EARTH AND LIFE SCI REVIEWER

LESSON 1
Science
 Derived from Latin word "scietia" comes from the
verb "scire" means "to know"
 Systemized body of knowledge based on facts,
truths and evidence
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
 Pure Science - knowing or understanding theories
and principles
 Biology
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Applied Science - how these theories can be used to
develop or invent new products
 Physics
- Forensic
- Kinematics
SCIENCE CAN BE FUTHER DIVIDED
 Natural Science - deals with the study of nature
 Social Science - deals with the study of society
 Economics
 History
 Law
 Antropology
 Psychology
 etc.
 Natural Science;
 Physical Science - the study of matter/energy
 Bilogical Science - the study of living things
 Earth Science - the study of earth
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
 Covers all aspect of life on earth, complex and
dynamis process in solid earth
MAIN BRANCHES OF EARTH SCIENCE
1. Geology - the study of origin, history, and structure
 of Earth
2.Meteorology - study of earth's atmosphere, like
weather events
3.Oceanography - "oceanology", study of life and
properties of the earth's ocean
4.Astronomy - deals with the study of our celestial
bodies (objects beyond earth's atmosphere)
5.Cosmology - study that deals with the universe as
whole
LESSON 2
Theories explaining the origin of the universe
1. Creationist Theory
 a theory that states one time God created the
universe and all of uts components, came from
the book of Genesis.
2. Big Bang Theory
 supported by Edwin P. Hubble, Arno Penzias,
and Robert Wilson
 universe is said to be 13.8 billion yrs. old
  most accepted theory
3. Steady State Theory
 proposed by Herman Bondi, Thomas Gold,
and Fred Hayle
 believes that the universe has no beginning
and ending
 universe was not static, continously
expanding
4. Multiverse Theory
 universe is not the only one in the universe

LESSON 3
SOLAR SYSTEM
 "Solar" means to the sun and "system" pertains to
the heavenly bodies
 refers to the collection of celestial bodies
 beginning: the universe are composed of hot, tiny,
particles mixed with light and energy
 Bigbang = Universe, Nebular = Solar System
NEBULAR THEORY
  origin of solar system
 latin word's "cloud"
 solar system is said to be formed 14.6 billion years
ago
 gas and dust contract due to gravity
STAGE DESCRIPTION
1. Collapse - solar system comes from high
temperature gas ball, mass ball collapsed
2.Spinning - the disk spins faster & faster, causing the
temperature to decreased
3.Flattening - the disk becomes sphere due to rotation,
cause of fast rotation some fog escaped
4.Condensation - some fog formed the core of the
largest mass in the middle, while small part formed
gas ball mass escape
5. Accretion - cores of small masses turned into
planets and the remains of high tenperature
became the sun
PROTOPLANET
 Massive cloud of gas rotated slowly in space
  Most materials gathered around to its center,
temperature becomes high giving birth to the Sun.
LESSON 3
SOLAR SYSTEM
Terrestrials
 small in size
 solid rocky surface
 very heavy
 move slowly
 have no rings and few moons
Gas giants/Jovian
 larger masses and size
 made mostly of gas
 very light
 move quickly in space
 have rings and many moons

