G.P.

ENGLISH
GRAMMAR

English
For All Learners

G.Pullaiah M.A.Mphil,BEd,CELT,DCA
S.A. English
Ph:94411 47860
Content

1. Types of sentences
2. Punctuation

3. Parts of speech
4. Verbs
5. Tenses
6. If conditional clauses

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 7. Transformation of sentences
a) Active voice and passive voice
b) Direct and Indirect speech
c) Degrees of comprehension
d) Use of conjunctions
e) Simple complex and compound sentences
f) Use of Relative clauses
8. Correction of sentences
9. General comprehension passages
10. Letter writing

CHAPTER I
TYPES OF SENTENCES
INTRODUCTION
English: - English is the language of the people of England.
Grammar: - It is an art of putting the right words in the right place.
Letters: - There are 26 letters in English language.
These are divided in to three groups.
They are
1. Vowels: - A, E, I, O, U are called Vowels.
2. Consonants: - B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V,
X, Z are called consonants.
3. Semi vowels: - W, Y are called Semi Vowels.
Word: - A word is a group of letters which gives complete meaning.
Eg:- a book, a river, a flower
Sentences:- A sentence is a group of words, which give complete meaning.
Eg:-1. She sings a song.
2.I am teaching English grammar.
TYPES OF SENTENCES
There are four types of sentences in English language.
They are
1. Assertive Sentence.
2. Interrogative Sentence.

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 3. Imperative Sentence.
4. Exclamatory Sentence.
1) Assertive Sentence:-
These Sentences are general statements. They end with full stop. They
contain subject, verb, object in order. Assertive Sentence is known as “Declarative”
or Affirmative Sentence.
Note: - A sentence begins with noun or pronoun, ends with full stop is called
Assertive Sentence.

Eg:- 1.Sita Sings a Song.

2. Raju eats a banana.
3. They are my friends.
4. She is a doctor.

2) Interrogative: Sentence:-
These sentences are questions. They end with question mark.
These are divided into two groups:-
1. General questions (leading questions)
2. Interrogative Sentences
1. General questions: - These questions get ‘yes’ or ‘No’ answers .They start
with the following helping verbs.
HELPING VERBS
Be forms:-am, is, are, was, were,
Do forms:-do, does, did,
Have forms:- have, has, had,
Model Auxiliaries:-shall, should, can, could,
will, would, may, might,
must,

Eg:-
1. Am I right?
2. Is your father at home?
3. Are you going to College?
4. Was he absent yesterday?
5. Were you in Tirumala last Saturday?

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 6. Do you come with me?
7. Does she get up early?
8. Did Raju attend the class yesterday?
9. Have you finished your home work?
10. Has she two daughters?
11. Had they gone to Hyderabad?
12. Shall I bring you a cup of Coffee?
13. Should you take rest?
14. Can you play Cricket?
15. Could you please give me your pen?
16. Will you come to my house tomorrow?
17. Would you please give the news paper?
18. May I help you?
19. Might he have come here?

2. Interrogative questions:-These questions seek lengthy answers. They start

with the following interrogative question words (wh.
Words)
who whose whom what
which where when why how
Eg:-
1. Who is your father?
2. What are you doing?
3. Where are you going?
4. When is your birthday?
5. Why are you late today?
6. Which is your native place?
7. Who do you like the best in your family?
8. Whose book is this?
9. How are you?
3) Imperative Sentence:-
These sentences are requests, orders, commands, advice, suggestions,
Instructions are called imperative sentence.
Every sentence begins with first form of verb and ends with full stop.
E.g.:-
1. Please give me your pen.

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 2. Take this file.
3. Open the door.
4. Bring me a glass of water.
5. Close the Windows.
6. Stay here.
7. Take Medicines.
8. Attend the examination without fail.
4) Exclamatory Sentence: - These sentences give our feelings about any incident,
These sentences start with “what, How” and end with
exclamatory mark ( !).
Eg:-
1. What a Surprise!
2. How notice it is!
3. What a stupid you are!
4. What a beautiful bird it is!
5. Oh! He is dead

A. Punctuation

Punctuation means the right use of the stops in a sentence. The main
punctuation marks are
1. Full stop (.)
2. Comma (,)
3. Exclamation (!)
4. Question mark (?)
5. Quotation mark or inverted commas (“ ”)

Full stop: The full stop is used at the end of assertive sentences and
imperative senctences.
Examples:
1. He is my friend.
2. We are learning English grammar.
3. Ashoka was a great king.
4. Balu is a good dancer.
5. Sita is not a good singer.

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 6. Open the door.
7. Post this letter.
8. Take medicines regularly.

Comma: Comma indicates a short pause in speech it is used to separate

one or more items in a series.
Examples:
1. Gopi, Sarala, Sony, Murali and Vamsi have scored good marks.
2. There are Bananas, Mangoes, grapes, oranges, and apples in the fruit
market.
 To separate the reported clause from the reporting clause.
i) He said “ I will go to Tirupathi tomorrow”
ii) “I will,” he said “go to Tirupathi tomorrow.”
 To separate the subordinate clause that begins the sentence.
i) If you play well, you can win the match.
ii) When Hema saw a snake, she ran away.
iii) Unless you leave early, you can’t catch the train.

Exclamation marks: An exclamation sentence and an interjection are

always followed by an exclamation mark. Generally an exclamatory
sentence begins with what or how is followed by an adjective or an
adverb.
Examples:
1. Alas! he is dead
2. Hurrah! We won the match.
3. What a simple man he is!
4. How nice it is!

Quotation mark or Inverted commas: Quotation marks are also known as

inverted commas. When we write the exact words said by someone we
keep those words with in the quotation marks. And the quotation marks
are used in 3 types.

Type1: look at the following examples.

1. She said, “ I am busy now”
2. He said, “where are you going”
3. Rani said to Raju, “Are you married?”

Type2: Study the following sentences.

1. “I am busy now” said he.
2. “Where are you going?” said she.
3. “Please lend me your notes”, he said.
4. What a brilliant idea!” she exclaimed.

Type3: Study the following sentences.

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 1. “I am pleased!” the king said”, to be here this evening”.
2. “Are you here?” the stranger asked to attend a congress.”
Examination model:
1. “Are we going out to night?” he asked.”
2. “Can I help you?” asked, the young man”.
3. “You should have save the document” said, the manager

Examination model:
Punctuate the following and rewrite the sentence in the space
provided for it.

TASK – 1
1. he said you can believe what I say
A:- ......................................................................................................
2. is it said the other you are here to attend a congress
A:- ......................................................................................................
3. what’s the reason for his behavior
A:- ......................................................................................................
4. were you waiting for me schwamm asked quite startled
A:- ......................................................................................................
5. will you keep quiet the teacher said
A:- ......................................................................................................
6. children the stranger said mean nothing to me
A:- ......................................................................................................
7. The other said you are taking the Kurzbach train are you
A:- ......................................................................................................
8. What is the reason for his behaviour said he
A:- ......................................................................................................
9. Can I speak to the manager asked the customer
A:- ......................................................................................................
10. You are speaking to the manager replied the man at the counter
A:- ......................................................................................................
11. Am I thought I was speaking to the accountant
A:- ......................................................................................................

TASK – 2
1. when i stopped by to see him after the race he said you know we won

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 A:- ......................................................................................................
2. Anything that writes blank she said
A:- ....................................................................................................
3. alas what shall I do now cried the traveller
A:- ......................................................................................................
4. ohe where are you ohe Munshi Singha called Nanak
A:- ......................................................................................................
5. Here take the milk where is your servant today
A:- ......................................................................................................
6. What food to the hungry what pillow to the sleepy Basanto said
A:- ......................................................................................................
7. He said it is a rupee a seer how many annas worth do you want
A:- ......................................................................................................
8. look ar the sun soraring have you ever seen a day going said she
A:- ......................................................................................................
9. what difference do halt and march make to a beggar said Hiro with a
dumb humility
A:- ......................................................................................................
10 Can I buy a pen she asked the shopkeeper
A:- ......................................................................................................
11. What colour would you like he asked
A:- ......................................................................................................
12. charles she said we don’t have any charles in the kindergarten
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
13. what happended to charles my husband asked
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
14. that’s fine I said heartily didn’t charles want to do exercises.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
15. Mummy can I buy Batman T-shirt said the boy
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
16. Mother said why do you want to buy someone else’s T-shirt
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
17. Oh no I am buying a new one said the boy
Ans: __________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER-2

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 2.PARTS OF SPEECH
There are eight parts of speech in English language.

They are:-
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

1. Noun: - A Noun is word, used to indicate the names of persons,

places, and things.
Eg:- 1.Raju is a clever student.
2. Bangolore is beautiful City.
3. The book is on the table.

Types of Nouns: - They are 5 types of Nouns

They are
1. Proper noun
2. Common noun
3. Collective noun
4. Material noun
5. Abstract noun

1. Proper noun: - Proper noun denotes particular names of persons,

Places and things.
Eg:- 1.Hari is a good dancer.
2. Delhi is a big city.
3. Rajampet is my native place.
4. John goes to church every Sunday.

2. Common noun :- A Common noun denotes commonly used the names

of persons, places and things
Eg:- man, woman, girl, boy, tree, flower, bird, animals, book,
student, teacher, city, village.

3. Collective noun :- Collective noun denotes a group of persons animals

and things
Eg:- People, Mob, gang, crowd, army, team, Police, herd, Cattle,
flock, fleet, bunch, bundle

4. Material noun:- Material noun denotes the names of materially used

to make things.

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 Eg:- Gold, plastic, silver, iron, steel, wood, cotton, rice, wheat, oil,
water, clay.

5. Abstract noun: - An abstract noun is usually, the names of quality,

action, or state.
Quality: - Kindness, happiness, greatness.
Action: - Laughter, anger, movement.
State: - Truth, youth, childhood.

Note:- Abstract న్oun taken out .

Common nouns ,adjectives, verbs ,nouns .

2. PRONOUN
2. Pronoun: - Pronoun is word which is used instead of a noun.

Ex:- Sita - She

Ramu - He
Book - It
Students - They

Kind of Pronouns: - There are mainly nine kinds of pronouns.

They are:-
1. Personal Pronouns.
2. Reflexive or Emphatic.
3. Possessive Pronouns.
4. Demonstrative Pronouns.
5. Interrogative Pronouns.
6. Relative pronouns.
7. Indefinite pronouns.
8. Distributive pronouns.
9. Reciprocal pronouns.

1. Personal pronoun: - Personal pronouns which are related to persons

are called personal pronouns. These are three types.
They are:-
1. First person
2. Second Person
3. Third Person

LIST OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS:-

Person Number Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronoun pronoun Adjective pronoun pronoun
Pr. – 1 pr. – 2 Pr.3 Pr.4 Pr.5
I Singular I me my mine myself
Plural we us our ours ourselves

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 II Singular you you your yours yourself
Plural you you your yours yourselves
III Singular he him his his himself
she her her ours herself
it it its its itself
Plural they them their theirs themselves

2. Reflexive/Emphatic Pronoun:- myself , ourselves, yourself,

yourselves, himself, herself, itself,
themselves are called reflexive or Emphatic
Pronouns.
Eg: - 1.I will do it myself.
2. She hurt herself.
3. You can explain it yourself.
4. They admit themselves.
Note:- Myself, our selves, your selves, himself, herself, itself, themselves
Reflexive Pronoun.
Emphatic pronoun:-
Eg:-
1. I myself will do it
2. I myself heart
3. You yourself can explain it
4. They themselves admit
Note:- Pronoun myself, our selves emphatic pronoun .
3. Possessive Pronoun: - mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs are
called possessive pronouns.

4. Demonstrative Pronoun:- Pronouns which are used to show the

objectives, are called demonstrative pronouns.
Eg:- This, These, that, those
1. This is a book.
2. These are my books.
3. That is my bag.
4. Those are mangoes.

5. Interrogative Pronouns: - Interrogative Pronouns refer to asking

questions. Whose, what, which, when, where, why,
How.
Eg:-

1. What are you doing?

2. Which is your native place?
3. Where are you going?
4. When is your birth day?
5. Why are you late?
6. Relative Pronoun:-A relative pronoun “relates” or refer to noun, which
has gone before Who, What, Whose, which, what, that
whom etc.

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 Eg:- 1. Raju is my friend who tells me stories.
2. This is the bag which I bought yesterday.
3. This is the man, whom you sent to me.
4. This is the house that my father built.

Note:- Who, whose, whom refer to human beings and persons

what, which, that refer to things.

7. Indefinite pronouns:-Pronouns which do not refer to any particular

person or thing are called Indefinite pronouns

Eg: - Someone, anyone, everyone, noone, something, anything,

everything, nothing, somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody
8. Distributive Pronoun:-
Each, either, neither are called distributive pronouns.
Eg:- 1.Each of the boys is qualified
2. Neither of students is true
3.Either of the two must have it.
9. Reciprocal Pronoun:- Each other, one another are called
reciprocal pronouns.
Note: - Each other, one another denote a mutual or reciprocal
relationship, each other is usually used to refer to, two persons or
things.
One other is used to refer to more than two persons or things.
Eg:-
1. The two girls help each other
2. All the members of the staff quarreled with one other.
3. VERB

Verb: - The word verb comes from the Latin word: “Verbatum” which
means an action. Verb denotes the work done.
They are mainly two kinds of verbs.
They are:-
1. Auxiliary Verbs
2. Main Verbs
Eg:-
1. I am a teacher(state)
2. I have two children (Possessive)
3. I teach English grammar ( action)

4. ADJECTIVE
Adjective:- Adjective is a word to add Something to the meaning of
noun.

Eg:-
1. It is a black board
2. She is a good girl
3. Ashoka was a great man

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 Kinds of Adjectives: There are mainly nine kinds of Adjectives.
They are:-
1. Adjective of quality.
2. Adjective of quantity.
3. Adjective of number.
4. Demonstrative adjective.
5. Emphasizing adjective.
6. Possessive adjective.
7. Interrogative adjectives.
8. Distributive adjective.
9. Exclamatory adjective.
1. Adjective of quality: - These words describe the quality of the
nouns. To which they refer.
Note:- what kind of
Eg:-
1. This is a beautiful flower.
2. He is an honest man.
3. Rani is a good girl.

2. Adjective of quantity:- These words describe the quantity of the

nouns, To which they refer.
Note:- Some, much, little, enough, all, few.)

Eg:- 1.I have Some money in my pocket

2. There is a little water in the tank

4. Adjectives of number: - These words give the number of nouns to

which they refer .

These are two types namely

1. Cardinal numbers,
2. Ordinal numbers.
Eg:-
1. There are sixty students in the class.
2. She got first rank in civil services.

4. Possessive adjective:- These words indicates the person or thing, to

whom the nouns refer to here having position my, our, your, his, her, its,
their.
Eg:-

1. This is my book.
2. That is his house.

5. Interrogative adjectives:- These words indicate a question while

describing the noun to which they refer
interrogative adjectives .

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 Eg:- 1.What class are you studying?
6. Emphasizing Adjectives:- possessive adjective is emphasizing of a
emphazing adjective అ౦దురు.
Eg:-He saw the accident with his own eyes.
7. Distributive adjectives:-each, either, neither, every are called distributive
adjectives. They indicate one thing or person taken
separately out of a whole group or clause.
Eg:- 1.Every man must do his duty.
2. I have neither a pen.
8. Demonstrative adjectives:- these adjectives point out the nouns refered
to these, that, those.
Eg:-1. This book is mine.
2. These books are yours.
3. That house is my uncle’s.

5. ADVERB
Adverb: - Adverb is a word used to qualify a verb and adjective and
another adverb.
Eg:-
1. Raju reads well .
2. Ice is very cold.
3. The old man walks very slowly .

Kinds of Adverbs:-
1. Adverbs of time
2. Adverbs of place
3. Adverbs of number
4. Adverbs of manner
5. Adverbs of degree or quantity
6. Adverbs of Affirmation / Negation
7. Adverbs of reason
8. Interrogative adverbs

1. Adverbs of Time: - These answers the question “when” .

Now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, before,
late, after, early, all ready, after, then. .
Eg:-
1. He will come any time now.
2. I will tell you about it tomorrow.
3. They have already finished the homework.

2. Adverbs of place:- These answers, the question “ where” .

Here, there, everywhere, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere, behind,
forward, inside, outside, in, out come, in , get out, far, near.

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 Eg:-
1. Please sit here.
2. I have looked everywhere.
3. Come forward.
3. Adverbs of number: - These answers, the question “How often”
(Once, twice, thrice, firstly, secondly, lastly, finally)
Eg:-
1. I have you told you about it twice
2. He often makes mistakes
3. I go to temple once a week

4. Adverbs of manner: - These answers, the question “How”

(well, slowly, quickly, sadly, loudly, foolishly )

Eg:-
1. My friend speaks fluently
2. She walks slowly

5. Adverbs of degree are quantity:- These answers the questions “ How

much” , How long ( almost, always, sometimes, quite, enough, too, very)
Eg:-
1. This girl is too late
2. The sea is very ferocious
3. you are quite wrong
6. Adverbs of Affirmation / Negation: - These answers word of
negation yes or no.
Affirmation: - surely, certainly, suddenly, readily
Negation : No, not, not at all

Eg:-
1. She is certainly right
2. He is not willing to do the work
3. No I can’t speak English fluently
7.Adverbs of Reasons :- These are the answers the question “ why” .
(So, therefore, Hence, because of)
Eg:-
1. when does he come?
2. How can you reach the top?
3. where do you live?

6. PREPOSITION

Preposition: - Pre means before

Position means state

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 A preposition is a word, which is placed before a noun or pronoun and it
shows relation between the noun or pronoun and other words in a
sentence.
List of important prepositions:-

By, at, in, of, on, to, up, for, off, out, from, with, in to, down, over, up
on, about, before, behind, along, between among, across, beside, out, upon,
since, under, into etc.
Eg:-
1. The book is on the table,
2. Someone is knocking at the door
3. I have been living in Rajampet since 1989

7. CONJUNCTION
Conjunction :- A conjunction is word which joins two words or two
sentences
Eg:-
1. Rama and Lakshmana were brothers
2. Vimala or Kamala make at the rank in TET
3. If you work hard you can get a rank in TET.
List of important conjunctions:-
If, unless, though, all though, even though, as, since, because, as soon
as when, while, but, yet, or, otherwise, so, and, therefore, not only, but also, as
well as, both and, either or, Neither nor.

8. INTERJECTION
Interjection: - An interjection is a word which expresses sudden feeling
of mind.
Ex:- oh! he is dead.
Alas! The old man was passed away last night.
Hurrah! We have won the match.

Exercises
Name the part of speech of each of the underlined words.
1. He is extremely sensitive and reacts to the slightest irritation.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________

2. Delhi is the capital of India.

Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
3. Where there is a will, there is a way.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________

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4. The earth trembled slightly and the beds vibrated.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
5. He doesn’t want to play or talk to anyone.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
6. I probably have the strangest reason imaginable.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
7. What is the reason for his behaviour?
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
8. He could not afford to spend another night in town.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
9. I have a small son and it’s for his sake I came here.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
10. The old gave me a strange look and walked away hurriedly.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
11. Read this work book carefully as it is vey useful.

Ans :a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________

12. Muslims fast during Ramzan. He missed the fast train. She speaks fast.
His fast lasted a week.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
13. All this played real havoc on our imagination, as nothing had ever done
before.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
14. Anna was large and heavily built, with very black bright eyes and a lot of
wiry black.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
15. Then she married the boy who led the cats.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
16. We lived in a constant quiver of thrill upon thrill.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
17. They became companions of the long nights of excitement.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
18. Sick with terror, I found I could scarcely breathe.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
19. I first saw Anna, the new nanny of the children.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
20. I gave the child a chocolate. She took it and smilled sweetly.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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21. He had returned to the hospital because he had a malignant tumour of
the bone.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22. I have been living in Hyderabad for ten years.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23. The man took the last draw of his cigarette, then he dropped it on the
path.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24. She let a gentle smile come over her face.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25. This vow means that we cannot work for the rich.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26. There is a kind of austere severity about the white saree.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27. Mother works on with her accounts and answers her letters.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28. Pull the rope and a bell will ring on the other side.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
29. There are usually a few jeeps, a van or a mobile clinic.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Task – 2
1. What we saw then was the end of the case.
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------
2. The fatal instinct tells a man when he is watche.d
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------
3. Inspite of her recent illness, she continued to work hard.
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------
4. The counsel for the crown brought the story gently out.
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------
5. And do you see the man here in court?
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------
6. Now think very carefully, Mrs. Salmon.
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------
7. Can you still swear that the man you saw was the thief?
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------

Task – 3

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1. I am glad Rex never saw a trained police dog jump.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Swimming was his favourite recreation.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. The customer waited eggerly for her turn.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. She smelled his sweet baby smell and love suffused her.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. One day when I was asleep my cousin Mouras came into my room.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. She let a gentle smile come over her face.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Nevertheless, there was a nobility about him.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. The two dogs eventually worked their way to the traks.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Rex killed cats, that is true, but quickly and neatly.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Although the two dogs landed ten feet away, Rex still held on.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Task - 4
1. The hind threw anxious glances about her as she began suddenly to urge
the fawn along.
Ans : -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
2. A vacancy exists in the co-operative store for an experienced cashier.
Ans : -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
3. The Counsel for the Crown brought the story out gently.
Ans : -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
4. An anguish of mortal danger seized the chital hind.
Ans : -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
5. There was a distant sound now like the crackle of flame.
Ans : -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

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6. The hind sprang sharply to her fawn and nudged him to his feet.
Ans : -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
7. She stooped anxiously to her fawn, then up again to look and listen.
Ans : -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1. Hatred of evil is itself a kind of bondage to evil.

Ans :(a) …………… (b) …………. (c) ………. (d)………….

2. Where did you meet my friend ?

Ans :(a) …………… (b) ………….. (c) ……….. (d) …………

3. There are several factors that contribute to wisdom.

Ans :(a) …………… (b) …………… (c) ……… (d) ………….

4. If you can do this, you will have instilled some fragment of wisdom.
Ans :(a) ……………. (b) …………… (c)……….. (d) ………….

5. Sherlock Holmes had an unusual power of detaching his mind at will.

Ans :(a) …………….. (b) ……………. (c) ……….. (d)
………….

6. He was very angry and had an old boot in his hands.

Ans : (a) …………….. (b) …………… (c) ………… (d) ………...

1. My cousin Mourad raced the horse across the field of dry grass.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................
2. He sat under a peach tree.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................
3. He was trying to repair the hurt wing of a bird.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................
4. I stared first at my cousin and then at the horse.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................
5. I got down and my cousin Mourad kicked his heels into the horse.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................
6. He walked the horse quietly to the barn of a deserted vineyard.

