LABORATORY NO.

PHYSICAL STUDY OF A STEAM GENERATING UNIT

OBJECTIVE
TO CONDUCT A HANDS-ON INVESTIGTION OF A STEAM
GENERATING UNIT, FOCUSING ON UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICAL
COMPONENTS, LAYOUT, AND OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM. THIS
LABORATORY WILL ENABLE US TO IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE
FUNCTIONS OF KEY PARTS, SUCH AS THE BOILER, SUPERHEATER,
ECONOMIZER, AND FEEDWATER SYSTEM.

BRIEF BACKGROUND
A BOILER FURNACE AND SOME IMPORTANT ACCESSORIES THAT
IMPROVE STEAM PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY CONTRIBUTE TO A STEAM
GENERATING UNIT. THESE ACCESSORIES CONSIST OF AIR HEATERS,
REHEATER COILS, SUPERHEATERS, ECONOMIZERS, AND FUEL-BURNING
APPARATUS. WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS ARE VAPORIZED IN BOILERS,
WHICH ARE CATEGORIZED ACCORDING TO SOME VARIABLES:
1. FIRING METHOD: INTERNALLY OR EXTERNALLY FIRED
2. TUBE TYPE: WATER TUBE OR FIRE TUBE
3. TUBE ARRANGEMENT: VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL, OR INCLINED
4. APPLICATION: STATIONARY, MARINE, OR LOCOMOTIVE
5. TUBE DESIGN: STRAIGHT TUBE OR CURVED TUBE
6. TUBE ORIENTATION: RETURN TUBULAR OR THROUGH TUBE
7. BAFFLE ARRANGEMENT: VERTICAL BAFFLE OR HORIZONTAL BAFFLE
8. PRESSURE RANGE: HIGH PRESSURE OR LOW PRESSURE
9. DRUM ORIENTATION: LONGITUDINAL DRUM OR CROSS DRUM

APPARATUS
THE BOILER INSIDE THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(EB 105)

ACTIVITY
DRAW AND ILLUSTRATE THE BOILER IN THE ME LAB FROM
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. ALL COMPONENTS SHOULD BE LABELED, AND
THE EQUIPMENT OR VESSELS' FULL SPECIFICATIONS MUST BE INCLUDED.
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
1. WHAT IS MEANT BY BOILER HORSEPOWER AND BOILER CAPACITY?
ONE BOILER HORSEPOWER IS DEFINED AS THE BOILER'S CAPACITY
TO PRODUCE ONE HOUR'S WORTH OF STEAM FROM 34.5 POUNDS OF
WATER AT STANDARD PRESSURE. STEAM BOILER CAPACITY CAN BE
EXPRESSED IN POUNDS OF STEAM DELIVERED PER MINUTE, MBTU, OR
BOILER HORSEPOWER. BOILER CAPACITY, WHICH IS TYPICALLY
EXPRESSED AS EITHER FOUR BOILER HORSEPOWER, STEAM DELIVERY
RATE IN POUNDS PER HOUR, OR BTU RATING, IS ANOTHER TERM FOR A
STEAM GENERATOR'S ABILITY TO PRODUCE STEAM.

2. DEFINE AND ILLUSTRATE THROUGH DRAWINGS THE DIFFERENT

CLASSIFICATIONS OF BOILERS AS ENUMERATED ABOVE.
-STEAM GENERATING UNIT

A STEAM GENERATING UNIT IS ANY BOILER, FURNACE, OR OTHER

DEVICE THAT BURNS FUEL AND PRODUCES STEAM. THIS INCLUDES
EQUIPMENT THAT IS SITUATED BETWEEN THE COMBUSTION ZONE AND
THE ELECTRICAL STACK. ADDITIONALLY, A HEAT RECOVERY STEAM
GENERATOR
CAN CONSIST OF
UP TO TWO UNITS OF
EQUIPMENT.