SOLAR SYSTEM PLANETS

1.Mercury
 nearest planet to the sun
 does not have moons
 its crater is similar to earth's moon
 both extremely hot and cold
 appearance; small, greyish sphere
2. Venus
 almost equal size to earth/earth's twin
 hottest planet
3. Earth
 largest among the terrestrial planets
 only planet that can sustain and support life
 has one moon, named "Luna" (a distance of
385,000 km)
Why is earth habitable?
 not too hot and not too cold
 contains 70% water and 30% mass
 habitable zone (goldilocks zone)
4. Mars
 cold, dry, dusty planet w/ thin atmosphere
 called "red planet" because of its color (due to
iron oxide, rust in its soil)
 has the largest volacano (olympus mons)
ASTEROID BELT
 majority of asteroids
 located between Mar's and Jupiter
5. Jupiter
 largest planet
 known to its "great red spot", an active storm
for centuries
 callisto and io is one of its 80 moon
6. Saturn
 second largest planet
 famous for its ring
 titan is one of its 83 moons
7. Uranus
  composed of hyrogen, helium, ammonia, and
methane
 spins sideways making it unique
8. Neptune
 mostly made up of hydrogen and helium
 coldest and most distant
 blue in color due to methane gas
OTHER SPACE OBJECTS
1.Asteriods
 large piece of rock with irreg shape
 mostly found in the asteriod belt
2. Meteoroids
 smaller than asteroids
 any tiny particles left by an asteroid or comet
3. Meteor
 also known as "shooting star"
 are asteroids that enter the earth's atmosphere
4. Meteorites
  meteors that land on earth
LESSON 4
Factors that makes the planet HABITABLE
 temperature
 water
 atmosphere
 energy
 nutrients
EARTH SUBSYSTEM
1.Geosphere
 "geo" means earth
 solid portion of the earth; rocks, soils, etc.
 earth's interior layer; core, mantle, crust
2. Hydrosphere
 "hydro" means water
 70% of earth's surface is water
Hydrologic Cycle
  represents the unending circulation of
earth's water
 process; evaporation, transpiration,
condensation, and precipatation
3. Atmosphere
 layer of gases that surrounds the earth
 this layer provide living things with air to breathe,
traps heat, and create a protective layer
 the gaseous layer above earth's surface primarily
composed of 78% nitrogen, 21%
oxygen–remaining gases are the 1%
Layers of the Atmosphere
 Exosphere
- final layer, stretches into space and
houses satellite
 Thermosphere
- the hottest layer, absorbs the sun's
radiation. Aurora occurs in this layer
 Mesosphere
- the coldest layer
  Stratosphere
- ozone is found here, protects us from
UV rays
 Troposphere
- the layer which we live and weather
occurs
4. Biosphere
 the zone of earth where all forms of life exist
LESSON 5
Pysical Property - talks about the characteristics that is
unique and helps to identify the substance
Composition - what it's made of
THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF EARTH
Crust
 outermost layer, thinniest layer
 where we live
 made of solid rocks
 oceanic crust and continental crust;
Oceanic Crust
 beneath deep ocean
 very thin
 denser
Continental Crust
 beneath land masses
 very thick
 less dense
Basalt vs Granite
 Basalt - extrusive ignous rock, formed by the
rapid cooling of basaltic lava
 Granite - very hard, crystalline intrusive
igneous rock, often use as building stone
Asthenospehere
 the crust of earth is broken into small pieces
called "plates", those plates float on the soft,
semi-rigid layer and what we called
asthenosphere.
 semi-rigid part of the mantle that flows
Mohorovicc Discontinuity - the boundary zone
between the crust and the mantle
Mantle
 thickest layer, largest layer
 divided into two parts; upper & lower mantle
 most of the mantle is solid rock called "lithosphere"
(lithos means rock, asthens means weak)
 the lower mantle rock is softer called
asthenosphere
Lithosphere
 the outermost, rigid layer of earth
 made of crust and upper part of mantle
 divided into tectonic plates
Asthenosphere
 upper layer of earth's mantle

Core
 hottest
 high pressure
  made up of iron & nickel
 divided into two parts; inner and outer core
Outer Core
 liquid iron and made up of nickel
 creates the earth's magnetic field
 temp. can reach up to 2,200°C
Inner Core
 solid iron and nickel
 solid because of the pressure from the
earth surrounding it
 the earth's center
 contains oxygen, sulfur, and silicon
How do Scientists know about the interior of the
Earth?
 Direct evidence - from rock samples
 Indirect evidence - from seismic waves