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 A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................
7. My cousin Mourad was sitting on a beautiful white horse.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ...............
8. I had always been longing to ride.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d)................
9. It was the loveliest thing I had ever seen.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d)................
10. he walked the horse quietly to the barn of a deserted vineyard.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d)................
11. I went home and ate a hearty breakfast.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d)................

Articles
There are two articles in English.
They are
1. Indefinite articles: - ‘A’ and ‘An’ are called Indefinite articles
2. Definite Articles: - ‘The’ is called definite article

USE OF ARTICLE ‘A’:-

Rules:-
1. ‘A’ is used before a singular common noun beginning with consonantal sound.
Eg:- a boy, a flower, a box, a man
a book a pen a car a table
2. Some words start with a vowel letter (A, E, I, O, U) but having a consonantal sound
then indefinite articles “a” is used before them.
Eg:- a University a European
a unite a uniform
a universal a useful animal

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 3. ‘A’ is used before a singular common noun, beginning with a vowel letter which has
‘w’ sound.
Eg:- a one rupee note
a one eyed beggar

4. ‘A’ is used before the collective nouns

Eg:- a group of people
a bunch of flower
a bundle of papers
a bunch of keys
5. ‘A’ is used before the quantities
Eg:- a few, a lot of, a little, a dozen
6. To make a common noun of a proper noun:-
Eg: - This is a Shakespeare of India

EXERCISES:-
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles:-
1. India is a great country.
2. Rani is a nurse in the hospital.
3. Gita has a long hair.
4. Raju wrote a letter to me.
5. Mr. Frank is a European.
6. I have found a one rupee coin in the basket.
7. He is a university professor.
8. John is a handsome boy.
9. English is a difficult language.
10. What a beautiful painting.

USE OF ARTICLE ‘AN’:-

Rules:-
1. ‘An’ is used before a singular common noun beginning with vowel sound.
Eg:- an apple, an intelligent, an orphan, an elephant, an umbrella, an orange, an
incident

2. ‘An’ is used before a singular common noun beginning with consonants but having
vowel sound.
Eg:- an hour an honest man an heir an honorable teacher

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3. An is used before abbreviations which begin with F, I, R, M, N, L, S, H, X are
pronounced an individual letters.
Eg:- an FIR, an MLA, an SBI, an ISI, an NCC
an HP gas an RMP an LLB an X-ray
EXERCISES:-
1. Kalyani is an intelligent girl.
2. we will leave after an hour.
3. Chinni is an MA English.
4. The girl is an orphan .
5. He married an American lady.
6. Kalyan is an extraordinary man.
7. Man is a social animal.
8. Jaya is an innocent girl.
9. Pavan is an MLA.
10. I met with an accident.
USE OF ARTICLE ‘THE’:-
Rules:-
1. ’The’ is used before the names directions:-
Eg:- The east , The west, The North, The South
2. ‘The’ is used before the names of rivers:-
Eg:- The Thapathi, The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Godhavari
3. ‘The’ is used before the names of Oceans:-
Eg:- The Indian Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean
The red sea The Pacific
4. ‘The’ is used before superlative adjectives:-
Eg:- The tallest, The highest
The greatest The shortest
5. ‘The’ is used before unique in the universe.
Eg:- The Sun, The Sky, The Star, The moon, The earth
6. ‘The’ is used before the names of Mountains:-
Eg:- The Himalayas, The Aravalis, The Vindhya
7. ‘The’ is used before adjectival nouns.
Eg:- The poor, The deaf, the rich, the dumb
8. ‘The’ is used before instruments(musical instruments):-
Eg:- The veena, The drum, the violin, The flute, The thabala,
9. ‘The’ is used before religious. .
Eg:- The Hindu, The Muslim, The Christian
10. ‘The’ is used before ordinal numbers:-

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 Eg:- The first, the third, the second, the fourth
11. ‘The’ is used before the names of news papers:-
Eg:- The Hindu, The Vaartha, The Eenadu
12. ‘The’ is used before Sacred books (holy books).
Eg:- The Ramayana, The Bible, The Bhagavathgeetha, The Quran
13. ‘The’ is used before the names of political parties
Eg:- The congress, The YSR Congress, The BJP
14. ‘The’ is used before the names of Organizations.
Eg:- The UNO, The UNICEF, The UNESCO, The W.H.O
15. ‘The’ is used before the names of trains.
Eg:- The Shathabdhi, The Kanyakumari Express,
The Rayalaseema Express,
16. ‘The’ is used before the names of plural numbers:-
Eg:- The news papers, The Players, The students, The books
17. ‘The’ is used before a historical construction.
Eg:- The Charminar, The Red fort, The Thajmahal,
The gate way of India.
18. ‘The’ is used before national festivals.
Eg;- The Ghandhi Jayanthi, The Independence Day,
The Children’s Day, The Republic Day
19. ‘The’ is used before a head of the Institutions :-
Eg:- The Head Master, The Principal, The Manager, The Post Master
20. ‘The’ is used before repetition of a common noun:-
Eg:- I saw a boy in the park, the boy was crying, we met a stranger at the seashore
The stranger was an American
21. ‘The’ is used before a Particular place, thing or person.
Eg:- I saw this book in the Library last Sunday.

22. The’ is used before the secondary purpose of a place.

Eg:- I went to Hospital to consult the Doctor. (Primary)
I went to the Hospital to see my sick friend. (Secondary)
I go to college. (Primary)
My father goes to the College.
23. ‘The’ is used in comparative construction before the both adjectives.
Eg:- The more your work the more you gain.
The faster you run the quicker you reach.
The higher the colder.

OMISSION OF ARTICLES
Rules:-
1. Any article cannot be used before the names of person.
Eg:- X Raju, X Githa X Sita, X Jaya
2. Any article cannot be used before the names of Country.

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 Eg:- X India, X Japan, X Sri Lanka, X America
3. Any article cannot be used before the names of games.
Eg:- X Cricket, X Tennis, X foot ball, X chess
4. Any article cannot be used before the names of Disease.
Eg:- X Cancer, X Maleria, X Fever,
5. Any article cannot be used before the names of metal.
Eg:- X cotton, X Gold,
6. Any article cannot be used before the names of language. .
Eg:- X English, X Sanskrit , X Telugu, X Hindi
7. Any article cannot be used before the names of a meal.
Eg:- X lunch, X Supper , X dinner, X break fast
8. Any article cannot be used before the names of a day or month.
Eg:- X March, X Sunday ,
9. Any article cannot be used before abstract nouns
Eg:- X honest, X Child hood, X Knowledge, X love
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable Article:-
1. He was the first man to arrive.
2. The Nile is the river
3. My grandmother reads the Bible regularly
4. The Sun rise in the east
5. The Hindu is a popular news paper
6. Mr. Rama is the most experienced in our college.
7. The Himalayas are to the North of India
8. The Pacific is an ocean
9. She is playing the Thabala
10. The earth revolves round the Sun
11. Vijayavada is on the Krishna

EXERCISES
7. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles a, an, or the :-
1) ______ Ganga is a holy water.
2) He is ________ honorable man.
3) I met him _____ year ago.
4) Hindi is ____ easy language.
5) Mr. Brown is _____ European.

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 6) _____ Sun rises in the east.
7) He is _____ honest man
8) Will you come back in ____ hour?
9) ____ gold is a precious metal.
10) She is ____Australian lady.
11) Don’t go without _____ umbrella. It is raining.
12) India is ____ great country
13) He is ______ university student.
14) John is ______ handsome boy.
15) I found _____ one rupee note.
16) Abdul kalam is _____ extraordinary man.
17) _____ Nile is a long river.
18) Vijayawada is on _____ Krishna river.
19) I saw _____ snake in the river.
20) Let us form ____ union.
21) My mother reads _____ Ramayana every day.
22) When I was coming to the college, I saw ___ accident.
23) I saw _______ orphan in the ashram.
24) It is ________ interesting story.
25) Robert Forts is _______ American.
26) ______earth revolves around the sun.
27) You are _____ student.
28) Honest men speak _____ truth.
29) His father is ______ M.P.
30) She got ______ first prize in English subject.
31) May is ______ hottest month of the year.
32) ______ Mahabharatha is a great epic.
33) Kalidas is _____ Shakespeare of India.
34) The rich should help ______ poor.
35) Bangalore is _______ beautiful city.

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 36) A dollar is _____ unit of currency.
37) He reads ________ Bible every day.
38) Frank is ______ African.
39) The Ramayana is _______ epic.
40) Gold is ______ precious metal.
41) Bindu is _______ intelligent girl.
42) _______ cow is a useful animal.
43) ______ Pacific is the deepest ocean.
44) Ksishna went to _______ rescue of Arjuna.
45) He has________ ulcer on his leg.
46) Sheela is ______ M.L.A.
47) Latin is _____ classical language.
48) He is _______ heir to the throne.
49) ______ Himalayas are to the north of India.

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key
1. the 14. a 27. the 40. an

2. an 15. a 28. a 41. a

3. a 16. a 29. the 42. an

4. an 17. an 30. an 43. the

5. a 18. the 31. the 44. the

6. the 19. the 32. the 45. the

7. the 20. a 33. the 46. an

8. an 21. a 34. the 47. an

9. an 22. the 35. the 48. a

10. x 23. an 36. a 49. an

11. an 24. an 37. a 50. the

12. an 25. an 38. the

13. a 26. an 39. an

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 PREPOSITION
Definition: - The Preposition is a word which is placed a noun or a pronoun and it
shows relation to some other words in a sentence.
Eg:- I am interested in painting
She is fond of music
He is applied for a Job
Raju is good at English
Kinds of Prepositions: -
There are mainly three kinds of preposition
They are:-
1. Simple prepositions
2. Compound prepositions
3. phrase prepositions
1. Simple Preposition: - In, at, on, by, for, from, of, off, up, with, to
2. Compound prepositions: - Before, between, among, behind, beside.
3. Phrase prepositions:- In spite of, owing to, in front of, instead of because of ,on
account of, In case of etc.
USES OF SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS
1. Use of ON:-
1. ‘on’ is used with the names of week days and dates.
Eg: - My friend will come on Tuesday
My birth day is on 15th August
2. ‘On’ is used to show the position of something above something with connect
in resting position.
Eg:- 1.The book is on the table
2. She sat on the chair
3. The cat is on the wall
౩.‘ On’ is used to show the direction of something.
Eg:- 1. a man sat on the left of Krishna.
2. The girl who sat on your right is clever.
2. Use of ‘IN’:-

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 1. ‘IN’ is used before the names of months and years.
Eg:- 1.We got freedom in 1947.
2. Examination will be conducted in July.
3. Mangoes are during in summer season.

2. ‘In’ is used before the name of countries, big cities, and towns.
Eg:- 1.They are lived in Delhi.
2. My friend lives in Hyderabad.
3. They have been living in Hyderabad since 2000.
4. I have been working here in Rajampet for 17 years.
3. ‘In’ is used before the times of the day.
Eg:- 1.He came here in the morning.
2. She saw me in the evening.

3. Use of “At”:-
1. At is used before small towns and Villages, streets.
Eg:- 1.Sita is living at Pullampet
2. My parents work at Utukur.
2. At is used to express exact time.
Eg:- 1.The Principal comes to college at 7o clock daily.
2.The train leaves at the station at 8. p.m.

4. Use of with:-
1. ‘With’ is used with things (instruments)
Eg:- 1.Raja killed his wife with a knife.
2. The thief broke the door with a hammer’
3. She cut the vegetables with a knife.
4. They killed the snake with a stick.

5. Use of “By”:-
1. “By” is used in the passive voice.
Eg: pandavas were helped by Krishna.
2. “By” is used to show the mode of travel.
Eg:- by bus,
by car,
by train,
by Jeep

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 3. ‘By’ is used to refer the future time.
Eg:- 1.We can get a TET certificate by next July
2. We will go to market by next Wednesday
4. The Principal comes to College by car

6. Use of ‘For’:-
1. ‘For’ is used to indicate a period of time and purpose.
Eg:- 1. Hari has been waiting here for 2 hours.
2. My uncle has been living in Hyderabad for 10 years.
3. We applied for Job.

7. Use of ‘since’:-
1. “Since” indicates point of time used in present perfect and present perfect
continuous tense.
Eg:- 1.I have been working as teacher of English Since 1990.
2. It has been raining Since 6o clock.
8. Use of ‘Between’:-
1. ‘Between’ is used to indicate two persons or things and places.
Eg:- 1.Rani Sat between Uma and Suma
2. The Office works between 10 am and 5 pm
3. The war took place between India and Pakisthan
Eg:-1.There is no comprehension between Rama and Lakshmana.

9. Use of among:-
1. ‘Among’ is usedwhen there are more than two persons or things.
Eg:- 1.The teacher sat among her students
2. The Principal distributed the Prizes among the students.
3.The four brothers shared the property among themselves.

10. Use of Beside:-

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 1. Beside is used by the side of.
Eg:- 1.My house is beside the hospital.
2.I stood beside my wife in the photograph.

11. Use of Besides:-

1. Besides is used in the meaning of “in addition to”.
Eg:-1.I prepare Chapathi Besides Puri.
2. I know Telugu besides English.
3. I take Coffee besides milk
4. She plays chess besides caroms.

12. Use of upon:-

1. ‘Upon’ is used to indicate movement of item.
Eg:- 1.The tiger is jumped upon the deer.

13. Use of To:-

1. ‘To’ is used to indicate place, direction and after (before) the following (words)
adjectives junor, senior, superior, inferior, prefer.
Eg:- 1.They walked to the west
2. Raju is Junior to Rani
3. I prefer Coffee to tea

4. I go to college daily.

14. Use of Into:-

1. ‘Into’ is used to show the movement of something from one medium to another.
Eg:- 1. She jumped into the well.
2. They went deep into the forest.
3. The cat ran into the kitchen.

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EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with the suitable prepositions:-
1. I am waiting _______ my friend.
2. He is suffering _______________ fever.
3. The old man died ________ cancer.
4. He rubbed the black board _________ a duster.
5. He is not ashamed _________ his conduct.
6. We must go to our house_________7’o clock.
7. She is afraid _________ snake.
8. I prefer coffee ________ tea.
9. Rahul lives ____________ Agra.
10. He will go home __________ Sunday.
11. What had been accused ________?
12. Arjuna is cousin _______ mine.
13. Raju goes to school __________ foot.
14. The office is open __________ 10a.m and 5 p.m.
15. The boys quarreled _____________ themselves.
16. I congratulated __________ his success.
17. They have been working here _______ 1989.
18. I am angry _________ you.
19. Sheela is interested __________ music.
20. She was born _________2009.
21. she is fond _________ music.
22. Listen ___________ the story.
23. Prakash knows English ___________ Telugu.
24. I don’t agree _________ your proposal.
25. He was accused _________ murder.
26. Raju is a man ____________ principles.
27. Hyderabad is the capital __________ A.P.

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 28. The headmaster is looking _________ complaint.
29. He gave __________ smoking.
30. Don’t laugh __________ others.
31. The secret of success lies ________ hard work.
32. The tables are made ___________ wood.
33. The school remains open __________ 12th June.
34. I am searching ____________ my lost book.
35. I reached the station __________ bus.
36. The baby fell ____________ river.
37. My house is __________ the temple.
38. Let us go ___________ walk.
39. Ravi is good _______ English.
40. He lives _________ Balaji nagar.
41. He jumped ___________ the river.
42. The book is ____________ the table.
43. I have been living here__________ 19 years.
44. Rama sat ___________ his friends.
45. He killed the snake ___________ a stick.
46. I will come there ___________ 5 p.m.
47. They have been constructing the building _______ a long time.

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 CHAPTER 3
3.VERBS
Verbs are two types in English language:
They are
1. Auxiliary verbs
2. Main verbs
1. Auxiliary Verbs: - They are 24 auxiliary Verbs in English language.
They are:-
Helping Verbs
Be forms:-Am, is, are, was, were
Do forms:-do, does, did
Have forms:- have, has, had
Model Auxiliaries:-shall, should, can, could,
will, would, may, might,
must .
TABLE 1
Be forms: - am, is, are, was, were, are called be forms
Subject Present verb past verb past participate
I am was been
We are were been
You are were been
He is was been
She is was been
It is was been
They are were been
Ex:-
1. India is (be) a bog country.
2. There are (be) seven continents in the world.
TABLE 2
Have forms (Possession): - Have, Has, had, are, called have forms
Subject Present verb past verb past participate
I have had had
We have had had
You have had had
He has had had
She has had had
It has had had
They have had had
Ex:- I have (have) a scooter

G P English grammar8
 She has (have) three saries
We have (have) a class today
They had ( have) a lot of property last year
TABLE 3
Do forms: - do, did, does
Subject Present verb past verb past participate
I do did done
We do did done
You do did done
He does did done
She does did done
It does did done
They do did done
Ex:- I do (do) my home work
She does (do) her duty
He did (do) his M.A at S.V.U in 2007
TABLE 4
Model verbs
Subject Present verb Past verb
I Shall Should
We shall should
can could
will would
All
may might
subjects
must had to

2. Main Verbs:-
These are two types
1. strong verbs
2. weak verbs
1. Strong Verbs: - These are divided into three groups
1. Present verb (v1)
2. Past verb (v2)
3.Past participate (v3)
List of Irregular(strong) Verbs
Note: - Verbs of present tense form, past, past particle are different
G P English grammar9
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
1. am was been
2. is was been
3. are were been
4. awake awoke awoken
5. arise arose arisen
6. bear bore borne
7. beat beat beaten
8. become became become
9. begin began begun
10. befall befell befallen
11. beget begot begotten
12. below blew blown
13. break broke broken
14. choose chose chosen
15. come came come
16. cleave clove cloven
17. crow crew crown
18. dive dove dived
19. drink drank drunk
20. drive drove driven
21. eat ate eaten
22. fall fell fallen
23. fly flew flown
24. freeze froze frozen
25. forget forgot forgotten
26. forgive forgave forgiven
27. forsake forsook forsaken
28. get got gotten
29. give gave given
30. go went gone
31. grow grew grown
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
32. know knew known
33. lie lay lain
34. overcome overcame overcame

G P English grammar10
35. overtake overtook overtaken
36. oversee oversaw overseen Note : Verbs
37. ride rode ridden that have the
38. rise rose risen same form in
39. ring rang rung their past
40. run ran run tense and past
41. see saw seen participle
42. shake shook shaken tense.
43. shrink shrank shrunk
44. sing sang sung
45. sink sank sunk
46.
S.l.no speak
Present verb(v1) spoke
Past verb(v2) spoken
Past Participle (v3)
47.
1. spin
abide span
abode spun
abode
48.
2. spring
have sprang
had sprung
had
49.
3. steel
has stole
had stolen
had
50.
4. strive
bend strove
bent striven
bent
51.
5. swear
behold swore
beheld sworn
beheld
52.
6. swing
breed swang
bred swung
bred
53.
7. take
bring took
brought taken
brought
54.
8. tear
bite tore
bit torn
bit
55.
9. throw
bleed threw
bled thrown
bled
56.
10. wake
bing woke
bound waken
bound
57.
11. wear
build wore
built worn
built
58.
12. weave
burn wove
burnt woven
burnt
59.
13. withdraw
buy withdrew
brought withdrawn
brought
60.
14. wring
catch wrung
caught wrung
caught
61.
15. write
cling wrote
clung written
clung
16. creep crept crept
17. deal dealt dealt
18. dwell dwelt dwelt
19. dig dug dug
20. dream dreamt dreamt
21. feed fed fed
22. feel felt felt
23. fight fought fought
24. find found found
25. flee fled fled

G P English grammar11
26. fling flung flung
27. grind ground ground
28. hang hung hung
29. hear heard heard
30. hide hid hid
31. hold held held
32. keep kept kept
33. kneel knelt knelt
34. lay laid laid
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
35. learn learnt learntt
36. lead led led
37 light lit lit
38 lose lost lost
39 make made made
40 mean meant meant
41 misspell miss spelt miss spelt
42 misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
43 rend rent rent
44 repay repaid repaid
45 say said said
46 seek sought sought
47 sell sold sold
48 send sent sent
49 shine shone shone
50 shoot shot shot
51 sit sat sat
52 sleep slept slept
53 slide slid slid
54 sling slung slung
55 smell smelt smelt
56 spend spent spent
57 spill spilt spilt
58 spit spat spat
59 stand stood stood
60 stick stuck stack
61 sting stung stung
62 strike struck struck
G P English grammar12
63 sweep swept swept
64 tell told told Regular(wea
65 teach taught taught k) Verbs.
66 tell told told
67 think thought thought
68 understand understood understood
69 undertake undertook undertaken
70 weep wept wept
71 win won won
72 will would would
73 withhold withheld withheld
74 withstand withstood withstood
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
1 ask asked asked
2 announce announced announce
3 agree agree agreed
4 accept accepted accepted
5 admit admitted admitted
6 appear appeared appeared
7 advise advised advised
8 arrange arranged arranged
9 aim aimed aimed
10 appoint appointed appointed
11 arrive arrived arrived
12 argue argued argued
13 attack attacked attacked
14 act acted acted
15 admire admired admired
16 advance advanced advance
17 affect affected affected
18 achieve achieved achieved
19 acquire acquired acquired
20 acquaint acquainted acquainted
21 advertise advertised advertised
22 allow allowed allowed
23 answer answered answered
24 arrest arrested arrested
25 associate associated associated