-BOILER (DETAILED AND FULL EXPLANATION)

A BOILER IS A FIREBOX OR FURNACE FOR BURNING THE FUEL SO
THAT IT CAN OBTAIN HEAT ENERGY. IN TURN, THIS HEAT ENERGY IS
UTILIZED TO HEAT WATER UP TO BOILING POINT TO PRODUCE STEAM.
THE HOT OR VAPORIZED FLUID FLOWS OUT OF THE BOILER TO CARRY
OUT VARIOUS FUNCTIONS INCLUDING WATER HEATING, CENTRAL
HEATING, POWER GENERATION USING THE BOILER, COOKING, AND
SANITARY PURPOSES.
-PROPERTIES OF BOILER
 A LOW-PRESSURE BOILER - IT TYPICALLY OPERATES AT A
PRESSURE OF 15 TO 20 BAR AND IS COMMONLY UTILIZED FOR
HEATING PURPOSES.
 A MEDIUM PRESSURE BOILER - OPERATES WITHIN THE PRESSURE
RANGE OF 20 TO 80 BARS. IT IS COMMONLY UTILIZED FOR
GENERATING POWER.
 THE HIGH-PRESSURE BOILER - OPERATES AT PRESSURES
EXCEEDING 80 BARS.
 THE BOILER IS CONSIDERED SUB CRITICAL WHEN IT GENERATES
STEAM AT A PRESSURE, THEN THE CRITICAL PRESSURE LEVEL.
 SUPERCRITICAL BOILERS - ARE UTILIZED TO GENERATE STEAM AT
PRESSURES EXCEEDING THE PRESSURE POINT.
-HOW BOILER WORKS?
WHEN FUEL IS BURNED IN THE FURNACE IT GENERATES GASES.
THESE HOT GASES WILL INTERACT WITH THE WATER VESSEL TO
FACILITATE HEAT TRANSFER, BETWEEN THE WATER AND STEAM. THUS,
THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF A BOILER INVOLVES CONVERTING
WATER INTO STEAM THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF THE HEAT
ENERGY.

-METHODS OF FIRING, AS INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY

 INTERNALLY FIRED BOILERS - INTERNALLY FIRED BOILERS ARE
THOSE WHERE THE FURNACE IS LOCATED INSIDE THE BOILER
 SHELL. MOST OF THE FIRE-TUBE BOILERS ARE INTERNALLY
FIRED. IN THESE, THE FUEL BURNS DIRECTLY WITHIN THE
BOILER, HEATING THE WATER TO PRODUCE STEAM.
 EXTERNALLY FIRED BOILERS - EXTERNALLY FIRED BOILERS ARE
THOSE WHERE THE FURNACE IS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE BOILER
SHELL. THESE ARE A TYPE OF EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
WHERE THE HEAT IS APPLIED EXTERNALLY TO HEAT THE
WORKING GAS INSIDE THE ENGINE.
-WATER TUBE
THIS REFERS TO A TYPE OF BOILER DESIGN WHERE WATER
CIRCULATES WITHIN TUBES THAT ARE HEATED EXTERNALLY BY THE
COMBUSTION OF FUEL. THE WATER INSIDE THE TUBES IS CONVERTED
INTO STEAM DUE TO THE HEAT.

-FIRE TUBE THIS IS ABOUT A SPECIAL KIND OF BOILER. IN THIS

BOILER, BURNING FUEL MAKES HOT GASES. THESE GASES GO
THROUGH TUBES. WATER IS ALL AROUND THESE TUBES. THE TUBES
WALLS TAKE THE HEAT FROM THE GASES. THIS MAKES THE WATER
HOT AND TURNS IT INTO STEAM. FIRE TUBE BOILERS ARE PREFERRED
IN SITUATIONS WHERE SPACE IS LIMITED, AND THE STEAM PRESSURE
REQUIREMENTS ARE NOT AS HIGH.
 -VERTICAL
ITS MAIN COMPONENTS
HAVE THE DRUM AND TUBES
AND ARE ARRANGED
VERTICALLY. THIS MEANS
THAT THE TUBES THROUGH
WHICH THE HOT GASES PASS
ARE ALL ALIGNED
VERTICALLY, AND THE WATER
HAS ON IT IS HEATED AS IT
SURROUNDS THESE TUBES.
THEY ARE TYPICALLY MORE
COMPACT, MAKING THEM
SUITABLE FOR APPLICATIONS WHERE SPACE IS LIMITED.

