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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, there will be an explanation of the research design, data,
source of data, instruments in collecting data, techniques of data collection, and
techniques in data analysis.
A. Research Design
Qualitative research can explain and analyse social phenomena and
any activities both individually or in groups. Data was collected by detailed
listing questions and documents as the proof. In this research, Miles and
Huberman will be the reference in conducting this study. The research will
conduct qualitative research as the method. In Miles and Huberman
qualitative research methodology (2014), data condensation is a crucial
process. This method is chosen to gain a deep understanding of participants’
experiences or strategies of teacher in the way of giving feedback. To look
into the issues, the qualitative approach will be used by applying the
descriptive method, aiming to explore Teacher’s Feedback in Students’
Writing in Report Text of SMP SPK Singapore Intercultural School. To add
more, Patton (Golafshani, 2003) defines qualitative research as an attempt
to understand a phenomenon in a particular situation in a natural setting
where the researcher does not control the phenomenon of interest. It
describes “in detail all of what goes on in a particular activity or situation
rather than on comparing the effects of a particular treatment” (Fraenkel et
al. 2011: 426). Therefore, in this research, observing and taking documents,
also make list of questions are suitable to gain information about how the
teacher has implemented feedback as of the types and reasons of feedback
that are being applied by the English teacher.
B. Data and Data Sources
According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary (2021), data is fact or
information, especially when examined and used to find out things or to
make decision. According to Arikunto (2016) states that the data sources is
to give limitation to the source of data as an object, thing or person where
the data for the research variable is inherent, and at issue. The data will be
collected through documentation (students’ paper work of report text), and
list of questions. The source of taking all the data is from a teacher who
teach English writing for the Secondary students.
C. Techniques of Collecting Data
Data collecting techniques refer to the various methods or strategies
used to gather information or data for research, analysis, or decision-making
purposes. According to Cresswell (2014) that is a leading scholar in research
methodology, defines data collection techniques as the process of gathering
information for analysis that can involve using various methods such as
surveys, interviews, or observational techniques to answer specific research
questions. The choice of technique depends on the research objectives, the
type of data needed, and the resources available. Techniques that will be
implemented in this research are:
1. Relevant documents → Reviewing existing documents relevant to the
case. Examples: letters, email, memos, progress reports, administrative
records.
2. List of questions → List of questions can take various forms depending
on its use, but its primary role is to guide conversations, gather
information, and contribute to the goals of research, analysis, or
decision-making.
These processes align to qualitative research as they help in making
sense of complex data, facilitating clearer insights and more effective
communication findings. In this study, for taking the data will be applying
2 techniques in collecting data to solve both of the problems of the study,
they are documents to find out the type of feedback and doing discussion
through list of questions for taking reasons of the feedback’s type that is
chosen by the teacher.
D. Research Instruments
The research instruments can lead in gathering the information that
is related to this research. To obtain the data, the research instruments are:
1. Documents → Document analysis is a qualitative research technique
used by many researchers. The process involves evaluating electronic or
physical documents to interpret them, gain an understanding of their
meaning and develop upon the information they provide.
2. List of questions → With this instrument can encouraged detailed, open-
ended responses, exploring participants perspectives, experiences, and
feelings on a topic.
E. Techniques of Analyzing Data
In analyzing the data, the steps of data analysis by Miles and
Huberman (2014) will be used. Miles and Huberman propose three
simultaneous flows of activity in analyzing the data; they are data
condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing of verification. In
qualitative research there are no sequential steps in conducting data analysis
because of the qualitative approach to transcription depth of understanding,
and interpretation of complex contexts. In doing research, often engage in
an iterative and reflective analysis process, where data is analyzed
repeatedly to find patterns, themes, and meaning that emerge originally from
the data itself. This kind of approach allows researchers to explore broader
dimensions of the phenomena that they observe, while remaining open to
changes in the direction of analysis that may arise during the research
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process. Thus, the steps of qualitative analysis tend to be more organic and
not tied to a certain order as in quantitative research.
According to Miles and Huberman (2014: 31) analysis consists of
three streams of activities that occur simultaneously, namely: data
condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing.
1. Data Condensation
Data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing,
simplifying, abstracting of transforming the data that appear in the full
body of written-up field notes, interview transcripts, documents, and the
other empirical materials. By condensing, the data can be stronger.
2. Data Display
Generically, display is an organized, compressed assembly of
information that allows conclusion and action. The most frequent form
of display for qualitative data in the past has been extended text.
Looking at displays helps us past has been extended text. Looking at
displays helps us understand what is happening and to do something __
either analyze further or take action – based on the understanding.
3. Conclusion Drawing or Verification
It is needed to hold the conclusions lightly, maintaining the
openness and skepticism, but the conclusions are still there, vague at
first, then increasingly explicit and grounded. Conclusions are also
verified as the analysis proceeds.
Data Collection Data Display
Data Condensation Conclusion/
Verifying
Figure 3.1. Qualitative Data Analysis by Miles & Huberman (2014)
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