G P English grammar13
26 attend attended attended
27 attempt attempted attempted
28 abscond absconded absconded
29 borrow borrowed borrowed
S.l.no present verb(v1) past verb(v2) past participle (v3)
30 believe believed believed
31 blame blamed blamed
32 bother bothered bothered
33 bluff bluffed bluffed
34 call called called
35 cancel cancelled cancelled
36 change changed changed
37 cheat cheated cheated
38 continue continued continued
39 close closed closed
40 consult consulted consulted
41 chase chased chased
42 count counted counted
43 cook cooked cooked
44 collect collected collected
45 complete completed completed
46 convergent converted converted
47 check checked checked
48 commence commenced commenced
49 cry cried cried
50 criticize criticized criticized
51 consider consider consider
52 challenge challenged challenged
53 communicate communicated communicated
54 carry carried carried
55 clean cleaned cleaned
56 consist consisted consisted
57 deliver delivered delivered
58 discover discovered discovered
59 disturb disturbed disturbed
60 decide decided decided
61 drop dropped dropped
62 dance danced danced
G P English grammar14
63 damage damaged damaged
64 divide divided divided
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
65 desire desired desired
66 discuss discussed discussed
67 depart departed departed
68 dismiss dismissed dismissed
69 dash dashed dashed
70 decrease decreased decreased
71 depend depended depended
72 delay delayed delayed
73 decorate decorated decorated
74 destroy destroyed destroyed
75 explain explained explained
76 expect expected expected
77 enjoy enjoyed enjoyed
78 enquire enquired enquired
79 express expressed expressed
80 escape escaped escaped
81 encourage encouraged encouraged
82 enclose enclosed enclosed
83 enter entered entered
84 excuse excused excused
85 estimate estimated estimated
86 examine examined examined
87 face faced faced
88 form formed formed
89 fail failed failed
90 frame framed framed
91 fear feared feared
92 frighten frightened frightened
93 follow followed followed
94 finish finished finished
95 flow flowed flowed
96 gather gathered gathered
97 guide guided guided
98 guess guessed guessed
99 help helped helped
G P English grammar15
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
100 hate hated hated
101 happen happened happened
102 hesitate hesitated hesitated
103 harass harassed harassed
104 hatch hatched hatched
105 hire hired hired
106 honor honored honored
107 hop hopped hopped
108 inform informed informed
109 impress impressed impressed
110 interest interested interested
111 indicate indicated indicated
112 instruct instructed instructed
113 invent invented invented
114 increase increased increased
115 insist insisted insisted
116 interrupt interrupted interrupted
117 introduce introduced introduced
118 invite invited invited
119 improve improved improved
120 injure injured injured
121 irritate irritated irritated
122 illuminate illuminated illuminated
123 imitate imitated imitated
124 illustrate illustrated illustrated
125 identify identified identified
126 import imported imported
127 inaugurate inaugurated inaugurated
128 include included included
129 inquire inquired inquired
130 insert inserted inserted
131 inspect inspected inspected
132 insult insulted insulted
133 involve involved involved
134 isolate isolated isolated
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
135 jump jumped jumped
G P English grammar16
136 join joined joined
137 kill killed killed
138 kidnap kidnapped kidnapped
139 kick kicked kicked
140 knock knock knock
141 kiss kissed kissed
142 like liked liked
143 love loved loved
144 listen listened listened
145 look looked looked
146 lean leaned leaned
147 lift lifted lifted
148 limit limited limited
149 list listed listed
150 live lived lived
151 lock locked locked
152 move moved moved
153 murmur murmured murmured
154 miss missed missed
155 melt melted melted
156 murder murdered murdered
157 mend mended mended
158 migrate migrated migrated
159 measure measured measured
160 neglect neglected neglected
161 notice noticed noticed
162 observe observed observed
163 occupy occupied occupied
164 owe owed owed
165 open opened opened
166 order ordered ordered
167 occur occurred occurred
168 offer offered offered
169 oppose opposed opposed
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
170 obey obeyed obeyed
171 obtain obtained obtained
172 operate operated operated
G P English grammar17
173 originate originated originated
174 pass passed passed
175 prove proved proved
176 perform performed performed
177 pull pulled pulled
178 push pushed pushed
179 permit permitted permitted
180 prevent prevented prevented
181 present presented presented
182 prefer preferred preferred
183 preside presided presided
184 proceed proceed proceed
185 punish punished punished
186 place placed placed
187 practice practiced practiced
188 provoke provoked provoked
189 play played played
190 possess possessed possessed
191 post posted posted
192 postpone postponed postponed
193 pour poured poured
194 praise praised praised
195 prepare prepared prepared
196 preserve preserved preserved
197 print printed printed
198 produce produced produced
199 prohibit prohibited prohibited
200 promise promised promised
201 protect protected protected
202 publish published published
203 purchase purchased purchased
204 pay paid paid
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
205 participate participated participated
206 quarrel quarreled quarreled
207 qualify qualified qualified
208 question questioned questioned
209 refuse refuse refuse
G P English grammar18
210 receive received received
211 return returned returned
212 remain remained remained
213 remark remarked remarked
214 report reported reported
215 recall recalled recalled
216 reflect reflected reflected
217 release released released
218 require required required
219 reject rejected rejected
220 reach reached reached
221 remove removed removed
222 recommend recommended recommended
223 reduce reduced reduced
224 receive received received
225 remind reminded reminded
226 repair repaired repaired
227 repeat repeated repaired
228 reply replied replied
229 request request request
230 respect respected respected
231 respond responded responded
232 reveal revealed revealed
233 revise revised revised
234 revolt revolted revolted
235 reward rewarded rewarded
236 stare stared stared
237 spoil spoiled spoiled
238 say said said
239 suggest suggested suggested
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
240 support supported supported
241 suspect suspected suspected
242 suffer suffered suffered
243 seize seized seized
244 search searched searched
245 stop stopped stopped
246 seem seem seem
G P English grammar19
247 select selected selected
248 scold scolded scolded
249 surprise surprised surprised
250 show showed showed
251 sacrifice sacrificed sacrificed
252 sanction sanctioned sanctioned
253 satisfy satisfied satisfied
254 save saved saved
255 scatter scattered scattered
256 secure secured secured
257 shape shaped shaped
258 shift shifted shifted
259 slip slipped slipped
260 solve solved solved
261 smile smiled smiled
262 stay stayed stayed
263 struggle struggled struggled
264 submit submitted submitted
265 supply supplied supplied
266 start started started
267 turn turned turned
268 transfer transpired transpired
269 travel traveled traveled
270 try tried tried
271 treat treated treated
272 trust trusted trusted
273 train trained trained
274 trouble troubled trouble
275 touch touched touched
276 threaten threatened threatened
277 thank thanked thanked
278 terminate terminated terminated
279 trace traced traced
280 translate translated translated
281 twist twisted twisted
282 use used used
283 utilize utilized utilized
284 vow vowed vowed
G P English grammar20
285 vex vexed vexed
286 verify verified verified
287 visit visited visited
288 vacate vacated vacated
289 vanish vanished vanished
290 want wanted wanted
291 walk walked walked
292 waste wasted wasted
293 warn warned warned
294 worry worried worried
295 wait wait waited
296 wish wished wished
297 wash washed washed
298 watch watched watched
299 wonder wondered wondered
300 work worked worked
301 worship worshiped worshiped
302 absorb absorbed absorbed
303 abuse abused abused

CHAPTER 4
4.TENSES
The word tense comes from the Latin word “Tempus” which means “time”.
Tense denotes the time of an action
Tenses are root of the grammar
There are three main tenses they are
1. Present tense
2. past tense
3. Future tense
Each tense is divided in to four groups
S. Present tense Past tense Future tense
No.
G P English grammar21
1 Simple Present Simple past Simple Future
2 Present Continuous Past continuous Future Continuous
3 Present perfect Past prefect Future prefect
4 Present perfect Past perfect continuous Future perfect
continuous continuous

There are 12 types of tenses in English.

They are:-
1. Simple present
2. Present Continuous
3. Present perfect
4. Present perfect continuous
5. Past simple
6. Past Continuous
7. Past perfect
8. Past perfect continuous
9. Simple Future
10. Future (simple) continuous
11. Future perfect
12. Future perfect continuous
OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING TABLE:-
Give
1. Simple present give, gives
2. Present Continuous is giving am giving, are giving
3. Present perfect have given, has given
4. Present perfect continuous have been giving, has been giving
5. simple Past gave
6. Past Continuous was giving, were giving
7. Past perfect had given
8. Past perfect continuous -had been giving
9. Simple Future Shall give, will give
10. Future (simple) continuous shall be giving, will be giving
11. Future perfect Shall have given, will have given
12. Future perfect continuous shall have been giving, will have been giving
Take
G P English grammar22
1. Simple present Take, takes
2. Present Continuous am taking, is taking, are taking
3. Present perfect have taken, has taken
4. Present perfect continuous have been taking, has been taking
5. simple Past tense took
6. Past Continuous was taking, wore taking
7. Past perfect had taken
8. Past perfect continuous had been taking
9. Simple Future shall be taking, will be taking
10. Future (simple) continuous shall be taking, will be taking
11. Future perfect Shall have taken, will have taken
12. Future perfect continuous Shall have been taking, will have been taking
Go
1. Simple present go, goes
2. Present Continuous am going , is going, are going
3. Present perfect have given, has given
4. Present perfect continuous have been giving, has been giving
5. simple Past tense -went
6. Past Continuous was went, were went
7. Past perfect had gone
8. Past perfect continuous -had been going
9. Simple Future shall go, will go
10. Future (simple) continuous shall be going, will be going
11. Future perfect shall have gone, will have gone
12. Future perfect continuous shall have been going, will have been going

Find the tenses in the following sentences:-

1. I teach English - Simple present
2. You are writing something - Present continuous
3. We passed 10th class last year - Simple past
4. You were studying first year last year -Past Continuous
5. Sita got a prize - Simple past
6. I have completed Graduation - Present perfect
7. We had reached the Station - Past perfect
8. Sita sings many songs - Simple present
9. I will come to you house tomorrow - simple Future
10.They will have completed their work by this time tomorrow. Future perfect
11. My has been living in Hyderabad for 10 years - Present perfect continuous
12. We were watching T.V - Past continuous

G P English grammar23
13. We shall be writing a novel - Future continuous
14. John goes to Church every Sunday- Simple present
15. Latha Drink coffee - Simple present
16. You made a mistake in the class - Simple past
17. They will visit Tirumala tomorrow - Simple Future
18. Columbus discovered America - Simple past
19. I saw a film last might - Simple past
20. I have been teaching grammar for 15 day - Present perfect continuous

TENSE THROUGH STRUCTURES

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

A. Affirmative sentence:-
Formula:- sub+v1 es + object
Eg:- I write a letter.
You drink coffee.
He goes to college daily.
Sita sings songs.
They read the Hindu daily.
Note:- If the sentences begin with third person singular (He, she, it) “S” or “es” can be add to
the first form of the verb (V1)
B. Negative Sentence:-
Formula:- sub + do not/does not + v1 + obj

Eg:- I do not write a letter .

You do not drink coffee.
He does not go to college daily.
Sita does not Sing songs.
They do not read the Hindu daily.

C. interrogative sentence :-
Formula:- Do + sub+v1 +obj?
Ex: - Do I write a letter ?
Does he go to college daily?
Does Sita sing songs?
Do they read the Hindu daily?
D.Negative interrogative:-
Formula:- Do not/does not + sub + v1 + obj.

G P English grammar24
 Eg:- I Don’t I write a letter?
Don’t you drink Coffee?
Doesn’t he go to college daily?
Doesn’t Sita sing songs?
Don’t they read the Hindu daily?
Use of simple present tense:-
This tense is used for the following cases:-
1. Habitual action
2. daily activities
3. facts
4. universal truths
1. Habitual actions and daily activities:-
Indications:-
Always, often, seldom, sometimes, daily, everyday, generally,
occasionally, frequently, rarely, usually, regularly
Eg:-
1. I go (go) to College daily
2. They come (come) to party ready
3. Rani often makes (make) mistakes
4. I always help (help) the poor
5. sita useful, sits (sit) in the first row
6. we do (do) our home work regularly
7. She drinks (drink) milk daily
8. They often visit (visit) Tirumala
9. You tell (tell) lies some times
10. He comes (come) here every morning

2. Universal truths:-
1. The sun rises (rise) in the east

1. The Sun Sets (set ) in the west

2. The Sun shines during the day
3. The earth moves (move) round the Sun
4. The earth revolves (revolves) the sun
5. The moon shines (shine) during the night
6. The moon gives (give) us cool night
7. The earth rotates (rotate) round the Sun
8. The summer comes (come) after the winter
G P English grammar25
 9. The stars appear (appear) during the night
10. Birds fly (fly) in the Sky
11. Children like (like)Sweets
12. Bees make (make) Honey
13. People speak (speak) English all over world
14. Water boils (boil) at the 100o c
15. The Indian Rivers flow (flow) Bay of Bengal
16. The them of the Novel reflects (reflect) our couture
17. Fish live (live) water
18. River water do not fast (not fast ) Salty
19. English is spoken (speak) all over the world.
3. Facts:-
1. Sugar is (be) Sweet
2. Honey is (be) Sweet
3. Man is (be) mortal
4. Mount Everest is (be) the height peak in the World
5. India is be a big Country
6. Sunitha is (be) a wise girl
7. What is (be) a Prize of the book
8. There are (be) 11 members in the cricket
9. We are (be) a big nation
10. Gold melts (melt) at 100o C
11. Salt dissolves (dissolve) in water

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Affirmative sentence:-
Formula:- sub + am/is/are + v1 +ing +obj)

Eg:- I am writing a letter.

You are eating a Mango.
She is reading the paper.

B .Negative Sentences:-
Formula: sub +am/is/are not+ v1 + obj
Eg:-
1. I am not writing a letter.
2. You are not eating mango.
3. She is not reading the paper.

G P English grammar26
C. Interrogative sentence:-
Formula:- Am/is/are + sub+v1+ obj
Ex:-
1. Am I writing a letter?
2. Are you eating a mango?
3. Is she reading the paper ?

D .Negative interragative:-
Am/is/are not + sub+v1+ obj
Eg:-
1. Amn’t I writing a letter?
2. Aren’t you eating a mango?
3. Isn’t she reading the paper?

Uses of present continuous tense:-

This tense is mainly used to express real action which is going at the time of
speaking.
Eg:-
1. I am teaching English grammar now.
2. Sita is doing home work now.
3. They are making chapathis at present.
Near Future: - This tense is used for the actions that has already been arranged to take place
near future.
Eg:-
1. The C.M is coming to Kadapa next Sunday.
2. we are meeting with them tomorrow.
3. My uncle is visiting Tirumala next month.
Indications :- now, at, present, listen, see, look, don’t disturb

Examination model:-
1. I am writing (write) a letter now
1) will write, 2) a writing 3)am writing 4)None
2. They are doing (do) H.W at present.
3. See! Somebody is calling by her name. .
4. Look! Somebody is breaking (break) the glass.
5. Don’t disturb me I am reading (read) the paper.
6. Don’t disturb him he is doing (do) his home work.
G P English grammar27
7. Listen somebody is knock (knock) at the door.
8. Leela is reading (read) a novel now.
9. They are playing (play) tennis at present .
The following verbs are not used in present continuous tense:-
1. Verbs of perception :-
See, hear, smell, notice, recognize
2. verbs of appearance :-
appear, look, seem
3. verbs of emotion :-
what, wish, desire, fed, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer
4. Verbs of thinking :-
Think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know, mean,
understand.
5. Verbs of possession :-
have, own, possess, belong, consist, contain.

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

This tense is used for the actions just completed in the past.
A.Assertive sentences :-
Formula:- sub+have/has +v3+obj
Eg:-
1. I have written a letter.
2. You have done your home work.
3. He has sung a song.
4. Sita has sent a gift.
B.Negative Sentence:-
Formula:- sub+have/has+not+v3+obj.
Eg:-
1. I have not written a letter.
2. you have not done your home work.
3. Sita has not sent a gift.
4. He has not sung a song.
C. Interrogative sentence:-
Formula:- have/has + sub+ v3+obj
Eg:-
1. Have I written a letter?
2. Have you done your home work?
3. Has He sung a song?
4. Has Sita sent a gift?
G P English grammar28
D. Negative interrogative:-
Formula:- have/has +not+ sub+ v3+obj
Eg:-
1. Have not I written a letter?
2. Have not you done your home work?
3. Has not he sung a song?
4. Has not Sita sent a gift?

Examination pattern:-
Indications: - just, just, now, just, before, al ready, so far, yet, recently

1. I have written (write) a story just now

2. a) wrote b)have written c)am writing d) have wrote
3. He has gone (go) to Kadapa just before
4. She ha seen (see) the film recently
5. They have left (leave) for Bangalore just now
6. My friend has not come (come) here so far
7. Rani has joined (join) in the College just now.
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
This tense is used for the actions already started in the past and continuing up to the
present.
Formula:- sub + has/have + been+ ing+obj
Eg:-
1. I have been teaching English grammar for 20 days
2. She has been studying Psychology for 2 day
3. He has been working here since 2002
4. She has been living in Rajampet since 2005
Indications :- since, for
 Since:- it refers to point of time
 For :- it refers to period of time
Since For
Since Monday for 3 hours
Since June for 10 days
Since 8o clock for a long time
Since morning for 5 months
G P English grammar29
Since 1998 for 3 weeks
Since yesterday for half an hour
Examination Model:-
1. He has been waiting (wait) here for her for two years
2. I have been living (live) in Rajampet since 1990
3. They have been waiting (wait) at the bus stand for an hour
4. It has been raining (rain) here Since 8o clock
5. The child has been sleeping (sleep) here since 4o clock
6. India has been facing (face) many problems for a long time
7. The boy has been reading (read) the novel for 2 hours
8. We have been taking (take) for T.E.T for 20 days

5. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

A. Affirmative sentence:-
Formula: - sub+ v2 + obj.
Eg:-
1. I wrote a letter.
2. You bought a scooter.
3. He drank coffee.
4. She sang a song.
5. They built a house.
B. Negative sentence:-
Formula: - sub+ did not + v1 + obj.
Eg:-
1. I did not write a letter.
2. You did not buy a scooter.
3. He did not drink coffee.
4. She did not sing a song.
5. They did not build a house.
C. Interrogative sentence:-
Formula: - Did+sub+v1+obj.
Eg:-
1. Did I write a letter?
2. Did you buy a Scooter?
3. Did he drink coffee
4. did she sing a song
5. did he build a house?
D. Negative sentence:-

G P English grammar30
 Formula: - Did+not+sub+v1+obj.
Eg:-
1. Didn’t I write a letter?
2. Didn’t you buy a scooter?
3. Didn’t he drink coffee?
4. Didn’t she sing a song?
5. Didn’t they build a house?

Uses of simple past tense:-

This tense is used for the actions at any time in the past.
Indications:-
Ago, long ago, last week, last night, last month, last year, last century, last decade, in 1947 (
any previous year), yesterday.

1. I wrote (write) a letter to here yesterday.

2. India won (win) the freedom in 1947.
3. The train left (leave) the plat form an hour ago.
4. He returned (return) from the College yesterday.
5. John went (go) to the Church last Sunday.
6. Akhbar ruled (rule) India long ago.
7. Suneel visited (visit) Tirumala last week.
8. I bought (buy) scooter in 2010.
9. They did (do) their work last week.
10. My friend come (come ) to my house yesterday.
6. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
This tense is used for the actions continuing in the past.
Formula:- sub + was/were +v1+ ing + obj
Ex:-
1. I was writing a story.
2. You were doing your work.
3. She was singing songs.
4. They were building a house.
5. He was playing cricket.
Note:-When two works mentioned in a sentence one work is in simple past the other work
will be in past continuous tense.
Note:- Shorter action (simple past) , longer action (past continuous )
Indications: - when, while
1. when the bell rang, you were watching (watch) T.V
2. When I saw here, she was playing (play) chess
3. The girl fell asleep while she was watching (watch) T.V
G P English grammar31
 4. While He was going (go) to college, he saw an accident.
5. Rani was singing (sing) songs, I visited her.
6. When I was crossing (cross) the road, I saw an accident.
7. When my daughter was going (go) to college, she saw a snake.
8. My brother was sleeping (sleep) when I reached home.
9. While I was going (go) to school, I saw a procession.
7. PAST PERFECT TENSE
This tense is used for the actions just completed in the past
A. Assertive sentence:-
Formula:- sub+had+v3+obj
Ex:-
1. I had written a story.
2. You had finished your work.
3. He had left the village.
4. They had built a house.
B. Negative sentence:-
Formula:- sub+ had+not+v3+ obj
Ex:-
1. I hadn’t written a story
2. you hadn’t finished your work
3. He hadn’t left the village
4. They hadn’t built a house
Uses:-
Rule:- 1. when two works are mentioned in a sentence the first work is in past perfect tense,
the second work will in simple past.
Indications :- Before, after, when, as soon as, until
Ex:-
1. Before I reached the station, the train had left (leave) the flat form
2. He had written (write) a letter before he arrived
3. Jyothi had left (leave) the party before sheela arrived there
4. He (leave) the party before sheela arrived there
5. He had finish (finish) the work before we reached the garage
6. When I reached the meeting hall the present all ready had started (start) his lecture

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

This tense is used for the actions all ready started in the past and continuing up to the
past.
Formula:-sub+had+been+v1+ing+obj
G P English grammar32
 Ex:-
1. I had been writing a story
2. They had been writing a story
3. They had been repaired in the house
9. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
A. Assertive sentence:-
Formula:- sub+ shall/will +v1+obj.
Ex:-
1. I shall write a letter
2. you will learn English
3. we will join in a College
4. He will buy a car
B. Negative sentences :-
Formula:- sub+ shall/will +not+v1+obj
Ex:-
1. I shall not write a letter.
2. You will not learn English.
3. We will not join in a College.
4. He will not buy a car.
C. Interrogative sentence:-
Formula:- shall/will + sub+ v1 +obj.
Ex:-
1. Shall I write a letter?
2. Will you learn English grammar?
3. Will we join in a college?
4. Will he buy a car?
D. Negative question:-
Formula: - Shall n’t, willn’t + sub+v1+obj.
Eg:-
1. Shall n’t I write a letter?
2. Won’t you learn English grammar?
3. Won’t we join in a College?
4. Won’t he buy a car?
Uses: - This tense is used for the actions at day time in the future
Indications: - tomorrow, the next day, next week, next month, next year.
Eg:-
1. I shall write (write) a letter to her tomorrow
2. He will visit (visit) Tirumala next Saturday
3. Raju will visit (visit) zoo next year
4. My uncle will go (go) to America next month
G P English grammar33
 5. The Novelist will finish (finish) the Novel next month
6. We Shall complete (complete) our Syllabus next week
10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
This tense is used for the actions continuing in the future.
Formula:-sub+ shall/will + be +v1+ing+obj
Eg:-
1. I shall be writing a story
2. you will be doing your job
3. He will be constructing a house.