-HORIZONTAL
THIS ARE PARTICULARLY THAT THE TUBES AND DRUM ARE
ARRANGED HORIZONTALLY. THE TUBES RUN HORIZONTALLY
WITHIN THE BOILER, AND WATER SURROUNDS THESE TUBES TO
ABSORB THE HEAT. GENERALLY, THEY HAVE A LARGER CAPACITY,
AND IT CAN PRODUCE MORE STEAM THAN THE VERTICAL BOILERS.

-
INCLINED
 ITS MAIN COMPONENTS ARE ARRANGED AT AN ANGLE, NEITHER
THEY ARE FULLY VERTICAL NOR FULLY HORIZONTAL. THE TUBES
THAT ARE ON THE BOILER ARE SET TO AN INCLINE. ALSO, IT CAN
IMPROVE THE NATURAL CIRCULATION OF THE WATER AND STEAM
WITHIN THE BOILER WHICH MAKES IT ENHANCE ITS EFFICIENCY.

- STATIONARY
THIS REFERS TO A BOILER OR STEAM GENERATOR THAT IS
PERMANENTLY INSTALLED ON ONE LOCATION AND ITS DESIGNED
CAN’T BE MOVED. THESE THINGS OR UNITS ARE FIXED ON ONE PLACE,
AND IT PROVIDE A CONSISTENT SUPPLY OF STEAM FOR ANY VARIOUS
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL AND POWER GENERATION
APPLICATIONS. THEY ARE TYPICALLY LARGER AND CAPABLE OF
PRODUCING SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF STEAM.