LESSON 6
MINERALS
 building blocks of rocks
Characteristics of Minerals
1. Naturally occuring - product of earth's natural
process
2.Inorganic - must be product of earth's physical
processes
3.Homogenous solid - have definite volume and rigid
shape
4.Definite chemical composition - represented by a
chemical formula
5.Orderly crystalline structure - arranged in an orderly
and repeating patter
Property of Minerals
1. Color - color may change depending on the surface
2.Streak - color of mineral in powdered form
3.Hardness - resistance to scratching
 Mohs Scale of Hardness
- Diamond is the hardess
 - Talc is the least hard
4.Cleavage - resistance to being broken and fractured
5.Amount of tranparency (diaphaneity) - ability to
allow light to pass through
6.Luster - how light is reflected
7.Tenacity - minerals reaction to stress
 Brittleness - mineral turn into powder
 Malleability - mineral can be flattened
 Ductility - mineral can be stretched into wire
 Flexible but inelastic - bent but remain in NEW
position
 Flexible but elastic - bent and goes back to
original position
 Sectility - ability of the minerals to be sliced by
knife
ROCKS
 are combined aggregation of minerals
 Petrology - scientific study of rocks
THREE TYPES OF ROCKS
1. Igneous rocks -formed from hardening and
crystallization of magma or molten material
Two types of Igneous rocks;
1. Extrusive/Volcanic rock
 forms when magma makes its way to
earth's surface, cooled.
 fine grained (crytals is too small)
2 Intrusive/Plutonic
 cools slowly beneath earth's surface,
created by magma
 coarse grained (very large crystals)
Igneous Rocks are Based on;
1. Composition
 Felsic - light in color
 Mafic - dark in color
 Intermediate - between mafic & felsic
 Ultramafic - very dark in color
2.Texture - overall appearcance of rock
 Aphanistic - fine grained
  Phaneritic - coarse grained
 Poryphyritic - large crystals with small
crystals
 Pyroclastic - composite of ejected
fragmentd. Ex. Basalt
2.Metamorphic rocks - forms from existing rocks. Ex.
quartzile
metamorphism - transformation of one rock type
into another
Two types of metamorphism
1. Regional - due to changes in oressure and
temperature over large region of the crust
2.Crust - mainly by heat due to contact with
magma
Classification
a. texture - size arrangement and grains
within the rock
 Foliated - any planar arrangement of
mineral grains or structural feature:
within the rock. Ex. mica
  Non-foliated - made up only few
minerals
3. Sedimentary rocks
 provides information about surface conditions
that existed in the Earth's past
 particles of sand, shell, pebbles and other
fragments called sediments, that accumalate in
layers and over long period of time harden into
rocks
Compaction - due to increase of pressure of
layered sediments it binds together to form
the sedimentary rocks
Two types of Sedimentary Rocks
1. Classic sedimentary rock - formed
from accumalation of rocks: broken
rocks and shells
2.Chemical - formed when dissolve
materials precipitate from a solution
3.Organic - rocks form from the
compaction of animal debris
 LESSON 7
Exogenic Process - external processes occuring in the
surface of the earth. THIS INCLUDES;
WEATHERING - breaking down of rocks into smaller
fragments
 Physical weathering - breaking up of large rocks
into smaller ones, w/o changing its composition
Factors under Physical Weathering:
1. Heat pressure
2.Frost wedging - when rocks are fractured
and is accumalated with water, causing it
to freeze. as the ice expands the crack
widens
3.Abrasion - the breakdown of rocks is
caused by impact and friction. collision of
rocks due to current or waves
4. Organic Activity - plants and animals
(human also) as agents of mechanical
weathering
5.Biological Activity - activities such as
 digging, quarrying denuding forests and
cultivating land
6.Burrowing Animals - animals create a spacs
in the rocks for habitation
7.Salt crystal growth - force exerted by salt
crystal that formed as water evaporation
8. Exfoliation - pressure in a rock is released
along parallel alignments near the surface
of the bedrock
 Chemical Weathering - chemical
decomposition of rock due to chemical
reaction, there are changes in its composition
Factors under Chemical Weathering:
1. Dissolution/Carbonitation - a process by
which carbon dioxide and water or
moisture in the surroundings react with
eah other.
2.Hydrolysis- a process that change in the
composition of minerals when they react
with water. water meets water
3.Oxidation - occurs when oxygen and
 water react with each other
 Biological Weathering - the disintegration or
decay of rocks and minerals caused by
chemical or physical agents of organism
Factors Under Biological Weathering
1. Organic activity from algae, and
decaying plants
2.Rock disintegration by plant growth
EROSION
 it is the transportation of sediments that has been
undergo weathering
 It is the separation, removal, and movement of
weathered rocks due to different agents
5 Agents of Erosion:
1. Erosion by water - detachment or
removal of soil material by water
2.Erosion by wind - the sediment particles
are transported by wind and can trav
thousands of miles
3.Erosion by waves - waves erode
 sediments from cliffs and shorelines
4.Erosion by glaciers - are solid ice that
slowly moves in land
 Plucking - process by which rocks
and other sediments are picked up
by a glacier
 Abrasion - the process in which the
glacier scrapes underlying rock
5.Erosion by gravity - also called "mass
wasting", it is the downslope movement
of a rock or soil under the influence of
gravity
Types of Mass Wasting Movement
1. Slope failure - failure in slope
causing transport of debris by
sliding, rolling, falling, or slumping
 Slumps
 Rocks/debris slides
 Rock/debris fall
2.Sediments flow- material flow
downhill with mixture of water and
 air
 Solifluction
 Debris flow
 Mud flow
 Granular flow
 Creep
 Grain flow
 Debris avalanche
DEPOSITION
 the process in which weathering materials carried
out by the erosion that settle down in a particular
location
 once they are breaking down and transported
elsewhere, thay are now dropping off