11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

This tense is used for the actions just completed in the future
Formula:- sub+ shall have/will have + v3 +obj
Ex:-
1. I shall have finished my work by next week
2. she will have completed her work by next day
3. The will have constructed their house by next year
Indications: - by the time, by next week, by next month, by the year
1. you will have finished (finish) you examination by next July
2. The Novelist will have finished (finish)the book by next month
3. She will have built (build) a house by the end of the next year
4. By the end of the next week the Novelist will have written (write) the book
5. I shall have completed (complete) my work by the

S. No. Tense Indications

1 Always, often, seldom, some time, daily, every day,
generally, occasionally, frequently, readily,
usually, regularly
2 Simple past Ago, long, ago, last, week, last month, last night, last year,
Last century, last decade,
in 1947 (any previous year) yesterday
3 Simple Future Tomorrow, the next day, next week, next month, next year
4 Present continuousNow, at present, listen. See! look!, Don’t disturb
5 Past Continuous When, while
6 Present perfect Just, just now, just before, already, so far, yet, recently
7 Past perfect Before, after, as soon as (when) until

G P English grammar34
8 Future perfect Tomorrow, the next day, next week, next month, next year
CONDITIONAL TENSES
There are three conditional tenses, they are preferable conditions
1. open condition’
2. Improbable condition (Imaginary condition)’
3. un full filled condition;
TYPE 1
1. Open condition (type – I)

IF clause Main clause

If + sub+vI +obj Sub + will, shall, can, may + v1+ obj

Eg:-
1. If you work hard, you will get a rank.
2. if you play well, you will win the match.
3. If I go to Hyderabad, I shall met the C.M.
4. If he teaches well, I will get a good name.
Exercises:-
1. If you break the glass, the police will punish (punish) you
Punished 2. had punished 3. will punish 4. punishment
2. If you ask me, I shall help (help) you
3. If he leaves (leave) early, he can catch the train
4. If you get a rank in T.E.T the Principal will give you a prize
TYPE 2

Improbable condition or Imaginary conditions:-

Formula If clause Main clause
If+sub+v2+ob Sub+would/could+v1+ obj
Eg:-
1. If you worked hard, you would get a rank
2. If you played well, you would win the match.
3. if I went to Hyderabad, I should met the C.M
4. If I were a bird , I would fly in the sky
a)will fly, b) c)flown d) flying
5. If I were you, I would work well
1. worked 2. would work 3. working 4. will work
6. If I were the C.M, I would abolish the reservation of women
1. will abolish 2. abolished 3. would abolish 4. abalishing

G P English grammar35
 CHAPTER 5
5.TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active Voice:- Active voice gives about the work done by the subject and object
directly
E.g:- Krishna helped pandavas.
herehere herKrishna – subject
Helped – verb
Pandavas – object
Passive Voice:- Passive Voice gives about the work received object from the
subject
E.g:- Pandavas were helped by Krishna.
pandavas – object
Were – helping verb
Helped – main verb
By – preposition
Krishna – Subject
Rules for changing from A.V into P.V:-
1. Object becomes Subject
E.g:- I eat a mango
A mango _______
2. Helping verb is used according to the tense of the verb in the passive voice.
E.g:- A mango is __________
S.NO TENSE IN ACTIVE VOICE HELPING VERB IN PASSIVE VOICE
1 Simple present tense Am, is , are
2 Present continuous tense Am being, is being, are being
3 Present perfect tense Have been, has been
4 Simple past tense Was were
5 Past continuous tense Was being, were being
6 Past perfect tense Had been
7 Simple future tense Shall be, will be
8 Future perfect tense Shall have been, will have been
3. Pronouns in Active voice are changed as in passive voice.

Active voice Passive voice

I Me
We us
you You
He Him
She Her
it It
They Them
Eg:- I eat a mango
A mango is ___________ me.
4. The main verb should be written in past participle (v3) main verb ను p.v
5. The preposition ‘by’ is used after the past participle.
Eg:-A mango is written _______ me.
G P English grammar36
AS FOR THE TENSES THE VOICE IS CHANGED AS FOLLOWES:

1. Simple A.V. Structure Sub+v1/v1+s/es+Obj

Present Sentences Sita sings a song
tense Sita sings songs
P.V. Structure Object+am/is/are+v3+by+Subject
Sentences A song is sung by Sita
Songs are sung by Sita.
2. Present A.V. Structure Subject+am/is/are+v+ing+Object
Continuou Sentences Sita is singing a song.
s Sita is singing songs
Tense P.V. Structure Object+am/is/are+being+v3+by+Subject
Sentences A song is being sung by Sita
Songs are being sung by Sita.
3. Present A.V. Structure Subject+Has/Have+v3+Object
Perfect Sentences Sita has sung a song
Tense Sita has sung songs
P.V. Structure Object+Has/Have+been+v3+by+Subject
Sentences A song has been sung by Sita
Songs have been sung by Sita.
Structure Subject+v2+Object
A.V. Sentences Sita sang a song
4. Simple Sita sang songs
Past P.V. Structure Object+was/were+v3+by+subject
Tense Sentences A song was sung by Sita
Songs were sung by Sita.
5. Past A.V. Structure Subject+was/were+v+ing+Object
Continuou Sentences Sita was singing a song
s Tense Sita was singing songs
P.V. Structure Object+was/were+being+v3+by+subject
Sentences A song was being sung by Sita.
Songs were being sung by Sita.
6. Past A.V. Structure Subject+had+v3+Object
Perfect Sentences Sita had sung a song
Tense Sita had sung songs
P.V. Structure Object+had+been+v3+by+Subject
Sentences A song had been sung by Sita
Songs had been sung by Sita
7. Simple A.V. Structure Subject+will/shall+v1+Object
Future Sentences Sita will sing a song
Tense Sita will sing songs
P.V. Structure Object+will/shall+be+v3+by+Subject
Sentences A song will be sung by Sita
Songs will be sung by Sita.
8. Future A.V. Structure Subject+will/shall+have+v3+Object
Perfect Sentences Sita will have sung a song.
Tense Sita will have sung songs
P.V. Structure Object+will/shall+have+been+v3+by+Sub
G P English grammar37
 Sentences A song will have been sung by Sita
Songs will have been sung by Sita.

1. Simple Present Tense

Passive structure:- Object+am/is/are+v3+by+Subject
Eg:- I play chess (A.V)
Chess is played by me (P.V)
2.Raju likes sweets (A.V)
Sweets are liked by Raju. (P.V)
3.He invites me to the party. (P.V)
I am invited by him to the party. (P.V)
4.People speak English all over the world. (A.V)
English is spoken by people all over the world(P.V)
5. They sing songs. (A.V)
Songs are sung by them. (P.V)
2. Present continuous tense:-
Passive structure:- Object+am/is/are+being+v3+by+Subject
Eg:- 1.He is teaching grammar. (A.V)
Grammar is being taught by him. (P.V)
2. They are repairing roads. (A.V)
Roads are being repaired by them. (P.V)
3. The gentleman is opening an account in our bank. (A.V)
An account is being opened by the gentleman in our bank. (P.V)
4. I am writing a good essay on pollution. (A.V)
A good essay is being written by me on pollution. (P.V)
3. Present perfect tense:-
Passive structure:- Object+Has/Have+been+v3+by+Subject
Eg:-1. He has eaten a mango. (A.V)
A mango is eaten by him. (P.V)
2 They have advertised our products. (A.V)
Our products has been advertised by them. (P.V)
3. Police have arrested the thieves. (a.v)
The thieves have been arrested by police. (P.V)
4.Simple past tense:-
Passive structure:- Object+was/were+v3+by+subject
Eg:-1.I wrote a story. (A.V)
A story was written by me. (P.V)
2.They built a house in their town. (A.V)
A house was built by them in their town. (P.V)
3.Waterman invented a fountain pen in 1884. (A.V)
A fountain pen was invented by Waterman in 1884.(P.V)
4.R.K Narayan wrote many games. (A.V)
Many novels were written by R.K.Narayan. (P.V)
5. She taught us English grammar. (A.V)
We were taught English grammar by her. (P.V)

5. Past continuous tense:-

Passive structure:- Object+was/were+being+v3+by+subject
Eg:-1.I was eating a mango. (A.V)
A mango was being eaten by me. (p.v)
G P English grammar38
 2. The watchman was cutting the trees in the garden. (A.V)
The trees were being cut by the watchman in the garden.(P.V)
3. The boy was buying notebooks. (A.V)
Note books were being bought by the boy. (P.V)

6. Past perfect tense:-

Passive structure:- Object+had+been+v3+by+subject
Eg:-1.I had finished my work. (A.V)
My work had been finished by me. (P.V)
2. She had made many mistakes in the class. (A.V)
Many mistakes had been made by her in the class. (P.V)
3. She had sent a gift. (A.V)
A gift had been sent by her. (P.V)
7. Simple future tense:-
Passive structure:- Object+ will/shall+be+v3+by+Subject
Eg:-1. They will help us. (A.V)
We shall be helped by them. (P.V)
2. I shall write a story. (A.V)
A story will be written by me. (P.V)
3.They will announced the results next week. (A.V)
The results will be announced by them next week. (P.V)
8. Future perfect tense:-
Passive structure:- Object+will/shall+have+been+v3+by+Sub
Eg:-1.I shall have written a novel by this time next year. (A.V)
A novel will have been written by me by this time next year. (P.V)
2. They will have completed his work. (A.V)
His work will have been completed by them. (P.V)

DOUBLE OBJECTS IN A.V AND P.V

Note: me, us, him, her, them, are called indirect objects.
(direct objet+ helping verb+v3+to+indirect object+by+subject)
or
(Indirect object+ helping verb+ v3+direct object +by + subject.)
E.g:-1.She gave me a book. (A.V)
A book was given to me by her. (P.V)
I was given a book by her, (P.V)
2. Ramarao has taught us English. (A.V)
English has been taught to us by Ramarao. (p.v)
We have been taught English by Ramarao. (P.V)
3. My grand mother told us a story. (A.V)
A story was told to us by my grandmother. (P.V)
We were told a story by my grandmother. (P.V)

IMPERATIVE TYPE

Passive structure:- (Let+obj+be+V3)

Eg:-1.Open the door. (A.V)
Let the door be opened. (P.V)
2. Show the picture. (A.V)
Let the picture be shown. (P.V)
3. Finish the work. (A.V)
G P English grammar39
 Let the work be finished. (P.V)
4. Post this letter. (A.V)
Let this letter be posted. (P.V)

5. Sing a song. (A.V)

Let the song be sung. (P.V)
REQUEST TYPE

Passive structure:- (you are requested to+ v1+obj)

Note:-- If the sentence begins with please answer begins with your requested to
Eg:- 1.please shut the door. (A.V)
You are requested to shut the door. (P.V)
2. Plese post this letter. (A.V)
You are requested to post this letter. (P.V)

WITH OUT USING ‘BY’ IN P.V

E.g:- 1.Someone stole the box. (A.V)
The box was stolen. (P.V)
2. The police arrested the thief. (A.V)
The thief was arrested. (P.V)
3. Someone has seen the wind. (A.V)
The wind has been seen. (P.V)
4.Someone serve the food. (A.V)
The food is served. (P.V)
INERROGATIVE TYPE
1.Passive structure :-(helping verb+obj+V3+by+Sub)
Eg:-1.Does Sita sings a song? (A.V)
Is a song sung by Sita? (P.V)
2. Did they repair the radio? (A.V)
Was the radio repaired by them? (P.V)
3. Shall I write a story? (A.V)
Will a story be written by me? (P.V)
4. Are you making kites? (A.V)
Are kites being made by you? (P.V)
5. Has Sita sung songs? (A.V)
Have songs been sung by Sita? (P.V)
6. Shall you have made kite? (A.V)
Will a kite have been made by you? (P.V)
7. Must we pay this bill? (A.V)
Must this bill be paid by us? (P.V)
8. Are you reading this book? (A.V)
Is this book being read by you? (P.V)
9. Will Rama have written a novel? (A.V)
Will a novel have been written by Sita? (P.V)
10.Had Chitra sung songs? (A.V)
Had songs been sung by Chitra? (P.V)
2. ‘WH’ WORD QUESTIONS:-
Passive structure :-(‘Wh’ question word +helping verb+obj+V3+by+Sub)
Eg:- 1) How can you solve the problem. (A.V)
How can the problem be solved by you? (P.V)
2) Why did he buy that watch? (A.V)
G P English grammar40
 Why was that watch bought by him? (P.V)
3) Who bought that watch? (A.V)
By whom that watch bought? (P.V)
4) When did they accept all demands? (A.V)
When were all demands accepted by them? (P.V)
5) Who gave you this book? (A.V)
By whom was this book given to you? (P.V)

Examination model
Task – 1
1) They are milking the cows.
The cows______________________________________________________________
2) They are performing a yoga for the sake of rains.
A Yoga________________________________________________________________
3) The members of the party discussed the matter.
The matter_____________________________________________________________
4) The Chiefguest is distinguishing the prizes.
The prizes_____________________________________________________________
5) The agreement satisfied the workers.
The workers___________________________________________________________
6) We see Indians in many parts of the world.
Indians_____________________________________________________________
7) Australians defeated India in the world cup final.
India_____________________________________________________________
8) Tagore wrote Geethanjali.
Geethanjali ____________________________________________________________
9) Post this letter.
Let _____________________________________________________________
10) Siva told a story.
A story _____________________________________________________________
11) The manager will give you a ticket.
A ticket_____________________________________________________________
12) We are playing chess.
Chess_____________________________________________________________
13) Jyothi always sings Devotional Songs.
Devotional songs_______________________________________________________
14) R. K. Narayana writes English Novels.
English____________________________________________________________

15) She is bringing the water from the well.

The water_____________________________________________________________
16) The villagers saved many passengers.
Many passengers_______________________________________________________
17) They were feeding the cows when I reached there.
The cows_____________________________________________________________
18) I know her.
G P English grammar41
 She_____________________________________________________________

Task – 2

1) The children are distributing the pamphlets.

The pamphlets_______________________________________________________
2) We cannot help the egoism of the Senses.
The egoism of the senses ________________________________________________

3) They are planting trees in the town .

Trees are _____________________________________________________________
4) Who taught him physics?
By whom_____________________________________________________________
5) Please help me.
You are _____________________________________________________________
6) Which films do you like the best?
Which film is ___________________________________________________________
7) They were discussing the future of the party at the meeting.
The future of the party____________________________________________________
8) They have invented a news medicine for diabetes.
A new medicine_________________________________________________________
9) They are repairing the engine.
The engine____________________________________________________________
10) They will inform all the winners individually.
All the winners__________________________________________________________
11) The electrician repaired the switch.
The switch_____________________________________________________________
12) They are examining the students.
The students___________________________________________________________
13) The magician performed many thrilling tickets.
Many thrilling___________________________________________________________
14) They are helping many wounded persons.
Many wounded persons______________________________________
15) Indians defeated Australia in the world cup final.
Australia ____________________________________________________
16) The managing director gave the workers some bad news.
The workers ____________________________________________________
17) Explorers have made amazing discoveries.
Amazing discovery ____________________________________________________
18) They have made all the arrangements for the function.
All the arrangements____________________________________________________
Task - 3
1) The chief Minister gave the first prize to the best actor.
G P English grammar42
 The first prize ____________________________________________________
2) The prime minister will lay the foundation stone for the housing project.
The foundation stone______________________________________________________
3) They were discussing the future of the party at the meeting.
The future of the party ____________________________________________________
4) Everyone is discussing Pokharan explosion today.
Pokran explosion __________________________________________________________
5) Government will computerize rail bookings all over the country by 2000..
Rail bookings ____________________________________________________________
6) They will inform all the winners individually
All the winners ____________________________________________________
7) They marked the first video disc in USA in 1980.
The first video disc____________________________________________________
8) Azharuddin scored the winning run.
The winning run ____________________________________________________
9) Shakespeare introduced plays in the word.
Plays ____________________________________________________
10) Ramesh is watching Hindi films onT.v.
Hindi films ____________________________________________________
11) Mother Teresa received Nobel Prize.
Nobel prize____________________________________________________
12) Sita sings many wedding songs.
Many wedding songs ____________________________________________________
13) Cats Killed rats.
Rats ____________________________________________________
14) They have built several dams
Several dams ____________________________________________________
15) The principal will announce the results.
The results ____________________________________________________
Task - 4

1. The carpenter is making a chair.

A chair _____________________________________________
2. I shall return your books in a week.
Your books __________________________________________
3. He painted his house all by himself
His house____________________________________________.
4. I hate her.
She ________________________________________________
5. He is writing a letter to his father.
A letter ______________________________________________
6. I will do that work.
That work ___________________________________________
7. Please write the letter.
Your requested to _________________________________________
8. Who will bring a piece of chalk?
By whom ________________________________________________
G P English grammar43
9. They have started business.
Business _________________________________________________
10. Ramya gives me a book.
I __________________________________________________________
11. She is singing a song.
A song ______________________________________________________
12. The mess serves lunch at 12noon.
Lunch ______________________________________________________
13. They are singing songs
Songs _______________________________________________________
14. R.K.Narayan has written many novels
Many Novels __________________________________________________
15. The man is building the wall
The wall ______________________________________________________
16. Let me see the picture
Let the picture ____________________________________________________
17. We love India
India _________________________________________________________
18. Give the order
Let the order _____________________________________________________
19. Please listen to me
You are requested to____________________________________________________
20. I shall punish you
You ____________________________________________________

Task – 5
1. Rajani has given me a present
I ____________________________________________________
2. He was writing a letter to his father
A letter ____________________________________________________
3. The nurse will look after the old man
The oldman ____________________________________________________
4. We except good news
Good news____________________________________________________
5. She gave the beggar a rupee
The beggar ____________________________________________________
6. We should keep promise
Promess ____________________________________________________
7. Ravi accepted the gift
The gift ____________________________________________________
8. Who drew the picture in the wall?
By whom ____________________________________________________
9. Please post this letter
You’re requested to ___________________________________________
10. The police were taking him to prison
He ____________________________________________________
11. Who wrote this poem?
By whom ____________________________________________________
12. A car knocked down the child
The child ____________________________________________________
G P English grammar44
13. He hurt his leg in an accident
His leg ____________________________________________________
14. Who killed the snake?
By whom ____________________________________________________
15. Shut the door
Let the door _________________________________________________

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech:-Direct speech is the conversation between two persons about
each other.
E.g.:-Vani said to Rani “I am going to college now”
Indirect speech: - Indirect speech is the conversation between two persons
about third person. This is also called reported speech.
E.g.:-Vani told Rani that she was going to college then.

Rules for changing direct speech (D.S) in to Indirect speech (I.D.S):-

While changing a sentence from D.S in to I.D.S certain rules have to be followed
as follows.
1. Quotation marks “”must be removed.
2. There are four types of sentences in reported part so the conjunctions
should be used as follow:-
S.No Sentences Direct Indirect conjunctions
speech speech
1 Assertive sentence said said that
said to told
2 Interrogative said Asked if/whether
sentence said to questioned wh words
(helping verbs + w.h said to enquired
)
3 Imperative sentence said Requested positive(to)/
(positive +negative) said to ordered negative(not
commanded to)
instructed
warned
suggested
4 Exclamatory said Exclaimed that
sentence said to

3.Change of tense:-
Direct speech Indirect speech
1. Simple present simple past
Am, is, are, have, has was, were, had
2. Present continuous past continuous
3. Present perfect past perfect
4. Present perfect continuous past perfect continuous
5. Simple past (ate V2) past perfect (had eaten V3)

G P English grammar45
 4.Change of model verbs:-

D.S I.D.S D.S I.D.S

Shall should will would
Should should would would
Can could may might
Could could might might
Must had to

4. Change of pronouns:- Pronouns and possessive adjectives in first person,

and second person should be into third person. Observe the following table

s.no Person Singular Plural

1.speaker I(sub) he,she
(obj) him/her
my (sub) his/her
my self himself/herself
me him/her
2.listener you(sub) he/she they
you(obj) him/her them
your him/her their
3.we they
us them
our their
our selves them selves

6.Change of (adverbs) nearness to distance (or) time and place indicators:

Direct Speech Indirect speech

this that
these those
now then
here there
today that day
yesterday the previous day
tomorrow the next day, the following day
last night the previous night
tonight that night
thus so

Model-I
ASSERTIVE SENTENCE (D.S to I.D.S)
1. He said “I am busy today” (D.S)
He said that he was busy that day. (I.D.S)
2. Raju said to Rani “I will come to your house tomorrow”. (D.S)
Raju told Rani that he would come to her house the next day.(I.D.S)
3. My uncle said “I take the idles this morning”. (D.S)
G P English grammar46
 My uncle said that he took idles. (I.D.S)
4. Sita said to her husband “I like sweets”. (D.S)
Sita told her husband that she liked sweets. (I.D.S)
5. My grandfather said “I drank coffee”. (D.S)
My grandfather said that he had drunk coffee. (I.D.S)
6. A wife said to her husband “I have seen this film twice”. (D.S)
A wife told her husband she had seen that film twice. (I.D.S)
7. The porter said that “The train will be late by tomorrow”. (D.S)
The porter said that the train would be late by the next day. (I.D.S)

MODEL -2
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
a) YES OR NO TYPE QUESTIONS:-

1. The girl asked him, “Can you sing with me?” (D.S)
The girl asked him if he could sing with her. (I.D.S)
2. The teacher asked the students, “Are you all going to the picnic?” (D.S)
The teacher asked the students if they were all going to the picnic. (I.D.S)
3. She said to me, “Do you like music?” (D.S)
She asked me if I liked music. (I.D.S)
4. The teacher said the boys, “Hence you finished your work”? (D.S)
The teacher asked the boys if they had finished their work. (I.D.S)
5. He asked me, “Do you know English”? (D.S)
He asked me if I knew English. (I.D.S)
6. The stranger said to me, “Can you tell me the way to railway station”? (D.S)
The stranger asked me if I could tell the way to railway station. (I.D.S)
7. John said to Ram, “Will you play chess with me?” (D.S)
John asked Ram if he would play with him. (I.D.S)
b). “WH” QUESTIONS:-
1. She said to me, “Where can we buy samosas?”
She asked me where they could buy samosas.
2. Latha said, “when are you going to college?’
Latha asked when they were going to college.
3. She said to them, “What should we do now?”
She asked them what they should do then.

NOTE:- When “Do, does and did” are used as auxiliary verbs in direct speech,
they are omitted in indirect speech.
E.g:-1. He asked me, “Where does your father live?”
He asked me where my lived.
2. He said to me, “how many brothers do you have?”
He asked me how many brothers you had.
3. The doctor said to the patient, “What did you eat yesterday?”
The doctor asked the patient what he had eaten the previous day.

NOTE:-If the direct speech begins with who, what or which followed by a form of
‘be’ as the main verb, the verb is placed at the end of the sentence.
E.g- 1.He said to her, “Who is your English teacher?”
He asked her who her English teacher was.
2. She said to me, “what is your name?”
She asked me what my name was.