-LOCOMOTIVE
THIS THING IS A POWERED RAIL VEHICLE THAT IS USED FOR
PULLING OR PUSHING TRAINS ON A RAILWAY TRACK. THIS PROVIDE
THE TRACTION THAT ARE NEEDED TO BE MOVE A TRAIN WHETHER IT IS
HEAVY, CARRYING PASSENGERS, OR BOTH. IT DEPENDS ON THE
DESIGN TO BE OPERATED IN A DISTRIBUTED MANNER.
-BASIC COMPONENTS OF BOILER
BOILER OR STEAM GENERATING UNIT IS A CRITICAL COMPONENT IN
MANY INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE
FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF A BOILER:
 BOILER DRUM - THIS IS A LARGE CYLINDRICAL VESSEL THAT CAN
HOLD THE WATER AND BE HEATED AND THE STEAM THAT IS
GENERATED.
 FURNACE OR FIREBOX - IS THE CHAMBER WHERE FUEL IS BURNED
TO MAKE OR GENERATE HEAT.
 BURNER - IS A COMPONENT WHERE FUEL IS MIXED WITH AIR AND
WILL BE IGNITED TO PRODUCE A FLAME.
 TUBE BUNDLE - THIS CONSISTS OF A SET OF TUBES THROUGH
WHICH THE HOT GASES PRODUCED IN THE FURNACE WILL PASS
THROUGH AND IT WILL TRANSFER THE HEAT TO THE WATER.
 ECONOMIZER - THIS IS A RECOVERY DEVICE THAT CAPTURES THE
RESIDUAL HEAT FROM THE FLUE GASES AND USES THIS TO
PREHEAT THE INCOMING FEEDWATER BEFORE IT WILL ENTER THE
BOILER.
 SUPERHEATER - IT IS LOCATED WITHIN THE BOILER THAT
FURTHER HEATS THE STEAM AFTER IT LEAVES THE BOILER DRUM.
IT WILL INCREASE THE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE.
 FEEDWATER PUMP - IT IS A PUMP THAT SUPPLIES WATER TO THE
BOILER.
 SAFETY VALVE - THIS IS A CRITICAL SAFETY DEVICE THAT WAS
DESIGNED TO AUTOMATICALLY RELEASE THE PRESSURE SO IT
WILL NOT EXCEED ITS PRESET LIMIT.
 BLOWDOWN VALVE - IT IS USED TO REMOVE THE IMPURITIES AND
SEDIMENT FROM THE BOILER.
 WATER LEVEL INDICATOR - IS A TRANSPARENT TUBE THAT
SHOWS THE WATER LEVEL INSIDE THE BOILER.
 PRESSURE GAUGE - THIS IS AN INSTRUMENT THAT WAS USED TO
MEASURE THE PRESSURE INSIDE THE BOILER.
  CHIMNEY - THESE ARE PASSAGES AND OUTLET WHICH THE
COMBUSTION GASES WILL EXIT THE BOILER AFTER IT TRANSFER
THE HEAT.
-MAIN PARTS OF BOILER
ONE OF THE MAIN PARTS OF THE BOILER IS "BOILER DRUM"
BECAUSE THIS SERVES AS THE CENTRAL RESERVOIR FOR WATER
STEAM WITHIN THE BOILER. THIS IS WHERE THE WATER IS STORED,
HEATED AND WHERE IT IS ALSO TRANSFORMED INTO STEAM. IT PLAYS
A KEY ROLE IN SEPARATING THE STEAM FROM WATER THAT IT
ENSURES THAT THE DRY STEAM IS DELIVERED TO THE SUPERHEATER
OR ALSO DIRECTLY TO THE PROCESS. NEXT TO THE BOILER IS THE
"FURNACE OR FIREBOX" THIS IS THE CHAMBER WHERE THE FUEL IS
BURNED TO PRODUCED HEAT. AND THE OTHER PARTS ARE:
 BURNER - IT IS RESPONSIBLE OF THE BURNER FOR MIXING THE
FUEL WITH AIR AND IGNITING IT TO CONTROL THE FLAME.
 ECONOMIZER - THIS INCREASE THE BOILER'S OVERALL
EFFICIENCY BY REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF FUEL THAT IS NEEDED
TO HEAT THE WATER.
 SUPERHEATER - THIS IS THE TYPE OF STEAM WHERE IT IS MORE
EFFICIENT FOR POWER GENERATION AND MANY MORE OTHER
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.
 FEEDWATER PUMP - THIS IS ESSENTIAL FOR CONTINUOUS STEAM
PRODUCTION AND TO MAINTAIN THE NECESSARY WATER LEVEL
AND PRESSURE WITHIN THE BOILER SYSTEM.
 SAFETY VALVE - THIS IS CRUCIAL FOR SAFETY DEVICE. IT
PREVENTS THE BOILER FROM OVER PRESSURIZING, WHICH LEAD
TO DANGEROUS CONDITIONS OR EVEN EXPLOSIONS.
 BLOWDOWN VALVE - IT HELPS THE BOILER TO MAINTAIN WATER
QUALITY AND PREVENTS ANY SCALE BUILDUP INSIDE THE BOILER.
 PRESSURE GAUGE - IT'S AN INSTRUMENT USED TO MEASURE THE
INTERNAL PRESSURE OF THE BOILER. IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR
MONITORING AND TO ENSURE THAT THE BOILER OPERATES
WITHIN THE SAFE PRESSURE LIMITS.
 WATER LEVEL INDICATOR (GAUGE GLASS) - THE WATER LEVEL
INDICATOR OR GAUGE GLASS IS A TRANSPARENT TUBE THAT CAN
SHOW THE WATER LEVEL INSIDE THE BOILER. THIS ALLOWS THE
OPERATORS TO MONITOR THE WATER LEVEL TO ENSURE IT
REMAINS WITHIN SAFE OPERATING LIMITS.
-HEAT LOSS IN BOILER
HEAT LOSS IN A BOILER IS THE PORTION OF THE ENERGY THAT WAS
PRODUCED DURING THE COMBUSTION OF FUEL. THIS DOES NOT
CONTRIBUTE TO THE HEATING OF THE WATER OR STEAM, INSTEAD IT
ESCAPES FROM THE BOILER WHERE IT REDUCED THE OVERALL
EFFICIENCY.
-BOILER FUELS
BOILER FUELS ARE THE ENERGY SOURCES THAT IS USED TO
GENERATE THE HEAT IN THE BOILERS. THEN IT IS USED TO PRODUCE
STEAM OR HOT WATER. THESE ARE THE MAIN TYPES OF FUELS THAT IS
COMMONLY USED IN BOILERS:

