groupadd: Create a new group. Example: groupadd
group_name
80. groupmod: Modify group settings. Example: groupmod -n
new_group_name old_group_name
81. crontab: Schedule commands to run at specific times.
Example: crontab -e (edit cron jobs)
82. at: Execute commands at a specified time. Example: at
10:00AM (enter commands and press Ctrl+D)
83. shutdown: Shutdown or restart the system.
Example: shutdown now (shutdown immediately)
84. reboot: Reboot the system. Example: reboot
85. ifconfig: Display or configure network interfaces.
Example: ifconfig
86. netstat: Network statistics. Example: netstat -an
87. ip: Show or manipulate routing, devices, policy routing,
and tunnels. Example: ip addr show
88. route: Show or manipulate the IP routing table.
Example: route -n
89. iptables: Administration tool for IPv4 packet filtering and
NAT. Example: iptables -L (list firewall rules)
90. adduser: Interactive tool for adding new users.
Example: adduser username
91. deluser: Remove a user account and associated files.
Example: deluser username
92. passwd: Change user password. Example: passwd
username
93. crontab: Schedule commands to run at specific times.
Example: crontab -e (edit cron jobs)
94. history: View command history. Example: history
95. file: Determine file type. Example: file file.txt
96. hostname: Print or set the system's hostname.
Example: hostname
97. uptime: Display the system's uptime. Example: uptime
98. dmesg: Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
Example: dmesg
99. free: Display amount of free and used memory.
Example: free -h
100. htop: Interactive process viewer and system monitor.
Example: htop