G P English grammar47
 MODEL 3
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Note: .The change of tense is not applicable for imperative sentences.
E.g:-1.She said to me, “Please shut the door”
She requested me to shut the door.
2. The lecturer said to the students, “Use the Oxford dictionary.”
The lecturer advised the students to use the Oxford dictionary.
3. The teacher said, “Keep your clothes clean.”
The teacher advised to keep your clothes clean.
MODEL 4
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
Eg:- He said, “How beautiful picture it is!” (D.S)
He said that it was very beautiful picture. (I.D.S)
He said, “How nice it is!”
He said that it was very nice.

EXERCISES
1. Rama said, “I am going to kadapa.”
Rama said …………………………………………………………………………
2. He said to her, “I hate you.”
He told her …………………………………………………………………………
3. She said to me, ‘please open the door.”
She told me…………………………………………………………………………
4. They said, “We will help you.”
They said …………………………………………………………………………
5. He said to me, “Do you play chess?”
He asked me …………………………………………………………………………
6. He said to her, “Who is your English teacher?”
He asked her …………………………………………………………………………
7. He asked me, “Where does your father live?”
He asked me …………………………………………………………………………
8. He said to me, “ How many brothers have you?”
He asked me …………………………………………………………………………
9. He said, “I saw your purse here on the table yesterday.”
He said …………………………………………………………………………
10. Sreenu said to Ramu, “ I will come tomorrow.:
Sreenu told Ramu …………………………………………………………………………
11. His sister said to him, “I have never seen a tiger.”
His sister told him …………………………………………………………………………
12. The girl asked him, “ can you sing with me?”
The girl asked him …………………………………………………………………………
13. She said to me, “Do you like music?”
She asked me …………………………………………………………………………
14. My uncle said to me “Did you see the news paper this morning?”
My uncle asked me …………………………………………………………………………
15. The doctor asked the patient “Did you eat anything this morning?”
The doctor asked the patient …………………………………………………………………………
16. Who is going to answer my question? The teacher said.
The teacher asked______________________________________________________
G P English grammar48
17. “Have you no manners?” Shouted the woman angrily.
The woman shouted …………………………………………………………………………
18. “Why did you come late?” said the teacher to Anupama.
The teacher asked Anupama …………………………………………………………………………
19. “ Why don’t you get vaccinated?” The doctor asked.
The doctor asked me …………………………………………………………………………
20. “Do you go to Agra this year?” She said Kamal.
She asked Kamala …………………………………………………………………………
21. “Did you ever see the chairminar?” Said Murali to Gopi.
Murali asked Gopal …………………………………………………………………………
22. “What is the reason for his behaviour?” She asked.
She asked me …………………………………………………………………………
23. She said to him “Sita went to her house.”
She told him …………………………………………………………………………
24. “When I will your father return from work?” the old man said to the girl.
Man asked the girl …………………………………………………………………………
25. “Do you believe in life after death?” Said the master to his servant.
The master asked his servant …………………………………………………………………………
26. “Can you lend me some money?” The old man asked me.
The old man asked me …………………………………………………………………………
27. Saradhi Saidto his Mother “ I will get first rank in my Class?”
Saradhi told his mother his mother ………………………………………………………………
28. “Don’t read so fast?” Said the teacher to me.
The teacher asked me …………………………………………………………………………
29. “May godbless you.” The preacher Said.
The preacher exclaimed …………………………………………………………………………
30. “ I will come to your house next week”. Prathap said to Ravi.
Prathap told Ravi …………………………………………………………………………
31. My mother Said to sister ”Have you posteed the letters?”
My mother asked sister …………………………………………………………………………
32. He Said “ Where are you going?”
He asked me …………………………………………………………………………
33. He said “ What are you doing?”
He asked me …………………………………………………………………………
34. He said “ I am coming today”.
He said that …………………………………………………………………………
35. “Where do you live?” asked the stranger.
The stranger asked me …………………………………………………………………………
36. “Aren’t we meeting this afternoon?” Rita asked her manager.
Rita asked her manager …………………………………………………………………………
37. “Come over for dinner”. My friend said.
My friend told me …………………………………………………………………………
38. “ The time is 90 clock” the man said.
The man said that …………………………………………………………………………
39. “Do you prefer coffee to tea?”She said.
G P English grammar49
 She asked me …………………………………………………………………………
40. “Will you let me ride alone?”I said to mourad.
I asked Mourad …………………………………………………………………………
41. The stranger said to me “ Do you have one rupee note?”
The stranger asked me …………………………………………………………………………
42. “Are you going to school today?” he said to me
He asked me …………………………………………………………………………

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
There are three kinds of degrees of comparison in English.
They are 1). Positive degree
2). Comparative degree
3). Superlative degree

1). Positive degree (P.D):- Positive degree is used to denote the equality or inequality
between two persons, places, and things
Eg:- 1.Rohith is as tall as Rahim. (Equality)
2. Lokesh is not as tall as Rohith (inequality)

2).Comparative deree(C.D) :-Comparitive degree is used to denote the superiority or

inferiority between two persons, places and things.
Eg:-1. Rohith si taller than Lokesh.
2. Rajampet is larger than Pullampet.
3). Superlative degree(S.D):- Superlative degree is used to denote the uniqueness of
a person among the all others
Eg. 1. America is the richest country in the world.
5. Sita is one of the cleverest girls in the class.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

RULE : high higher Highest
Single tall taller Tallest
syllable bold bolder Boldest
adjectives kind kinder Kindest
are added hard harder Hardest
by ‘er’ & sweet sweeter Sweetest
‘est’. small smaller Smallest
clever cleverer Cleverest
young younger Youngest
great greater Greatest
thick thicker Thickest

positive comparative superlative

RULE : brave braver Bravest
The sure surer Surest

G P English grammar50
adjectives, able abler Ablest
end with fine finer Finest
‘e’, are wise wiser Wisest
simply white whiter Whitest
added by large larger Largest
‘r’ & ‘st’ noble nobler Noblest
dense denser Densest
pure purer Purest
rare rarer Rarest
RULE : hot hotter Hottest
When an slim slimmer Slimmest
adjective fat fatter Fattest
ends with thin thinner Thinnest
a sad sadder Saddest
‘consonant’ big bigger Biggest
, preceded
by a
‘vowel’, the
consonant
must be
doubled
and then
write ‘er’
& ‘est’
RULE : easy easier Easiest
When an holy holier Holiest
adjective happy happier Happiest
ends with merry merrier Merriest
‘y’ wealthy wealthier Wealthiest
preceded heavy heavier Heaviest
by a worthy worthier Worthiest
‘consonant’ silly sillier Silliest
‘y’ is lovely lovelier Loveliest
replaced jolly jollier Jolliest
by ‘ier’ & dry drier Driest
‘iest’
Some gay gayer Gayest
exceptions gray grayer Grayest
to the
above
RULE : beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
The difficult more difficult most difficult
adjectives handsome more handsome most handsome
of two or famous more famous most famous
more learned more learned most learned
syllables proper more proper most proper
must be popular more popular most popular
preceded sincere more sincere most sincere
by ‘MORE’ diplomatic more diplomatic most diplomatic
& ‘MOST’ fruitful more fruitful most fruitful

G P English grammar51
 intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
ideal more ideal most ideal
modest more modest most modest
honest more honest most honest

MODEL 1
Structure
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Obj+verb+not+so+P.D+as+sub C.D+than X
Changing from C.D into P.D
Eg:-1. Raju is taller than Hari (Change into Positive Degree)
Hari is not so tall as Raju.
2. Nellore is larger than Kadapa.
Kadapa is not so large as Nellore.
3. Bindu is cleverer than sindu.
Bindu is not so clever as Sindu.
4. America is richer than India.
India is not so rich as America
5. A deer is runs faster than a horse.
A horse doesn’t run so fast as a deer.
Changing from P.D. into C.D:-
Eg:-1.S arala is not so tall as Deepika.(P.D)
Deepika is taller than Sarala.
2. Silver is not so precious as Gold.
Gold is more precious than silver.
3. India is not so rich as America.
America is richer than India.
MODAL 2
Structure
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
…….as+P.D+as Obj+verb+ not+C.D+than X

Changing from P.D to C.D

Eg:-1. Raju is as tall as Ravi.
Ravi is not taller than Raju.
2.Sheela is as strong as Leela.
Leela is not stronger than Sheela.
3. Ravi is as intelligent as Vani.
Vani is not more intelligent than Ravi.

Changing from P.D. into C.D:-

Eg:-1.Hari is not older than Giri.
G P English grammar52
 Giri is as old as Hari.
2.America is not richer than Kuwait.
Kuwait is as rich as America.
3. Silver is not more precious than Steel.
Steel is as precious as Silver.
MODAL 3
Structure
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
No other --------- C.D+ than+any other The +S.D
so+P.D+as
Exercises:-
1. Raju is the tallest boy in the class. (S.D)
Raju is taller than any other boy in the class. (C.D)
No other boy in the class is so tall as Raju. (P.D)
2. Asoka was the greatest king in the world. (S.D)
Asoka was greater than any other king in the world. (C.D)
No other king in the world was so great as Asoka. (P.D)
3.R.K. Narayan is the greatest novelist in India. (S.D)
R.K.Narayan is greater than any other novelist in India. (C.D)
No other novelist in India is as great as R.K. Narayan.
4. Kolkata is the oldest city in India. (S.D)
Kolkata is older than any other city in India. (C.D)
No other city in India is so old as Kolkata. (P.D)
5. Shakespeare is the greatest dramatist in the world. (S.D)
Shakespeare is greater than any other dramatist in the world.(C.D)
No other dramatist in the world as great as Shakespeare. (P.D)

MODEL 4
Structure
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Very few/few C.D+than+many One of +the+ S.D
other+as+P.D+as other/most other
1. Tagore is one of the greatest Indian writers. (S.D)
Tagore is greater than many other Indian writers. (C.D)
Very few Indian writers are as great as Tagore. (P.D)
2.Srilaka is one of the biggest Islands in the world. (S.D)
Srilanka is bigger than many other Islands in the world. (C.D)
Few other Islands in the world are as big as Srilanka. (P.D)
3.Chiranjeevi is one of the best actor in India. (S.D)
Chiranjeevi is better than many other actors in India. (C.D)
Very few actors in India are as good as Chiranjeevi. (P.D)
4. The Fox is one of the most cunning animals. (S.D)
The Fox is more cunning than many other animals. (C.D)
Few other cunning animals are as many as the Fox (P.D)
5. The rose is one of the prettiest flowers. (S.D)
The rose is prettier than most other flowers. (C.D)
Very few flowers are as pretty as the rose. (P.D)

MODEL 5
Structure
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
G P English grammar53
 Some of the +as+P.D C.D+than+ many other ----not+the + S.D + of all
1. Some of the students in the class are as tall as Raju. (P.D)
Raju is not the tallest of all students in the class. (S.D)
Raju is taller than many other students in the class. (C.D)
2. Some of the girls in the class are as wise as Rani. (P.D)
Rani is not the wisest of all girls in the class. (S.D)
Rani is wiser than many other girls in the class. (C.D)
3. Some of the cricketers in the world are as good as Sachin. (P.D)
Sachin is not the best of all cricketers in the world. (S.D)
Sachin is better than many other cricketers in the world. (C.D)

EXERCISES
Examination model

1. Copper is more useful than gold.

Gold is ____________________________________________________________
2. The new Indian express is one of the best dailies.
Very few___________________________________________________________
3. Srinadh bowls faster than Prasad.
Prasad____________________________________________________________
4. China is the most popular country.
China is more_______________________________________________________
5. Delhi is the worst polluted city.
No other city________________________________________________________
6. Nobody in our town can run as fast as Sridhar.
Sridhar____________________________________________________________
7. She is faster runner in our city.
No other __________________________________________________________
8. Disney Land is one of the best worth seeing places in the U.S.A.
Very few places______________________________________________________
9. No student was as tall as Mrinal.
Mrinal____________________________________________________________
10. Australia is the largest island in the world.
No other___________________________________________________________
11. Germany was the most important nation in the world.
No other ___________________________________________________________
12. King Cobra is one of the most dangerous snakes.
Very few ___________________________________________________________
13. The Vizag harbour is as beautiful as any harbor in India.
No other __________________________________________________________
14. Vizag is cooler than Vijayawada.
Vijayawada _________________________________________________________
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 15. Ramu was not so tall as Gopal.
Gopal ____________________________________________________________
16. Vijayawada is one of the largest cities in Andra Pradesh.
Vijayawada is larger _________________________________________________

17. Very few boys are so clever as John.

John __________________________________________________________

CHAPTER

SIMPLE, COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES

There are three types of sentences in English.

They are 1.Simple sentence
2. Complex Sentence
3. Compound sentences
Before going to know about the above sentences, we should know phrase and clause.
Phrase:- A phrase is a group of words which gives some meaning .It does not give complete
meaning. It doesn’t have subject and verb.
Eg:-1.on seeing a snake.
2. In the middle of the garden.
3. inspite of working hard.
Clause:- a clause is a group of words which gives some meaning. It has subject and verb.
These are divided into two types. They are:-1. Main clause 2. Subordinate clause.
Main clause:-a main clause is a group of words which gives complete meaning. It has
subject and verb.
Eg:-1. I saw a snake.
2. He is very poor.
Subordinate clause:- a subordinate clause is a group of words which gives some
meaning with subject and verb. It is always connected by subordinate conjunctions..
Ex:-1.as he was ill
2. although he worked well

TYPES OF SENTENCES:-
1. SIMPLE SENTENCE:- a simple sentence which consist of only one main clause and
sometimes it has a main clause and a phrase.
Ex:-1.I saw a film yesterday.
2. Inspite of working hard, he failed.
G P English grammar55
 3. on seeing a snake, he ran away.

2. COMPLEX SENTENCE:-A sentence that consists of one or more subordinate clauses is

called complex sentence. These sentences start with subordinate conjunctions.
Subordinate conjunctions:-
Though, although, even though, even if, as, since, because, when, as soon as, If,
unless, which, where, who, whom, that, till, until, whether, why, while etc.
Ex:-1.Though he worked hard, he failed.
2. Unless you leave early, you can’t catch the train.
3. Since it was a holiday, we stayed at home.

3. COMPOUND SENTENCE:-A sentence that consists of two or more main clauses is

called compound sentence. These sentences are connected by co-ordinate
conjunctions. They are in the middle of the sentence.
Co-ordinate conjunctions:-
But,else,as well as, yet, still, however, and, and so, so, therefore, not only_ but also,
either _ or, neither_ nor, or, otherwise, both__ and, as well as.
Eg:-1.He is poor but he is honest.
2.She is rich yet she is unhappy.
3.He was ill so he didn’t attend the class.
TYPE 1

Simple sentence(SS) Complex Compound

sentence(CX) sentence(CD)
In spite of Though But
Despite present Although Yet
Nevertheless participle Even though Still
Not with standing (v1+ing) Even if

1. He worked hard. He failed.

In spite of working hard, he failed. (SS)
Though he worked hard, he failed. (CX)
He worked hard but he failed. (CD)
2. Ravi is poor. He is honest.
In spite of being poor, Ravi is honest. (SS)
Although Ravi is poor, he is honest. (CX)
G P English grammar56
 Ravi is poor but he is honest. (CD)
Exercises:-
1.Although he was ill, he attended the meeting. (CX)
Inspite of being ill, he attended the meeting. (SS)
He was ill but he attended the meeting. (CD)
2.She played well but she did not win the match. (CD)
In spite of playing well, she did not win the match. (SS)
Although he played well,
TYPE 2:-
Simple sentence(SS) Complex sentence(CX) Compound sentence(CD)
Too__to So __that Very __and so
Very___ and therefore
Exercises:-
1. The coffee is very hot. We can’t drink it.
The coffee is too hot to drink it. (SS)
The coffee is so hot that we can’t drink it. (CX)
The coffee is very hot and so we can’t drink id. (CD)
2. The old man is very poor. He can’t buy a car.
The old man is too poor to buy a car. (SS)
The old man is do poor that he can’t buy a car. (CX)
The old man is very poor and so he can’t buy a car. (CD)
3. Sita is very weak. She can’t walk.
Sita is too weak to walk. (SS)
Sita is so weak that she can’t walk. (CX)
Sita is very weak and so she can’t walk. (CD)

TYPE 3 :-
Simple sentence(SS) Complex sentence(CX) Compound sentence(CD)
Besides present Not only -- but also
In addition to participle as well as
Both -- and

Exersices:-
1. He speaks English. He also speaks Hindi.
Besides speaking English, he also speaks Hindi. (SS)
He speaks not only Englsh but also Hindi. (CD)
G P English grammar57
 He speaks English as well as Hindi. (CD)
He speaks both English and Hindi. (CD)
2. She is a teacher. She is a home maker.
Besides being a teacher, she is ahome maker. (SS)
She is not only a teacher but also ahome maker. (CD)
She is a teacher as well as a home maker (CD)
She is both a teacher and a home maker. (CD)
TYPE 4:-
Simple sentence(SS) Complex sentence(CX) Compound sentence(CD)

on account of present As so
because of participle Since therefore
owing to because hence
Exercises:-
1. Rani is very tired. She went to bed early.
On account of being very tired, she went to bed early. (SS)
As Rani is very tired, she went to bed early. (CX)
Rani is very tired so she went to bed early. (CD)
2. He was ill. He stayed at home.
Because of being ill, he stayed at home. (SS)
As he was ill, he stayed at home. (CX)
He was ill so he stayed at home. (CD)
TYPE 5:-
Simple sentence(ss) Complex sentence(cx) Compound sentence(cd)
In case of Unless-----not or
In the event of present If ----------not else
In order to participle otherwise

1. You work hard. You will pass.

Incase of working hard, you will pass. (SS)
Unless you work hard, you won’t pass. (CX)
If you do not work hard, you won’t pass. (CX)
You work hard or you won’t pass. (CD)
2. We play well. We can’t win the match.
In case of playing well, we can’t win the match. (SS)
Unless you play well, you can’t win the a match. (CX)
If you do not play well, you can’t win the match. (CX)
We play well or we can’t win the match. (CD)
Type 6:-
G P English grammar58
Simple sentence(SS) Complex sentence(CX) Compound sentence(CD)
After
having +v3 When and
on +present As soon as
participle(v1+ing)
1. She saw a snake. She ran away.
On seeing the snake, she ran away. (SS)
When she saw a snake, she ran away. (CX)
She saw a snake and she ran away. (CD)
2. I heard the noise. I wake up.
On hearing the noise, I wake up. (SS)
When I heard the noise, I wake up. (CX)
I heard the noise and I wake up. (CD)

QUESTION TAG
Definition :- The part of a sentence, which serves the purpose of confirming the given
statement is called question tag .
Ex:- 1. She is a doctor, isn’t she?
The question tag is fallowed short form
Long form Short form
Am not aren’t
Is not isn’t
Are not aren’t
Was not wasn’t
Were not weren’t
Do not don’t
Does not doesn’t
Did not didn’t
Has not hasn’t
Have not haven’t
Had not hadn’t
Shall not shan’t
Should not shouldn’t
Will not won’t
Would not wouldn’t
Can not can’t
Could not couldn’t
May not mayn’t
G P English grammar59
 Might not mightn’t
Before knowing the question tag we should follow the following points:-
1. Question tag is used at the end of the question
2. Question mark is used after the question tag.
3. Only the short form “ n’t ” is used (in the positive question ) in the question tag..
The subject noun in the given statement will be converted in to a relarint pronoun in the
question tag.
Model: I
Question tag with Auxiliary verbs:-
Helping Verbs
Be forms:-Am, is, are, was, were,
Do forms:-do, does, did,
Have forms:- have, has, had,
Model Auxiliaries:-shall, should, can, could,
will, would, may, might,
must, dare, need, ought to.
2. If the statement is in positive
, the question tag should be in negative (not )
Positive statement Negative question
1. Raju is a lawyer, isn’t he?
2. we are studying well, aren’t we?
3.I am a teacher , aren’t I?
4. They were in Tirumal, weren’t they?
5. Latha can speak English, can’t she?
6.We have finished our lunch, haven’t we?
7. They will come to our college, won’t they?
8. Sheela has many friends, hasn’t she?
9. Karna was a great warrior, wasn’t he?
10. Today is Wednesday, isn’t it?
11. Tiger is a Crual animal, isn’t it?
12. Apples are sweet, aren’t they?
13. Sita write a letter, don’t she?
3. If the statement is in negative, the question tag should be in positive.

Negative statement Positive question tag

1. Raju is not a lawyer is he?

G P English grammar60
2. We are not studying well are we?
3. I am not, teacher am I?
4. They were not in Tirumala were they?
5. Latha can not speak English can she?
6. You are not living in Rajampet are you?
7. I a not your survent am I?
8. Suneel has not paid the bill has he?
9. They are not poor are they?
10. Rani will not stay her will she?

4.when ‘am’ is used in positive statement “aren’t’’ is used in the question tag.

Ex:- I am a teacher
I am a teacher, are n’t I?
5. When ‘I am’ is used in the negative statement the question tag is ‘am’ .
Eg:- I amn’t a teacher.
I amn’t a teacher, am I?
Model II
Question with do, does, did:-
Note: - 1. If the statement is in positive and the main verb is in present tense (v1) we use
‘don’t’ to from the question tag.
Eg:- eat (v1) don’t
Write (v1) don’t
2.If the statement is in positive and the main verb is in present tense (v1) with ‘s’ or
‘es’ we use ‘doesn’t” to frame the question tag.

Eg:-
1. He writes a letter, doesn’t he?
2. John goes Church every Sunday, doesn’t he?
3. If th statement is positive and the main verb (v2) is in past tense (v2), we use didn’t to from
the question tag.
Ex:- I wrote a letter , Didn’t I?
Raju went to Kadapa Yesterday, didn’t he?
Exercises :-
1. We play Cricket Don’t we?
2. She cooked food didn’t she?
3. They make kites don’t they?

G P English grammar61
4. Sita sings songs doesn’t she?
5. My uncle sold the House didn’t he?
6. My sister wrote the examination didn’t she?
7. My sister wrote the examination didn’t she?
8. The tiger eats me doesn’t it?
9. They live in Rajampet don’t they?
10. we bought mangoes didn’t we?

Some important points:-

1) If the statement begins with let us (let’s), we use “shall we”, to frame the question
tag.
Eg:- Let’s go for a walk, shall we ?
Let’s have a cup of Coffee, shall we?
2) If the Statement is a request we use “will you” to frame the question tag.
Eg;-Please come to my house, will you?
3) If the statement is imperative and begins either ‘do’ or don’t we use ‘’ will you’’ to
frame the question tag?
Eg:- Open the door, will you?
Don’t do that work, will you?
4) If ‘this’ or ‘that’ as subject in the given statements we use ‘it’ to frame the question
tag.

Eg: - This is the map of India, isn’t it?