 OIL
 COAL
 NATURAL GAS
 BIOMASS
 WASTE FUELS

3. WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE AND USES OF AN INDUSTRIAL

BOILER?
THE INDUSTRIAL BOILER CAN PUSH THE PRESSURE MUCH HIGHER
THAN THE PRESSURE COOKER WE OFTEN USE THAT'S WHY WE CAN
USE IT FOR INDUSTRIES SUCH AS, FOOD AND BEVERAGE, PAPER,
CHEMICAL, TEXTILE, AND ANIMAL FEED. IT CAN ALSO USE IN THE
ENERGY FIELD WHEN COMBINE WITH TURBINES TO GENERATE
ELECTRICITY.
4. WHAT IS AN AIR VENT, HOW IMPORTANT IS IT AND HOW IT IS
DONE?
 THE AIR VENT VALVE, WHICH IS LOCATED UNDER ONE OF THE BOILER
MOUNTINGS, IS VERY IMPORTANT. WHEN THE BOILER IS FILLED OR
STEAM IS RISING, THEY ARE INSTALLED TO THE HIGHER SECTIONS OF
THE BOILER TO REMOVE AIR FROM THE MANIFOLD AND DRUM.
ANOTHER CRUCIAL COMPONENT IN KEEPING THE BOILER FROM
COLLAPSING DURING THE DRAINING PROCESS IS THE VENT VALVE. IT
KEEPS THE DRAINING PROCESS FROM GENERATING A VACUUM. IT
SHOULD BE REMEMBERED, NEVERTHELESS, THAT THE PURGE VALVE
MUST ONLY BE OPENED ONCE THE BOILER HAS COOLED.

5. WHAT IS PURGING?
THE MOMENT BEFORE LIGHTING THE FIRST BURNER IS IMPORTANT.
THAT IS WHY PURGING IS USEFUL BEFORE LIGHTING THE FIRST
BURNER TO GET RID OF FUEL THAT MIGHT HAVE BUILT UP IN THE
BOILER AND ITS PARTS.

6. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING: DE SCALING, BACK FIRING, WATER

HAMMER.
DE SCALING - FROM THE WORD ITSELF, IT IS DEFINED AS THE PROCESS
OF REMOVING SCALE FROM THE METAL, USUALLY FROM BOILERS AND
HEAT EXCHANGER. TO DESCALE A METAL, IT REQUIRES ONE
IMPORTANT FORMULA, WHICH IS THE ACIDIC AGENT. WHEN THE ACIDIC
AGENT APPLIED, IT WILL CREATE A CARBON DIOXIDE GAS WHICH WILL
BROKE DOWN THE FORMED SCALE. USING THESE ACIDIC AGENTS IS
QUITE EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT. BACK FIRING - FREQUENTLY
HAPPENED TO INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, BUT THIS ALSO
HAPPENS TO BOILERS. THIS SITUATION OCCURS DUE TO THE PILES OF
ASH IN ITS TUBES, WHEN THE GAS FLOW AREA REDUCE IT WILL CAUSE
A BACKFIRE. TO PREVENT THIS, THE TUBES MUST BE UNDERGONE TO
THE REGULAR GENERAL CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE. WATER
HAMMER - USUALLY HAPPENS AT ANY PIPING SYSTEM INCLUDING THE
BOILER, THIS HAPPENS WHEN WATER IS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE
MOTION AND THE VALVES SUDDENLY CHANGE ITS DIRECTION OR STOP
THE FLOW.