This story is not interesting isn’t?
That is my house, is not it.
5) If “these or those” are subjects the given statement we use “ They” to from the
question tag
Eg:- These are my books, are n’t they ?
Those are mangoes, aren’t they?
6) If “there” is as subject in the given statement we use “there” to frame the question
tag.
Eg:- There is something strange isn’t there?
7) If the sentence has the following words like no, none, neither, never, little, seldom,
hardly, few the question tag should be in positive.
Eg:- Hari never goes to College, does he?
They seldom go to movies, do they?
No body helped her, did they?
EXERCISES
Find the correct question tag to the following:
G P English grammar62
1. You are students, __________? ( )
1)Are you 2) aren’t you 3)were you 4) haven’t you
2. He is a boy, _________? ( )
1)isn’t he 2)is he 3) was he 4) wasn’t he
3. She was my friend, _________? ( )
1)wasn’t she? 2) was she? 3) didn’t she? 4) did she?
4. I am a teacher, _____________? ( )
1) am I? 2) are I? 3) amn’t I? 4) aren’t I?
5. There is no money, __________? ( )
1)is there? 2) isn’t there? 3) aren’t there? 4) has there?
6. I am not a singer, ___________? ( )
1) aren’t I? 2)are I? 3)am I? 4) amn’t I?
7. Let’s go and play,___________? ( )
1)don’t we? 2) shall we? 3)does we? 4) didn’t we?
8. I won’t teach you, _____________? ( )
1)will I? 2) can I? 3)won’t I? 4) shall I?
9. Nobody is present, ___________? ( )
1)is he? 2)isn’t he? 3)are they? 4) aren’t they?
10. This story is very interesting, ________? ( )
1)is it? 2)isn’t it? 3) aren’t it? 4)don’t it?
11. He likes me,_______________? ( )
1)does he? 2) doesn’t he? 3) did he? 4)didn’t he?
12. Your brother is an engineer,________________? ( )
1)has he? 2)hasn’t he? 3) is he? 4) isn’t he?
13. Rani goes to her native place,_________________? ( )
1)doesn’t she? 2)does she? 3)do she? 4)don’t she?
14. They don’t play tennis,____________________? ( )
1)do they? 2)don’t they? 3)is they? 4)isn’t they?
15. You are not going to school now,_____________? ( )
1)weren’t you? 2)were you? 3) are you? 4)aren’t you?
16. Kiran is a doctor, ________________? ( )
1)is he? 2)isn’t he? 3)do he? 4)don’t he?
17. Raju draws pictures,_________________? ( )
1)does he? 2) doesn’t he? 3) did he? 4)didn’t he?
18. The minister made a good speech,______________? ( )
1)did he? 2)didn’t he? 3)does he? 4)don’t he?
19. The chief minister came by car,_______________? ( )
1)did he? 2)didn’t he? 3)does he? 4)don’t he?
20. I have a house,__________________? ( )
1)have I? 2)hasn’t I? 3)haven’t I? 4)hasn’t I?
21. Sita has danced well,_______________? ( )
G P English grammar63
 1)have I? 2)hasn’t I? 3)haven’t I? 4)hasn’t I?
22. Please give a book,______________? ( )
1)did you? 2)didn’t you? 3)shall we? 4)don’t we?
23. The match was very cxciting,_______________? ( )
1)weren’t it? 2)were it? 3) was it? 4)wasn’t it?
24. She performed very well,____________? ( )
1)does she? 2) doesn’t she? 3) did she? 4)didn’t she?
25. We play games,_______________? ( )
1)don’t we? 2) shall we? 3)do we? 4) didn’t we

IF CONDITIONS (CONDITIONAL CLAUSES)

MODEL –I
Possible/ Probable condition (If –Type: I)
Formula
s will

If + sub +V1 Sub + can + V1……………………

es may

Note: --- 1) The first imperative sentence with or without the subject (you) is
change into ‘If Clause’
a) By using into If + you+V1
b) By using will/can/may in the main clause
Examination model:
Eg: ----
1) Work hard. Then you will succeed.
 If you work hard, you will succeed.
3. You studied well. Then only you can get good marks.
 If you studied well, you can get good marks.
4. You run fast. Then only you can catch your train.
 If you run fast, you can catch your train.
5. Buy one glass. The other one is free.
 If buy one glass, the other one will be free.

Note: ---- 2) When the linking words or, else, otherwise and the second sentence is
negative. We prefer negative ‘If clause’ (If you don’t/ does not).
Eg: ----
1. work hard or you will not succeed.
 If you don’t work hard, you will not succeed.

G P English grammar64
 2) You run fast or else you can’t catch your train.
 If you do not run fast, you can’t catch your train.

3) Perform well otherwise you can’t get the prize.

 If you donot perform well, you can’t get the prize.

Note 3: When there is should/must/have to/have to/ has to/ought to in the

sentence. We remove them and use simple present in the ‘If Clause’
Examples: ----
1) I should work hard. I will succeed.
 If I work hard. I will succeed.

2) He must run fast. Then only he can catch his train.

 If he runs fast, he can catch his train.

3) She has to study well and then she may pass

 If she studies well, she may pass.

4) They have to run fast otherwise they can’t catch the train.
 If they do not run fast, they can’t catch the train.

5) Mohan must perform well or he won’t get the prize.

 If Mohan doesn’t perform well, he won’t get the prize.
6) I will say doubt to you, you must ask me about this.
 If I say doubts to you, you must ask me about this.

MODEL –II

Unreal or imaginary condition present +

Formula: -----
If clause Main clause

would

If + Sub+V 2 ………………. Sub+ could +V1

might

Note: ---- To express the present unreal situation which is just imaginary and
away from reality.

a) We first change the negative sentences – in to positive sentences +

b) We use simple past in the If clause and would, could, might in the main clause.
Examples:----
G P English grammar65
1) You do not become another Bill Gates. You cannot buy this company.
If you became another Bill Gates, you could buy this company.
2) I do not have money so I cannot buy a bike.
If I had money, I could buy a bike.
3) I do not have a car. So I cannot give you a ride.
If I had a car, I could give you a ride.

MODEL –III
Formula:
If clause Main clause

Would

If + sub + had +V 3 Sub + could + have+V3

might

To talk about the past situation that did not happen. We use the past
perfect tense in If clause and would, could, might + have +V3 in the main
clause.

Note: ---- If the sentence is positive + we change into negative – and if the
sentence is negative – we change positive +
Positive into Negative
Eg :---- 1) you worked hard. So you succeed.
 If you had not worked hard, you would/could not have succeeded.

2) We tried very hard. Therefore we reached our goal.

 If we do not tried very hard. we would have not reached our goal

3) They invited him to the partly. So he attended the party.

 If they had not invited him to the party. He would not have attended the party.

Negative into positive

1. You did not work hard so you did not succeed.
 If you had worked hard, you would have succeeded.
2. Arun did not study well so he did not get a job.

G P English grammar66
  If Arun had studied well, he would have get a job.
3. You did not inform me so I did not wait for you.
 If you had informed me, I would have waited for you.
4. He did not study well. He failed in the examinations.
 If he had studied well, he wouldn’t have failed in the examinations.

Note: ---- if ‘be forms’, ‘have’ forms are used.

Main verbs we use been, had as the past participle.
1) He was a great runner so he won the race.
 If he had not been a great runner, e would not have won the race.
2) They played well. They were the runners.
 If they had not played well, they would not have been the winner.
3) He did not have enough money so he did not build a house.
 If he had enough money, he would have built a house.
4) She did not have good eyes sight so he did not see the vehicle in advance.
 If she had have good eyesight. She would have seen the vehicle in advance.
5) He broke his leg. He did not come on the trip.
 If he hadn’t broken his leg, he could have come on the trip.
6) I did not have your telephone number. I could not call you.
 If I had had your telephone number, I could call you.
7) You must reach the station with in 15minute or you will miss the train.
 If you don’t reach the station within 15 minutes you won’t miss the train.
8) Renu did not pay the examination fee. She was not allowed to write the
exam.
 Renu did not had paid the examination fee, she would have allowed to write the
exam.
9) The gate keeper did not close the gate. The accident happened.
 If the gate keeper had closed the gate, the accident would not have happened.
10) He came to the function late. He did not meet the cg
 If he had not come to the function he would have meet the cg
11) The doctor came late. The patient died.
 If the doctor came late, the patient wouldn’t have died.
12) If Renu missed the train so she couldn’t attend the interview.
 If Renu had not missed the train, she could have attended the interview.
13) You were very slow. So you could not finish the job in time.
G P English grammar67
  If you hadn’t been very slow, you could have finished the job in time.
14) He was not careful so he could not avoid the accident.
 If he had been careful, he would have avoided the accident.
EXAMINATION MODEL
I. Combine the following sentences by using If

1. Hurry up. You can catch the last bus.

If you _________________________________________________________________
2. I don’t have time . So I cannot meet your brother
If I ____________________________________________________________
3. I did not send the money order . so my brother had to come.
If I____________________________________________________________________
4. It rained heavily. So the match, was called off.
If I_____________________________________________________________________
5. I had not enough money. So I could not buy that house.
If I____________________________________________________________________
6. Start early. You can catch the train.
If you________________________________________________________________
7. He was not invited. He did not attend her wedding.
If_____________________________________________________________________
8. She missed the train. She could not attend the interview.
If she _________________________________________________________________
9. I did not know of your arrival. I did not meet you at the station.
If I_____________________________________________________________________
10. He did not study well. He failed.
If he__________________________________________________________________
11. You have to obey the orders otherwise you will be punished.
If you ____________________________________________________________________
12. She did not try hard. She did not win.
If she_____________________________________________________________________
13. Renu did not pay the examination fee. She was not allowed to write the
examination.
If Renu________________________________________________________________
14. You were very slow. So you could not finish the job in time.
If you___________________________________________________________________
15. I don’t have a car . So I can’t give you a ride.
If I_____________________________________________________________________
16. Unless you read it carefully, you will not understand it.
If you__________________________________________________________________
17. Work hard, you can get first rank.
If you__________________________________________________________________
18. I missed the bus. I could not go to Hyderabad.
If I ___________________________________________________________________
19. Work hard. You will get a first class.
G P English grammar68
 Unless you _____________________________________________________________
20. Lakshman had much money So he would buy a car.
If_____________________________________________________________________
21. You work hard so you can get 1st rank.
If you ____________________________________________________________________
22. You did not ask him. He did not help you.
If you_____________________________________________________________________
23. You did not inform me .So I did not reserve the breath to Hyderabad.
If you__________________________________________________________________
24. Buy one glass. The other one is free.
If you__________________________________________________________________
25. I did not work hard. I did not get a rank.
If I ___________________________________________________________________
26. You were very careless that is why you failed in the test.
If you_____________________________________________________________________
27. I did not know it was important . I did not write down the number.
If I____________________________________________________________________
28. He wants to buy the house. But he doesn’t have enough money.
If he__________________________________________________________________
29. The tenant did not vacate the portion .so the house owner filled a case in the
court.
If the__________________________________________________________________
30. Don’t eat too much. You will be ill.
If_____________________________________________________________________
31. My grandfather did not take the medicines regularly .So he fell ill again.
If_____________________________________________________________________
32. She did not win the lottery. So she did not buy a car.
If she __________________________________________________________________
33. She did not ask me . I did not help her.
If she__________________________________________________________________
34. We did not arrive early. So we did not get tickets.
If we_____________________________________________________________________
35. The man did not take the medicines regularly. So he fell ill again.
If_____________________________________________________________________
36. Rajesh had missed the train . So he could not attend the interview.
If Ramesh_______________________________________________________________
37. She went late . So she was not allowed to enter.
If_____________________________________________________________________
38. Arum did not study well. so he did not get a good job.
If Arun__________________________________________________________________
39. He may go to New Delhi in that case he will see the Red Fort.
If he__________________________________________________________________
40.I did not go to Hyderabad. I did not meet the C.M.

G P English grammar69
 Use of conjunctions
1. Use of
 As
 Since
 Because Express the reason when the result is positive.
 Now that

 Now that :- is used at the beginning of the sentence.

 Observe the following table
Reason Positive Result

 He played well.  He won the game.

 They studied hard.  They passed

 You ran fast.  You caught the train.

Eg:-
1) He played well. He won the game.
 As he played well, he won the game.
 Since he played well, he won the game.
 Because have played well, he won the game.
 Now that he played well he won the game.
2) They worked hard. They brought good marks.
 As they worked hard ,they brought good marks.
 Since they worked hard ,they brought good marks.
 Because they worked hard ,they brought good marks.
 Now that they worked hard ,they brought good marks.

3) They failed in exams. They neglected their studies.

 They failed in the exams as they neglected their studies.
 Since they neglected their studies, they failed in the exams
 Because they neglected their studies, they failed in the exams.
 Now that they neglected their studies, they failed in the exams.

4) You did not catch the train. you can fast.

 As you can fast, you did not catch the train.
 Since you can fast, you did not catch the train.
 Because you can fast, you did not catch the train.
 Now that you can fast, you did not catch the train.

G P English grammar70
 5) She had earned enough money. She can live happily.
 As she had earned enough money,she can live happily.
 Since she had earned enough money,she can live happily.
 Because she had earned enough money,she can live happily.
 Now that she had earned enough money,she can live happily.

6) I found the door locked . So I returned home.

 As I found the door locked , I returned home.
 Since I found the door locked , I returned home.
 Because I found the door locked , I returned home.
 Now that I found the door locked , I returned home.

Examination model
I. Combine the following sentence by using ‘Since’, ‘As’
1) There was very little sugar. She made coffee without sugar.
As ____________________________________________________________
2) I do not know the actual details. I was not present at the venue.
As ____________________________________________________________
3) It rained heavily the previous night. So they called off the match.
Since ____________________________________________________________
4) I do not want to advice you. You are old enough to take your own decisions.
Since ____________________________________________________________
5) I found the door locked. I returned home.
Since_____________________________________________________________
6) I was very cautious. The road was slippery.
As the road_________________________________________________________
7) There was no electricity. They decided to postpone the match.
Since______________________________________________________________
8) He was not ready to start. He had not packed yet.
As________________________________________________________________
9) He has no money. He cannot pay the examination fee.
As________________________________________________________________
10) The weather was very bad . So we decided not to travel.
Since______________________________________________________________
11) I don’t know the actual details. I was not present at the venue.
As I was____________________________________________________________
12) On account of his failure, he has become dejected.
As he _____________________________________________________________

G P English grammar71
 2. Use of Though
All though Express the reason when the result is negative
Even though

Note: while using ‘though’ , ‘Although’ , ‘Even though’. We avoid the linking words like
but, yet, still.

Observe the following table

Reason Negative

 The played well  He lost the game

 He worked hard  He failed in the exam

 She was ill  She worked hard

Note: Though, although, even though are always used to at the beginning of the
sentences.
Eg: --- 1) She worked hard but he failed in the exam
 Though he worked hard, he failed in the exam.
 Although he worked hard, he failed in the exam.
 Even though he worked hard , he failed in the exam

2) She was ill. She played.

 Although she was ill, she played.

3) It was raining. She came in time

 Although she was ill, she played.

4) The team very difficult. He passed the test.

 Although the team very difficult, he passed the test
5) It was raining. We didn’t stop the match
 Though it was raining. We didn’t stop the match
6) He is honest. He is poor
 Although he is hones, he is poor.
Examination model
I.Combine the following sentences by using ‘Though’ ,’Although’ ,’Even though’.

1. He tried hard. Sasikanth couldnot get a seat.

Though _________________________________________________________________
2. She Suffered from seriousinjuries.She recovered well.
G P English grammar72
 Though_________________________________________________________________
3. Sha has a car. She often goes by bus.
Though_________________________________________________________________
4. He is poor but honest.
Though_________________________________________________________________
5. He was ill but he worked hard.
Though_________________________________________________________________
6. She was very ill. She still manages to smile at everyone.
Though_________________________________________________________________
7. I have known her for many years but I have never seen her.
Though_________________________________________________________________
8. They lost the Match but they were not disgraced.
Although________________________________________________________________
9. He is fat but he runs fast.
Though_________________________________________________________________
10. She failed in the examination. She did not lose heart.
Though_________________________________________________________________
11. The driver tried to avoid the accident but failed.
Though_________________________________________________________________
12. It was raining. She came in time.
Although________________________________________________________________
13. There was heavy rain in the afternoon. The cricket match was held as per
schedule.
Though there was heavy rain ______________________________________________
14. We were late. The cashier still agreed to accept the payment.
Though_________________________________________________________________
15. She was not free. She came to the party.
Although________________________________________________________________
16. She was ill. She played.
Although________________________________________________________________
17. He was very upset. He still decided to attend the meeting.
Although________________________________________________________________
18. India is a vast country. But Indians are poor.
Although India___________________________________________________________
19. The old man is very poor. But he is generous..
Although________________________________________________________________
20. The weather was hot. They slept soundly.
Though_________________________________________________________________
21. They did not win the match. But they played well.
Although________________________________________________________________
22. Murali was ill. Yet he came to school.
Though_________________________________________________________________
23. She couldn’t recognize me. We were at school together.
Though_________________________________________________________________
24. He has a scooter. He often goes to the office on foot.
G P English grammar73
 Although________________________________________________________________
25. He is rich. He is unhappy.
Though_________________________________________________________________
26. It was costly. We brought it.
Though_________________________________________________________________
27. He finished first. He began late.
Though_________________________________________________________________
28. He was poor. He was honest.
Though_________________________________________________________________
29. He is not very intelligent .But he is hard working.
Although________________________________________________________________
30. He worked hard. He failed.
Though_________________________________________________________________
31. He ran quickly. He could not overtake him.
Although________________________________________________________________

INSPITE OF AND DESPITE

Formula: ---- Inspite of
+ V1 + ing
Despite Noun
Noun phrase.
Note: ---- We change the verb in the first sentence into present
participle.
Examples: ---
1) I sang a song well. I could not get the prize.
 Ispite of singing a song well, I couldn’t get the prize.
 Despite singing a song well, I couldn’t get the prize

2) You work hard, you cannot get good marks.

 Inspite of having enough money, they did not buy the bike.
 Despite having enough money, they did not buy the bike

3) They had enough money but they did not buy the bike.
 Inspite of having enough money, they didn’t buy the bike.
 Despite having enough money, they didn’t buy the bike.

4) She was well qualified yet she didn’t get the job.
G P English grammar74
  Inspite of being qualified, she didn’t get the job.
 Despite being qualified, she didn’t get the job

5) He is poor but he can’t pay the school fee.

 Inspite of being poor, he can’t pay the school fee.
 Despite being poor, he can’t pay the school fee
6) He scored the first rant but he was not happy.
 Inspite of scoring the first rank, he was not happy.
 Despite scoring the first rank, he was not happy
1. USE OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

Note1: when we use before a phrase/noun, it is called present participle.

Note2: we start the answer with present participle to tell the completed actions.

1. He saw a tiger and he climbed the tree.

Seeing a tiger, he climbed the tree.
2. He faced all difficulties. At last he earned a lot.
Facing …………………………………………………………………….……..
3. I felt very tired. I went to bed without taking dinner.
Feeling …………………………………………………………………….……..
4. The boy heard his father’s footsteps and ran a way
Hearing……………………………………………………………………….…..
5. He worked hard and he succeeded.
Working …………………………………………………………………………..
6. He was a great doctor and he saved the patient.
Being ……………………………………………………………………………..
7. They performed well and they got the prize.
Performing ……………………………………………………………………..
8. I felt pity for the beggar. I gave him some money.
Feeling …………………………………………………………………………..
9. I heard the noise and woke up.
Hearing …………………………………………………………………………..
10. The thief saw the policeman and ran away.
Seeing …………………………………………………………………………..
11. Anand sat at the window and he watched the procession.
Sitting …………………………………………………………………………..
12. Veena saw the lizard and she was frightened.
Seeing …………………………………………………………………………..
13. Nagesh felt hungry and he ate the banana.
Feeling …………………………………………………………………………..
14. He took a stick and he beat the dog.
Taking …………………………………………………………………………..
G P English grammar75
15. He threw off his shirt and he jumped into the river.
Throwing …………………………………………………………………………
16. The magician took pity on the mouse and he turned it into a cat.
Taking ……………………………………………………………………..……..
17. He was occupied with important matters and he did not meet us.
Being ……………………………………………………………………………..
18. Ravi saw the beggar and he turned his face away.
Seeing …………………………………………………………………………..
19. The child saw the balloons and he was excited.
Seeing …………………………………………………………………………..
20. The woman saw the thief and started shouting.
Seeing …………………………………………………………………………..
21. Vasantha felt bored and she watched T.V.
Feeling …………………………………………………………………………..
22. Hema felt unwell and she consulted the doctor.
Feeling …………………………………………………………………………..

2. USE OF PERFECT PARTICIPLE

Note1: we start the answer with perfect participle (having + V3)

1. He failed in the exams; he took up his father’s business.

Having failed in the exams, he took up his father’s business.
2. She finished her exercises and put away her books.
Having …………………………………………………………………………
3. He selected a site and began to build a house.
Having …………………………………………………………………………
4. Krishna finished his work and went home.
Having …………………………………………………………………………
5. The king picked up his gun and went out hunting.
Having …………………………………………………………………………
6. He completed his work and left his office.
Having …………………………………………………………………………
7. He finished his home work and put away his books.
Having …………………………………………………………………………

3. PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS VERBAL ADJECTIVE.

Note:

1. Sulocha was posting the letter. I saw her.

I saw sulochana posting the letter.
2. He was crossing the road. I saw him.
I saw ………………………………………………………………………
3. I saw the thief. He was running away.
I saw the thief running.
G P English grammar76
 4. The post man knocked at the door.
I heard the post man knocking at the door.
5. I heard the bell. It was ringing.
I heard the bell ringing.
6. I watched the balloon. It was rising.
I watched to balloon rising.
7. Something was burning in the kitchen. I smell it.
I smelt something burning in the kitchen.
8. My heart was beating fast. I could feel it.
I could feel my heart beating fast.
9. The band was playing in park. We listened to it.
We listened to the band playing in the park.
10. The birds are flying in the sky just look at them.
Look at the birds flying in the sky.

4. GERUND AS VERBAL NOUN.

Note: When we use gerund (Verb+ing) as a noun, it is called gerund. The gerund is
used either as subject or object. Verbal the following verbs are used as verbal
noun.
[Love, like, hate, enjoy, dislike, deny, delay, suggest, feel like, can’t help, looking,
forward to, give up, keep on, mind, postpone, remember.]

1. He plays chess. He loves it.

He loves playing chess.
2. She beats animals. She enjoys it.
She enjoys beating animals.
3. He reads novels. He likes it.
He likes reading novels.
4. He does not watch movies. She hates them.
She hates watching movies.
5. He wanted to meet her. But he delayed it.
He delayed meeting her.
6. I have met you before. I clearly remember it.
I clearly remember meeting you before.
7. I posted the letter, I clearly remember doing so.
I clearly remember posting the letter.
8. I was scolded for little mistakes when I was a boy. I hated it.
I hated being scolded for little mistakes when I was a boy.
9. Why do you shout at servants? Do you enjoy it?
Do you enjoy shouting at servants?
10. He did not waste his time. He denied it.
He denied wasting his time.
11. You do not play tennis. You don’t like it.
G P English grammar77
 You don’t like playing tennis.
12. I want to see my friend. I am looking forward to it.
I am looking forward to seeing my friend.
13. She did not consult a doctor. She delayed it.
She delayed consulting a doctor.
14. Anu’s father scolds her very often. She dislikes it.
Anu dislikes scolding her father.

5. USE OF BARE INFINITIVE

Note:

1. The postman knocked at the door. I heard it.

I heard the postman knock at the door.
2. He was weeping a lot. I heard him.
I heard him weep a lot.
3. She jumped into the well. I saw it.
I saw her jump into the well.
4. She sat beside me. I made her do so.
I made her sit beside me.
5. She wants to disobey her husband. But she does not.
She does not disobey her husband.
6. Why do you make so much noise? You need not do so?
You need not make so much noise.
7. I reminded him to take the medicine.
I made him take the medicine.
8. I asked him to work hard. I watched him to that effect.
I made him work hard.
9. She wanted to stay in hostel. I let her do so.
I let her stay in hostel.

6. USE OF ‘so – that’

Note: This conjunction is used to provide the result according to reason.

1. She is too weak to run.

She is so weak that she cannot run.
2. He is too young to understand a joke.
He is so ………………………………………………………….
3. This garden is too expensive for us to buy.
This garden is so …………………………………………………
4. This garden is too expensive for us to buy
This garden is so …………………………………………………………
5. The apple is so rotten that I can’t even touch it.
G P English grammar78
 The apple is too ……………………………………………………………..
6. She fruits were so sour that I could not eat.
The fruits were too …………………………………………………………

7. Use of ‘too – to’

Note:It is used give the reason for inability to do anything
1. She is very fat she cannot run
She is too fat to run
2. The apple so rotten that I cannot even touch it.
The apple too rotten to touch it.
3. The old man is so poor that he cannot buy a radio
The old man is too poor to buy a radio
4. He is so honest that he cannot succeed in the business.
He is too ………………………………………………………………………
5. He is too young to understand a joke.
He is too………………………………………………………………………
6. She is too weak to run.
She is so………………………………………………………………………

8. Use of ‘not only – but also’

Note: It is used to combine two items of same nature.
1. Sheela is kind. She also honest.
Sheela is not only kind but also kind
2. Seshu teaches physics. He teaches mathematics also.
Seshu teaches not only physics but also mathematics.
3. She is clever. She is also industrious.
She is not only clever but also industrious.

Examination model
1. He not only scolded me but also beat me.
Besides………………………………………………………………………….
2. I lost my suitcase: I lost my purse too.
I lost not only …………………………………………………………….
3. They began badly. They ended badly.
G P English grammar79
 Not only ……………………………………………………………………….
4. Besides being a teacher, he was a scholar.
He was not only………………………………………………………………
5. Rajesh lost his wealth. He lost his health.
Rajesh lost not only…………………………………………………………
6. He plays cricket. He plays hockey also.
He plays not only……………………………………………………………
7. His mother gave him sweets. His mother gave him chocolates.
His mother gave not only………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Pavan is a singer. He is dancer also.
Pavan is not only……………………………………………………………
9. Sekhar teaches English. He teaches maths also.
Sekhar teaches not only……………………………………………………
10. He is clever. He is industrious.
He is not only ……………………………………………………
11. Venkat ate vadas. He ate bujjies too.
Venkat ate not only………………………………………………………
12. He failed in English. He failed in Hindi.
He failed not only………………………………………………………

9. Use of ‘no sooner – than/as soon as’

Note: It is used to denote two successive works once starts immediately
after the other work.
1. As soon as I entered the train it started moving.
No sooner did ………………………………………………………………
2. As soon as the summer starts, there is acute power shortage in the city.
No sooner………………………………………………………………………
3. When I saw a snake, I began to tremble.
As soon as ……………………………………………………………………
4. As soon as the train arrived the passengers got in.
No sooner………………………………………………………………………
5. As soon as he heard the news, he wrote to her.
No sooner………………………………………………………………………

Use of Relative Clauses

Relative clauses :The clauses which begin with question words and modify noun
(or) pronoun are called ‘’ Relative clauses ‘’ .

Absorb the following clauses:

G P English grammar80
 Type of Type of noun in sentence Pronoun to be Relative pronoun to be
noun in removed in used in the relative
sentence sentence – 2 clause

Person Subjective pronoun pro– He, She, they Who/that

1
Objective pronoun pro-2 Him, her, them Who/ whom/ that
Determine pro – 3 His, her, their Whose
Thing Subjective objective Which/ that
pronoun 1, 2

Note : (A) When we talk about persons we use who/that instead of the subjective
pronoun (he, she, they) of the second sentence.
Eg:
1. The man is wearing a black shirt . He teaches us English
The man who is wearing a black shirt ,teaches us English.
(or)
The man that is wearing a black shirt, teaches us English.

2. The old man is standing at the gate. He is soldier.

The old man who is standing at the gate is a soldier.

3. Only one person is wearing a blue shirt . he is my mathematics teacher.

Only one person who is wearing a blue shirt is my mathematics teacher.

4. There is a man standing at the end of the street .he has been given the best
teacher award.
The man who is standing at the end of the street has been given the best teacher
award.
5. A man hit me yesterday .He was mad.
A man who is hit me yesterday was mad.

Exercise
1. There is a man standing at the bus stop. He is my uncle.

The man …………………………………………………....................................................

2. There is a man standing at the bus stop. He is my father.

The man………………………………………………….....................................................
3. An old man is standing near the door. He is my teacher.

The old man………………………………………………………………………………………

4. A short boy is standing near the door. He is my bother.

The short boy…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Her sister is a pharmacist. Her sister is going to London for a conference.

G P English grammar81
 Her sister who …………………………………………………………………………………..
6. A man hit me yesterday. He was mad.
The man …………………………………………………...................................................
7. we brought a new pen .It doesn’t write very well.

The new pen……………………………………………………………………………………..

8. There is a man standing at the end of the street. He has been given the best
teacher award.

The man ………………………………………………………………………………………….

9. I brought a book yesterday .It is very interesting.

The book ………………………………………………………………………………………….

10. A tall women standing near the door .She is my English teacher.

The tall women…………………………………………………………………………………….

11. The boy wearing green shirt .The shirt was gifted on his birthday.

The green shirt …………………………………………………………………………………….

12. We saw a tall building. That is the income tax office.

The tall building is ……………………………………………………………………………….

TASK – 2
1. I met a man at the gate. He was an old soldier.

The man …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. We were talking man about yesterday. He is standing at the bus stop.

The man ……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Some people live in glass house they should not throw stones at others.

The people who……………………………………………………………………………………

4. A young boy meet us yesterday at the station. He is my cousin.

The young boy who ………………………………………………………………………………

5. Kalidasa was a fine swimmer, he had much fun in the water.

Kalidasa who ………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Her sister is a pharmacist.Her sister is going to London for a conference.

Her sister who ……………………………………………………………………………………

7. A short boy is standing near the door . He is my brother.
A short boy who is ………………………………………………........................................

CHAPTER 6
CORRECTION OF SENTENCES
G P English grammar82
Rules related to Nouns

Rule1:-Some nouns are used only as singular. They have no plural forms:-
They are
advice,alphabet,abuse,furniture,information,fuel,news,poetry,bread,soap,
scenery, business, issue, repair, luggage, machinery, stationary, the wicket.

Eg:-
1. He has given advices
Ans:- He has given advice
2. where are my luggages?
Ans:- Where is my luggage?

Rule2:- Some nouns are plural in form but they are used as singular.
Branches of learning: - economics, politics, physics, statistics, linguistics,
mathematics.
sports :- billiards, gymnastics, athletics
diseases :- mumps, measles

Eg:-
3. Economics are his favourite subject
Ans:- Economics is his favourite subject
4. Measles have broken out in our area
Ans:- Measles has broken out in our area

Rule3:- Some nouns are used only as plurals.

They have no singular forms:-Shoes, trousers, shorts, scissors, spectacles, alms,
binoculars, savings, innings, goods, premises, stockings etc.
Eg:-
5. where is my scissors
Ans:- where are my scissors
6. spectacles is now a costly item.
Ans:- spectacles are now a costly item.

Rule4:- The following words don’t take plural when preceded by a

numerical(number) like dozen, hundred, thousand, lakh, million, and score.

Eg:-
7. I have ten thousands rupees
Ans:- I have ten thousand rupees
8. My friend bought ten dozens bananas
Ans:- My friend bought ten dozen bananas

Rule5:- Plurals of compound nouns are formed by adding ‘s’ to the main word.
Eg:-
9. I have two father-in-laws
Ans:- I have two fathers-in-law
10. Passer by
Ans:- passers by
11. He has one brother-in-laws
G P English grammar83
Ans:- He has one brothers-in-law

Rule6:- Do not add brother or sister to the word cousin.

Eg:-
12. Ramya is my cousin sister
Ans:- Ramya is my cousin

Rule7:-Running is not used with age.

Eg:-
13. Ravi is running sixteen
Ans:- Ravi is sixteen.

Rule8:- The words ‘male’ and ‘female’ are used as adjectives but not nouns. Man
and woman are used as nouns.
Eg:-
14. There are twenty females in the class
Ans:- There are twenty girls in the class.

Rule9:- When the nouns are in apposition‘s’ is add the second noun.
Eg.:-
15. It is my friend’s Kiran’s car.
Ans:- It is my friend Kiran’s car.

Rule10:- We should not say 20 years. We should say 20 years old or 20.
Eg:-
16. He is 40 years.
Ans:- He is 40years old.(or) He is 40.

RULES RELATED TO PRONOUNS

Rule1:- The serial order of personal pronouns in a good sentence is 2nd person,
3rd person and 1st person.
Eg:-
17. Ram,I and you have finished our homework.
Ans:- You, Ram and I have finished our homework.
18. I and Ravi went to the exhibition.
Ans:- Ravi and I went to the exhibition.

Rule2:-A pronoun must agree with its antecedent.

Eg:-
19. One must love his parents.
Ans:- One must love one’s parents.

Rule3:- If the sentence starts with reflexive pronoun, we write subjective

pronoun in its place.
Eg:-
20. Myself do this work.
Ans:- I do this work

Rule4:-Enjoy, apply, resign, drive, avail, absent etc, when used as transitive
verbs, always take reflexive pronouns after them
eg:-
G P English grammar84
21. He applied for a job.
Ans:- He applied himself for a job.
22. They enjoyed the T.V. show
Ans:- They enjoyed themselves the T.V show

Rule5:- Apostrophe‘s’ is not add to pronouns

Eg:-
23. That book is your’s
Ans:- that book is yours
24. This house is our’s
Ans:- This house is ours

Rule6:- Each of, one of, none of, either, neither, everybody, every should always
treated as singulars
Eg-
25. Nither of the books are interesting
Ans:- Neither of the books is interesting.
26. Each of the boys were given a book.
Ans:- Each of the boys was given a book.
27. one of the girls have good knowledge of English
Ans:- one of the girls has good knowledge of English.

Rule7:-’Each other’ is used when there are two subjects or objects and ‘one
another’ is used when there are more than two subjects and objects.
Eg:-
28. Romeo and Juliet loved one another.
Ans:- Romeo and Juliet loved each other.
29. All the students loved each other.
Ans:- All the students loved one another.

Rule8:- Use of relative pronouns

who = persons
which = places and things
that = places and things
Eg:-
30. Rama Rao, that works in this office, is my friend.
Ans:- Rama Rao, who works in this office, is my friend.
31. The dog, who ,bites people, is my friend’s dog.
Ans:- The dog, that ,bites people is my friend’s dog.

RULES RELATED TO VERBS

Rule1:-Simple present tense is used to express a habit.
Eg:-
32. I am going to college daily.
Ans:- I go to college daily.
33. Sita is taking milk rarely.
Ans:- Sita takes milk rarely.

Rule2:-present perfect continuous tense is used is used with since and for:-
Eg:-
34. I am working here for six months.
G P English grammar85
Ans:- I have been working here for six months
35. It is raining since 6’0 clock.
Ans:- It has been raining since 6’0 clock

Rule3:- love, like, hate, smell, feel, taste, hear, own, belong, know, want, have,
possess, think, and understand. If we find anyone among them in a sentence we
should not put ‘ing’ form.
Eg:-
36. I am knowing his address.
Ans:- I know his address.
37. They are having a problem.
Ans:- They have a problem
38. She is belonging to Rajampet.
Ans:- She belongs to Rajampet.
39. You are liking this college.
Ans:- You like this college.
40. The apple is tasting good.
Ans:- The apple tastes good.

Rule4:-Simple past is used to denote past action.

Eg:-
41. They have gone to Kadapa Yesterday.
Ans:- They went to kadapa yesterday.
42. They have played a match last week.
Ans:- They played a match last week.

Rule5:-there are two works in a sentence one work is in simple preset, other
work will be in simple future tense.
Eg:-
43. If you will ask me, I shall clearify your doubts.
Ans:- If you ask me, I shall clarify your doubts.
44. If he will work hard, he will get first class.
Ans:- If he work hard, he will get first class.

Rule6:-If the reporting verb is in the past tense the other verbs should be in past
tense.
Eg:-
45. She knew that her brother is coming by train.
Ans:- She knew that her brother was coming by train.
46. She told us that her mother is busy.
Ans:- She told us that her mother was busy.
47. She said that she is going to Madras.
Ans:- She said that she was going to Madras.

Rule7:- Hanged means caused death, hung means to display .

Eg:-
48. The criminal was hung two days ago.
Ans:- The criminal hanged two days ago.

RULES RELATED TO ADVERBS

Rule 1:- hardly,fastly ,Whard,fast.
G P English grammar86
Eg:-
49. He drives fastly.
Ans:- He drives fast.
50. the train does not run on the track.
Ans:- The train does not run on the track.

RULES RELATED TO PREPOSITIONS

Rule 1:- The following words followed by certain prepositions;-
Suffering ___ from, searching ____ for, waiting ___ for, apply ____ for, fond ___ of,
afraid ___ of, died ____of, congratulate ___ on, angry ___ with, good ___ at, bad__
at, accused____ of etc.
Eg:-
51. Sarala is suffering with fever.
Ans:- Sarala is suffering from fever.
52. Rama is fond in ice-cream.
Ans:- Ramu is fond 0f ice- cream.
53. I congratulate for his success.
Ans:- I congratulate on his success.
54. Radha is waiting to her sister.
Ans:- Radha is waiting for her sister.
55. Saloni is good in English.
Ans:- Saloni is good at English.

Rule 2:- We should not use any preposition after these words.
Awaiting, ordered, discussed, returned, entered,
Eg:-
56. I am awaiting for your reply.
Ans:- I am awaiting your reply.
57. We discussed about the matter.
Ans:- We discussed the matter.
58. The stranger entered into the building.
Ans:- The stranger entered the building.
59. The minister returned back this evening.
Ans:- The minister returned this evening,
60. They ordered for coffee.
Ans:- They ordered coffee.

Rule3:-‘ing’ form is used after certain verbs and phrases:

Avoid, imagine, enjoy, finish, miss, practise, look forwardto.
Eg:-
61. I avoid to speak to her.
Ans:- I avoid speaking to her.
62. We enjoy to play the cricket.
Ans:- We enjoy playing the cricket.
63. He practices to sing songs.
Ans:- He practices singing songs.

RULES RELATED TO ADJECTIVES

Rule 1:-Adjectives like prefer, prior, junior, senior, superior, inferior, interior,
exterior, elder are followed by ‘to’ instead of ‘than’.
Eg:-
G P English grammar87
64. I Prefer coffee than tea.
Ans:- I prefer coffee to tea.
65. He is not superior than you.
Ans:- He is not superior to you.

Rule 2:-Double comparatives or double superlatives are not used.

Eg:-
66. Sita is more cleverer than Gita
Ans:- Sita is cleverer than Gita
67. Rama is the most tallest boy in the class.
Ans:- Rama is the tallest boy in the class.

Rule3:-Elder refers to the members of the family. Older refers to out of the
family.
Eg:-
68. Rama is older than her sister.
Ans:- Rama is elder than her sister.
69. Rama is elder than all the boys in the class.
Ans:- Rama is older than all the boys in the class.

Rule 4:-Superlative degree cannot be used when the comparison is only between
the two.
Eg:-
70. This story is the best of the two.
Ans:- This story is better of the two.

Rule5:-“A” is used before the words beginning with a consonantal sound. The
words like University, union, European, one rupee coin.
Eg:-
71. Mr.David is an European.
Ans:- Mr.David is a European.
72. Let us form an union
Ans:- Let us form a union.
73. He is an University professor.
Ans:- He is a university professor.

Rule6: “An” is used before the words beginning with a vowel sound. The words
like hour, honour, honorable, honest, heir Etc.
Eg:-
74. I waited for her a hour.
Ans:- I waited for her an hour.
75. Gandhiji is a honest man.
Ans:- Gandhiji is an honest man.

Rule7:-“THE” is used before the names of rivers, oceans and hollybooks.

Eg:-
76. Vijayawada is on Krishna river.
Ans:- Vijayawada is on the Krishna river.
77. My uncle reads Ramayana every day.
Ans:- My uncle reads the Ramayana every day.

G P English grammar88
 Rule8:-“The” is used before the superlative adjectives.
Eg:-
78. The Mount Everest is a biggest peak in the world.
Ans:- The Mount Everest is the biggest peak in the workld.

Rule9:- In certain comparison ‘that of’ should be used.

Eg:-
79. The climate of Bangalore is better than of Hyderabad.
Ans:- The climate of Bangalore is better than that of Hyderabad.

Rule10:- Further refers to something additional, Farther refers to distance.

Eg:-
80. I went to America for farther studies.
Ans:- I went to America foe further studies.

RULES RELATED TO CONJUCTIONS

Rule 1:-Double conjunctions cannot be used in a whole sentence.
Eg:-
81. Though he is poor, but he is honest.
Ans:- Though he is poor, he is honest.
82. Although he is rich yet he cannot buy a car.
Ans:- Although he is rich, he cannot buy a car.

Rule 2:-If the sentence begin with ‘As’, ‘Since’ we should remove ‘So’,
‘Therefore’ in a sentence.
Eg:-
83. As I am poor so I cannot buy a car.
Ans:- As I am poor, I cannot buy a car.
84. Since the doors are opened therefore the thief entered the house.
Ans:- Since the doors are opened, the thief entered the house.

Examination model
Rewrite the following sentences making the necessary corrections.
1. My sister is going to the school every day.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
2. One must love his country.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
3. I heard him to sing a song.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
4. My brother is junior than me in college.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
5. Yesterday the teacher was angry upon me.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
6. Our H.M. congratulated us for our success in the Examination.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
7. None of the tjwo sisters are present today.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
G P English grammar89
8. Please tell me why are you absent yesterday.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
9. In last week a thief entered into our house.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
10 This book is comprising of four hundred pages.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
11. I am not knowing the address of your uncle.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
12. Every morning he is reading the English paper.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
13. Why are you not liking my novel?
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
14. He is preferring coffee than tea.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
15. If I had known of your arrival, I would meet you.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
16. Why you don’t go and see a doctor?
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
17. I go to his clinic. But he already left.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
18. I am waiting for you for a longtime
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
19. She is having a problem
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
20. Why you are not understanding my point ?
Ans: __________________________________________________________________

TASK – 2
1. He is thinking he is a great person.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
2. I am working in Keshava Reddy public school for the last four years.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
3. If you work hard, you would have passed.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
4. How cold is it!
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
5. The climate of India is better than Africa.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
6. Will you please give me four white papers?
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
7. You are joking, isn’t it?
G P English grammar90
 Ans: _________________________________________________________________
8. Santhi is more taller than my sister.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
9. The hildren are always wanting something for eating.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
10. We are living in Guntur from our childhood.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
11. Never I have seen such a interesting match.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
12. Nobody is understanding wht is the real problem.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
13. When have you returned from London?
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
14. the girl is fuffering with a fever for one week.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
15. She never seen a criminal hung in the jail.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
16. How you managed to get it repaired?
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
17. I meet the manager yesterday and threaten him to take them to court. That
wonderful! I really appreciate.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
18. All of us were wondering why is he not coming.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
TASK – 3
1. I would resign if I am you.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
2. I do not know where is the post office.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
3. He was hung for murder.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
4. The police has arrived.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
5. She can play violin very well.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
6. I have bought two dozens oranges.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
7. We usually have the lunch at twelve.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
8. He stated to Tirupati yesterday.
G P English grammar91
 Ans: __________________________________________________________________
9. Most of the pupils come to the school by walk.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
10. Lata having finished her work she left the factory.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
11. Why are you not understading the lesson?
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
12. We did not see her for a month.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
13. I am living in Guntur since thirty years.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
14. If I were you, I would have defeated him.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
15. They are discussing about our problems since 8 A.M.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
16. Why you came to school today?
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
17. I am knowing that today is holiday.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
18. Then why you didn’t stay at home?
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
19. I wants to ; but my mother no believes that today holiday.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
20. Why she is not believing my words?
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
TASK – 4
1. Why are you not liking this book?
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Tell me why are your not understanding the problem?
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. I shall meet your brother when I will go to Madras again.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Ramu, along with his brother and sister were present at the party.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. I cannot understand why is he sad?
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. William Shakespeare not only was a dramatist but also a poet.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. We look forward to meet you at the station itself.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G P English grammar92
8. Before I stepped on to the platform the train went away.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. As soon as the teachers entered into the class-room than all the pupils
stood up.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. The mother is not liking her younger son, but she is not hating him.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TASK – 5
1. Either adams or his brother have killed Mrs. Parker.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Though I was only six - feet away, but I don’t know how it happended.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. He is going to school everyday.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. As he was a idiot he do not know anything.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. If I shall go to Kanpur, I would bring you leather shoes.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Neither of the pupils in my class have got a prize.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. That rich man is possessing two dozens vehicles.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. We informed to the police about the accident on the road.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Mother is very busy with preparing sweets.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. This novel is consisting of three hundred pages.
Ans : ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TASK – 6
1. Nobody is understanding what is the problem our teacher had just
explained it to us.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Why you are preferring the raio than TV?
Ans:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Why you are not liking this book you tell me.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Is this the person which you are talking about him?
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. How you can ignore the request?
G P English grammar93
 Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Our college has ordered for one hundred books yesterday.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. This car is not belonging to my brother.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Ganges is very holy river.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. When he suffered with head-ache, he prayed God.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Sarala is the youngest of the two sisters.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TASK – 7
1. Eventhough we have complained many times to the authorities, yet they have not
done nothing.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. The T.T.D. has been incurring a loss of Rs.1-60 in every laddu since the
last new year.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. I shall report against you when your father will next visit our school.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Measles have broken out in our village last week.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. I am having two brother-in-laws.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. The T.T.E. said that there is no place in the compartment.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. I and Mohan hae gone to the zoo yesterday.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. The Everest is the most highest peak in the world.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Our boys are seeing not less than four films a week.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Our uncle is living in USA since ten years.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16. My father will get me a nice pen when he will go to Madras next time
A. .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
17. Neither of the two are present.
G P English grammar94
A. .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
18. When I reached the bus stand, the bus already left.
A. .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
19. I cant’t prevent him to enter into the office.
A. .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
20. One of your friend have stolen my pen
A. .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
21. He told me that he will do the work ten days ago.
A. .............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................