7. WHAT IS A WATER SOFTENER?

GIVE DETAILS ON ITS OPERATION AND STANDARDS. WATER
SOFTENER ACTS AS A FILTER TO REMOVE HARD MINERALS AND
 FOREIGN OBJECT THAT MAY GO THROUGH INSIDE, ALSO OTHER
HARMFUL MINERALS FILTERED OUT SUCH AS MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM
ETC., THESE MINERALS ARE USUALLY NEUTRALIZE SO THAT THEY
WILL NOT BIND TOGETHER CAUSING A FORMATION OF SCALING.
THIS FUNCTION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT IN THE BOILER
BECAUSE IT PROTECTS THE BOILER FROM RAVAGES WATER THAT
MAY HARM THE BOILER. THE STANDARD RANGE THAT IS REQUIRED
TO USE WATER SOFTENER IS WHEN THE WATER HARDNESS IS
GREATER THAN 7 GRAINS PER GALLON AND THE NORMAL FLOW
RATE IS 5 GPM (GALLONS PER MINUTE). THE STANDARD
TEMPERATURE RANGE FOR A WATER SOFTENER IS 4–90-DEGREE
FAHRENHEIT AND THE STANDARD NORMAL WATER LEVEL IS 6-10
INCHES.
8. WHAT ARE THE DANGERS ASSOCIATED IN BOILER OPERATION?
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
1. SCALDING AND BURNS: HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM AND HOT
SURFACES.
2. EXPLOSIONS: BOILER RUPTURE DUE TO EXCESSIVE PRESSURE,
POOR MAINTENANCE, OR MALFUNCTION.
3. CRUSHING: MOVING PARTS, HEAVY EQUIPMENT, AND FALLING
OBJECTS.
4. ELECTRICAL SHOCK: FAULTY WIRING, IMPROPER GROUNDING,
OR MALFUNCTIONING CONTROLS.
5. NOISE EXPOSURE: PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO LOUD
MACHINERY.

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
1. CHEMICAL BURNS: CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES, CLEANING
AGENTS, OR FUEL.
2. TOXIC EMISSIONS: CARBON MONOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES,
AND PARTICULATE MATTER.
3. FUEL HANDLING RISKS: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, GASES, OR
SOLIDS.
OPERATIONAL HAZARDS
1. OVERPRESSURE: EXCEEDING DESIGN PRESSURE LIMITS.
2. WATER HAMMER: SUDDEN CHANGES IN STEAM FLOW.
3. PRIMORDIAL EXPLOSION: IGNITION OF ACCUMULATED
FUEL OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS.
 4. LOW-WATER LEVEL: INSUFFICIENT WATER, CAUSING
OVERHEATING.
5. IMPROPER SHUTDOWN: FAILURE TO FOLLOW PROCEDURES.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
1. AIR POLLUTION: EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTING TO CLIMATE
CHANGE.
2. WATER POLLUTION: CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS, THERMAL
POLLUTION.
3. NOISE POLLUTION: DISRUPTING NEARBY ECOSYSTEMS.
HEALTH HAZARDS
1. HEAT STRESS: PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO HIGH
TEMPERATURES.
2. RESPIRATORY ISSUES: INHALATION OF DUST, FUMES, OR
CHEMICALS.
3. MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS: REPETITIVE TASKS,
HEAVY LIFTING.
4. STRESS AND FATIGUE: LONG WORKING HOURS, HIGH-
PRESSURE ENVIRONMENT.

9. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ECONOMIZERS AND

PREHEATERS? ECONOMIZER AIR PREHEATERS
ECONOMIZERS FOCUS ON FEEDWATER HEATING, WHILE AIR
PREHEATERS FOCUS ON COMBUSTION AIR HEATING.
ECONOMIZERS AIR PREHEATERS

1. PREHEAT FEEDWATER WITH 1. PREHEAT COMBUSTION

FLUE GAS HEAT AIR WITH FLUE GAS HEAT
2. IMPROVE BOILER EFFICIENCY 2. ENHANCE COMBUSTION
(UP TO 5%) EFFICIENCY (UP TO 3%)
3. REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION 3. INCREASE BOILER
4. LOCATED AFTER THE BOILER CAPACITY
4. LOCATED BEFORE THE
BOILER

10. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DESIGN PRESSURE AND

OPERATING PRESSURE?

DESIGN PRESSURE OPERATING PRESSURE

1. MAXIMUM ALLOWED PRESSURE 1. ACTUAL WORKING
DURING DESIGN. PRESSURE DURING NORMAL
2. THEORETICAL LIMIT. OPERATIONS.
3. HIGHER THAN OPERATING 2. LOWER THAN
PRESSURE DESIGN PRESSURE.
3. FLUCTUATES BASED
ON PROCESS CONDITION