TASK – 8
1. I don’t have some money to give you.
A:- ..............................................................................................
2. He has anything to tell you.
A:- ..............................................................................................
3. Not even one of them are good.
A:- ..............................................................................................
4. I will generally avoid to speak to ladies.
A:- ..............................................................................................
5. Why you are hating your neighbour ?
A:- ..............................................................................................

6. We are awaiting for you from 8 O’clock.

A:- ..............................................................................................
7. The pupils are coming to school by walk everyday.
A:- ..............................................................................................
8. Mr. Adams is good in Engilsh as he is a Englishman.
A:- ..............................................................................................
9. Yesterday my father is angry upon me.
A:- ..............................................................................................
10. Is this the person which you are talking about him.
A:- ..............................................................................................
11. How you can ignore the request ?
A:- ..............................................................................................
12. Why are you not liking this book you tell me ?
G P English grammar95
 A:- ..............................................................................................
13. Tell me why you are not understanding the problem.
A:- ..............................................................................................
14. Why you are preferring radio than T.V.
A:- ..............................................................................................

CHAPTER 7

General comprehension passages

Comprehension means the ability to understand before answering the
questions.
Observe the following steps:-
1. Read the passage first rapidly and read the questions.
2. Read through the passage for second time to catch gist(idea)
3. Take each question and confirm the answers.
4. Eliminate the answer choices that don’t go with your
conformed answer.
5. Find the on line answers.(on the line)
6. Between the lines.(connected)
7. Beyond the lines.(more than the information)
8. Personal involvement question.
9. Inferential questions.( out of the passage)
Types of questions
1. Verbal questions (yes/no type)
2. Non verbal questions (WH word questions)

who

Whom
persons
whose

When Time

Which Choice/option

What Matter/ information

Where Place/location

G P English grammar96
 why Reason/cause

How Manner/ procedure

How long Period

How much Quantity

How far Distance

How old Age

Exercise
1. Read the following passage to answer the questions:-
Once there lived two crows on a tree in a forest. Many animals often came there and
took rest under the tree. There was a black cobra in the hole of the tree. The crow couple built
a nest on the tree. The female crow laid eggs in the nest. Later four crows came out of the
eggs. One day the crows went out to bring food for their children. At that time the snake
came up to the nest and ate the little crows. The crows after returning with food saw the
snake going in to the hole and found their nest empty. They felt very sad.
The same thing happened after a few months. The crows thought that the snake
would eat their children every time if they continued to live there. They decided to leave the
place and go to another place.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:-

1. The crows built nests to ________. ( )
a. Live happily.
b. Lay eggs.
c. Protect eggs from enemies.
d. Keep small birds.
2. The snake went to the nest when the crows were away to ( )
a. Protect the children of the birds.
b. Eat the children to the bird.
c. Give food to the children of the bird.
d. Play with the children of the bird.
3. The crow couple felt sad because ( )
a. They could not harm the snake.
b. There was none to help them.
c. They felt the nest.
d. They lost their children
4. The birds decided to go to another place because ( )
a. The tree became very big.
b. Other animals took rest under the tree.
G P English grammar97
 c. They were not safe there.
d. The snake often ate their children.
5. The birds in the story are ( )
a. Timid
b. Afraid of future.
c. Enemies to the snake.
d. Desires of the changing the place.

CHAPTER 8

LETTER WRITING

Letter means a message, which is send to somebody.

Letter is written communication.

TYPES OF LETTERS

There are mainly two types of letters.

They are:-
1. Formal letters (official and business letters)
2. Informal letters (personal letters)
FORMAL LETTERS
These are divided into two groups.
1. Official letters:-
These letters are written to officers, teachers, head masters and officials.
Formal letters may be brief and short.
2. business letters:-
These letters are written to business people and strangers.
INFORMAL LETTERS
These are known as personal letters.
These are written to family members, friends, relatives and well wishers.
Personal letters may be long and detailed, familiar and intimate.

PARTS OF THE LETTER

Every letter has five parts:-
1. Heading (writer’s address)
2. Salutation.
G P English grammar98
 3. Body of the letter.
4. Sub scription. (leave taking)
5. Super scription. (address on the envelope)

1. Heading:-
 Heading is known as writer’s address.
 It is written at the top right hand corner of the page.
 Date should come after address.
 The date should be writing like 12th June, 2011.
 At the end of the every line in address we should put comma.
 Full stop is used after the date.
2. Salutation:-
 The position of the salutation is at the left hand of the first page at lower level than the
heading.
 A comma is put after the salutation.

To the family members:-

My dear father,
Dear father,
Dear brother,
Dear mother,
Dear sister,
Dear uncle,
Dear aunt,
Dear cousin,

To friends:-
Dear Rama,
To officers:-
Sir, Door No: 5/79,
Usman Nagar,
Madam, Rajampet,
12th June,2011.
J
To business people:-
Sir,
Dear Sir,
Dear Sirs,
Sirs,
Dear Madam,
3. Body of the letter:-
G P English grammar99
  It is written below the salutation and middle of the page.
 The simple style is used in the body.
 If the body of the letter is lengthy, it should be divided into paragraphs.
 It should contain brief and short sentences.

4. Subscription (leave taking):-

 It is written at the bottom of the letter either on the left side or on the right side.
 A comma is put after the subscription.
 Don’t put apostrophe your’s.

To family members and friends:-

Yours lovingly,
Your affectionately,
Yours sincerely,
Yours loving friend,
Yours loving son,

To officers:-
Yours faithfully,
Yours truly,
5. Super scription (address on the envelope):-
 It is written either right hand top corner of the page or bottom of the page.
 It is written below the subscription don’t put the full stop after the signature.
EXERCISES
1. Every letter contains ( )
a. Heading
b. Subscription
c. Message or information
d. Body
2. Letter is ____________ communication. ( )
a. Verbal
b. Written
c. Non verbal
d. None of the above.
3. The British style of writing date is_______ ( )
a. 12/06/2011.
b. 12th June,2011.
c. June 12th ,2011.
G P English grammar100
 d. 12-06-2011
4. After date is ________ needed. ( )
a. Comma
b. Colon
c. Full stop
d. None
5. After salutation it is necessary. ( )
a. Comma
b. Colon
c. Full stop
d. None
6. One of the following subscription is correct. ( )
a. Yours’s faithfully,
b. Yours faithful
c. Your’s lovingly,
d. yours faithfully,
7. The body of the letter contains _______. ( )
a. The salutation,
b. The message,
c. An acknowledgement.
d. None of the above.
8. An official letter begins with ( )
a. Dear sir,
b. Dear sirs,
c. Sir,
d. My dear sir,
9. The style of personal letter should be ( )
a. Formal
b. Bombastic
c. Familiar and intimate
d. None of the above.
Format of the letter

A well written letter should be clear, accurate, complete, concise and courteous. People
write letters for both business and personal reasons.

Letters may be classified according to their different purposes. They are

I. Social (or) Informal (or) personal letters.

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 II. Business (or) formal letters

I. SOCIAL LETTERS: Personal letters include correspondence between family members

or friends, invitation, and thank you notes etc.

PARTS OF SOCIAL LETTERS:

A Personal letter has six standard parts. They are

1) The Heading
2) The Salutation
3) The Body
4) The subscription or leave taking
5) The Signature
6) Superscription.
1)The Heading: Write total address excluding name on the right side top of the letter.

2)The salutation: The Salutation is also called the greeting. It should begin two lines
below the last line of the address. Call friends by their first name or nick name. Such as
Dear Ramu etc. After salutation put comma.

3)The Body: It is the important part of the letter. It contains the writer’s actual
message. The opening sentence of the letter should either be in response to earlier
communication or it may be general in nature. Here are some opening sentences.

 Thank you very much for your kind letter.( while replying to letter)

 We were shocked to hear that (about any sad news or sudden news)

 I am pleased tor read your letter(about any good news)

 I have to apologize for(about wrong deeds)

 I’m very sorry to hear that(about any bad news)

 It has been very long time since you wrote to me (about long communication gap)

 Let me congratulate you on( about any achievement)

 It gives me great pleasure to write to you.(while writing affectionately)

Use simple direct statements rather than long involved sentence. Make each
phrase easy for the reader to understand.

G P English grammar102
 Say what you have to say and then stop. Too often letters become cluttered with
worldly phrases, stuffy expressions and unnecessary details that dilute your message.
Use plain, natural language and get to the point.

The tone of the letter is as important as its language. In general, make the tone
friendly and polite, stress points that will interest the reader.

NOTE: In personal letters the body of the letter may some times be started like this, “
Hope this letter finds you happy and healthy by the grace of God.”

The concluding sentence may be in the form of conveying love and respect to the
family members in personal letters.

 Convey my regards to your parents.

 I look forward to hearing from you soon.
 Do write again soon.
 We are missing you here.
 With best wishes.
 Hoping to here from you soon.
 Waiting anxiously for your reply.
 We are looking forward to your visit.

4) The subscription (or) leave taking: Just as the salutation greets the reader at the
beginning of a letter, the complementary close says good-bye at the end as

 To near relatives: Yours loving son, yours affectionate daughter, affectionately

yours etc.

 To close friends/Acquaintances: Yours lovingly, Yours Sincere friend, sincerely

yours etc.

NOTE: Don’t use Apostrophe in yours.

5)The Signature: The Signature or the name of the writer comes below Subscription.

6) Superscription (address on the envelope): The Student should write the address
of the addressee below the signature on the left side of the page beside the margin in
personal letters.

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 Address (excluding name )
and date.

Salutation,

Body of the letter

Subscription(signature)

Superscription

II. Business (or) Formal letters:

Business letters include those used to apply for jobs, complaint letters, sales letters and
collection letters.

Advertisement letter

In writing letters to the advertisement we must attend to the following points of form.

1) The Heading: It consists of the writer’s address (House number, street, and place)
and the date. It can be written in two ways. They are

a) We should write our own address at the right hand top of the page and put
date just below it.
Eg.
H.NO:4/103,

Main Road,

Rajampet,

24thMarch 2011.
b) We should write place and date at the right hand top of the page and our
address at the left hand under the heading ‘From’. Just below the line of the
date which is written at the right hand side. Date should be written in full in
both the cases.
Eg.
From Rajampet,
G.Rajkamal 24th July 2012.

5/123,Kolimi street,
Rajampet,
G P English grammar104
 Y.S.R.District.

Note: 1) Name should not be written at the time of examination.

2) Date can be written either as 24thMarch,2011.

2) Address: The name of the firm or business man to whom the letter is addressed
should be written lower down the heading and to the left of the page.

To
XXXXXXXXX,
XXXXXXXXX,
XXXXXXXXX.
3) Greeting or Salutation:

Begin Dear Sir and end with yours faithfully or yours truly.

When it is addressed to a firm:

Begin Dear Sirs and end with yours faithfully or yours truly.

4) Response or Replies:

As you are responding to an advertisement mention the subject and

reference should be written in the short form as

Sub: Mention briefly what you want to say.

Ref: Quote the name of the paper in which it is advertised and the date on
which it appeared.

5) The communication or Body of the letter:

It should be divided into 2 or3 paragraphs. In the first paragraph give a

short introduction stating that you are answering to an advertisement. Here are
some opening sentences

a) In response to your advertisement, I would like to submit the following few lines
for your kind consideration and favorable action.

b) In response to your advertisement in THE HINDU dated 24.03.2011, I would

like to offer myself as a candidate for the post of a sales assistant in your
company etc.

G P English grammar105
 c) I have been inspired by inspired by the name and fame of your company. By
going through your notification I wish to apply for the post of a ---------------
With the following credentials or qualifications

d) With reference to your advertisement in the “THE HINDU” dated 24.03.2011,I

would like to put forth the following details for your kind perusal and
favourable action.

II Paragraph: In the second paragraph give a statement of your age,

qualification and expression.

III Paragraph: In the third paragraph give a conclusion by expressing your

earnestness of the job. It should

i) Hence I request that I may kindly be sent required information at the

earliest.

Thanking you sir,

ii) I would be ever grateful to you if you could call me for an interview. I
assure you of my diligent services if I am appointed.

Thanking you in anticipation, etc.

6) The subscription or leave taking:

The first word of the subscription must begin with a capital letter for ex.
yours faithfully or yours truly.

Notes: a) Apostrophe (‘) shouldn’t be used in yours.

b) Comma should be used after the leave taking part.

7) The signature: As you shouldn’t sign or write your name at the time of
examination. Write XXXXXX below the subscription.

G P English grammar106
 FORMAT OF THE ADVERTISEMENT LETTER
Rajampet,
24th July 2012.
From
G.Rajkamal
5/122,Kolimi street,
Rajampet,
Y.S.R.District.

To
-------------------
--------------------,
-------------.
Sir,

Sub: Information / Recruitment of Sales Assistant / Coaching details /

Application -Request – regarding.

Ref: As per the advertisement given in the newspaper.

With reference to your advertisement in newspaper, I would like to submit

the following particulars for your kind consideration and favourable action.

HGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

GG

BODY OF THE LETTER

Hence I request that I may kindly be sent required information at the earliest.

Thanking you sir,

G P English grammar107
 Yours faithfully,

Xxxxxxxxxx.

1. Read the following advertisement which appear in a newspaper.

WANTED
A Super market in a smart locality requires “SALES ASSIANTS”
Candidates should be proficient in English, Hindi and Telugu.Must have pleasing
personality, patience and willingness to help. Must be physically fit as the job required
long hours on your feet. Will be required to work at weekends.
Salary: 1600PM+ Performance bonus.
P.O. BOX: 4679,The Daily Courier, Maitri vihar, S.P. Road, Hyderabad-500027.
Write a letter to the addressee above applying for the job. State your qualifications and
any other details that you consider necessary.

From Rajampet,
G.Rajkamal, 24th July 2012.
5/122, Kolimi street,
Rajampet,
YSR District.
TO
P.O.BOX 4679,
The Daily Courier,
Maithri Vihar, S.P.Road,
Hyderabad-500 027.
Sir,
Sub: Recruitment of Sales Assistants – application-request- regarding.
Ref: As per the advertisement given in the newspaper.
With reference to your advertisement in newspaper, I would like
to submit the following particulars for your kind consideration and fovourable action.
I am a graduate in English with good communication skills in English, Hindi and
Telugu. I am young man of 23 years of age with good physique. I have a pleasing
personality, patience and willingness to help. It is no wonder to say that I possess all the
qualities, which you are expected. I am also prepared to work long hours at weekends
and on holidays. I have two years experience in the same line in a reputed organization. I

G P English grammar108
enclose herewith my recently taken photograph along with Photostat copies of my
certificates besides experience certificates.
Hence I request that I may kindly be sent required information at earliest.
Thanking you sir,
Yours faithfully,
xxxxxxxx
2. Read the following advertisement which appear in a newspaper

SECOND HAND TRACTOR FOR SALE

Excellent condition,
CONTACT: V.Bulliramaiah, Patel road, Rajamundry.
Being a former your father is interested in buying a second hand tractor for ploughing
the land. He asks you to write to Mr. Bulliramaiah asking for details such as model no,
distance traveled, condition of the vehicle, expected price, etc write a letter to him.

From Rajampet,
G.Rajkamal, 24th July 2012.
5/122, Kolimi street,
Rajampet,
YSR District.
TO

Mr.Bulliramaiah,

Patel Road,

Rajamundry.

Sir,

Sub: Information- Second Hand Tractor- request- regarding.

Ref: As per the advertisement given in the newspaper.

With reference to your advertisement in newspaper, I would like to submit

the following particulars for your kind consideration and fovourable action.

My father needs a tractor and has been enquiring to buy to second hand

tractor to get the work done speedily such as ploughing, carrying paddy etc.

G P English grammar109
 Please let me know the details such as model no, the distance travelled,
working condition of the vehicle.
Hence I request that I may kindly be sent required information at earliest.
Thanking you sir,
Yours faithfully,

xxxxxxx

3. Read the following advertisement which appear in a newspaper.

Photography work workshop, (20-26) June,

Meet eminent photographers,
Win prizes for you work.
For details contact: Director, photo valley, 36/6 Raja Gardens, Visakhapatnam.
You are interested in attending the workshop. Write the address given asking for details
such as fee for the workshop, where it is going to be held, information about the prizes
scheme etc.

From Rajampet,
G.Rajkamal, 24th July 2012.
5/122, Kolimi street,
Rajampet,
YSR District.
.
To
The Director,
Photo valley,
36/6 Raja Gardens,
Visakpatnam.
Sir,
Sub: Information-photography workshop-request- regarding.
Ref: As per the advertisement given in the newspaper.
With reference to your advertisement in newspaper, I would like to submit the
following particulars for your kind consideration and fovourable action.
I am very happy to know about your photography workshop in your
advertisement in the English daily The Hindu on today.

G P English grammar110
 It is an inspiring and opportunity for amateur photographers like us to meet
eminent persons in the field of photography.
I would like to participate in the workshop and get benefited. I shall be much
obliged if you can make it convenient to let me know the details like membership, fee,
venue of the workshop, where it is going to be held and information about the prizes.etc.
Hence I request that I may kindly be sent required information at earliest.
Thanking you sir,
Yours faithfully,
xxxxxx

FORMAT OF THE PERSONAL LETTER

xxxxxxxxxx,
Date:-
Dear Raju,

Hope this letter finds you happy and healthy by the grace of
God. I am studying well and writing my examinations excellently. I hope to
get good marks in the examinations. I hope the same from you also.
The main point of this letter is to inform you about a news
paper report -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Convey my regards to your parents and best wishes to friends. I
am looking forward to receiving your reply at the earliest.
Yours lovingly,
xxxxxxxxxxx.

Address on the envelope:

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx,
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx,
xxxxxxxxxxxxx,
xxxxxxxxxxx.

G P English grammar111
 1. Read the news paper report given below:

GUNTUR, 15, MARCH 2005.Four out of six occupants going in a car to

Hyderabad were killed and two were badly injured when truck rammed into it
near the out skirts of a town. The driver of the lorry was found to be in a
drunken state. The two survivals of the truck that suffered major injuries have
been admitted into hospital. A case has also been booked against driver of the
truck.
Imagine that you were an eyewitness to the accident write a letter to your

friend in Nagpur, telling him/her about the accident. Describe the scene and also

what happened afterwards.

Guntur,
Date:
Dear Raju,
Hope this letter finds you happy and healthy by the grace of god. I am
studying well and writing my examinations excellently. I hope to get good marks in the
examinations. I hope the same from you also.
The main point of this letter is to inform you about the accident. Yesterday, I
was coming in a bus from Vijay Wada to Guntur and it was about 10 PM. suddenly a
truck coming from the opposite direction rammed into the car. It all happened at the
wink of an eye. The driver of the car was unable to avoid the danger. We rushed to the
spot and found that four in the car had a miserable death and two escaped with severe
injuries. Later they were taken to a hospital. The driver of the truck was in a drunken
state. His careless and rash driving took four lives. His vehicle seized and he was taken

G P English grammar112
in to custody. A case has also been booked against him. I wish the driver be punished
severely.

Convey my regards to your parents and best wishes to friends. I am looking

forward to receiving your reply at the earliest.
Yours lovingly,
xxxxxxxxxx
Address on the envelope:-
G.Raju,
Door No:-4/69,
Gandhi Road,
Nagpur.

Format of the Editor’s letter

From Rajampet,
G.Rajkamal, 24th July,2012.
5/122, Kolimi street,
Rajampet.
YSR District

To
The Manager,
The Hindu News paper,
Chennai.

Sir,

Sub: ----------------publication in News paper- for necessary action—request –

Regarding.

I would like to bring to your table the following few lines for publication in your
Newspaper
We are facing the following problems in our area.
1.

2.

3.

Hence I request you to kindly highlight this matter in your newspaper so that
necessary and speedy action may be taken by the authorities concerned.

G P English grammar113
 Thanking you sir,
Yours faithfully,
xxxxxx

Read the news paper report given below:

GUNTUR, 15, MARCH 2005.Four out of six occupants going in a car to Hyderabad
were killed and two were badly injured when truck rammed into it near the out
skirts of a town. The driver of the lorry was found to be in a drunken state. The
two survivals of the truck that suffered major injuries have been admitted into
hospital. A case has also been booked against driver of the truck.
Write a letter to the editor of the newspaper in which the report appeared.
Guntur,
Date:

From
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx,
xxxxxxxxxxxxx,
xxxxxxxxxxx.
To
The Editor,
The Hindu,
GUNTUR.
Sir,
Sub: Problems of rash driving in a drunken state- Publication in Newspaper – for
necessary action – request – regarding.
I would like to bring to your table the following few lines for
publication in your Newspaper.
As a responsible citizen, I would like to express my views about the
problems of rash driving in a drunken state. The drivers should not be allowed to drive

G P English grammar114
their vehicles without license. License should be cancelled if they drive vehicle in a
drunken state. They should be ordered to follow the traffic rules strictly. Lorry drivers
should not be allowed to drive their vehicles between 12 AM and 5 AM. All the drivers in
drunken state should be punished severely. In this way, we can reduce the accidents
and may save some lives.
Hence I request you to kindly highlight this matter in your newspaper so
that necessary and speedy action may be taken by the authorities concerned.
Thanking you sir,

Yours faithfully,
xxxxxxxxxx.

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