Control and Coordination 161

CHAPTER
6 Control and Coordination

MIND MAP
Control and Coordination

1. Animals Nervous System 2. Coordination in Plants 3. Hormones in Animals

1. Animals Nervous System

• Regulates involuntary actions Nerve cells or Neurons

• Controls and coordinates voluntary muscular activities • Largest cell
• Informs us about the outside world through the sense • Elongated/branched cell
organs
• Carry messages
• Enables us to think, reason and remember
• Controls all the reflex action.

Cyton or cell body Dendrites Axon

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

Brain Spinal cord Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Sympathetic Parasympathetic

(12 Pairs) (31 Pairs)
• Receives information carry-
ing impulses • Centre of reflex action
• Sends instructions to groups • Conduction of nerve impulses
• Correlates the stimuli and
produces appropriate
response Reflex action Reflex arc
• Stores information

Fore brain Mid brain Hind brain

Cerebrum Olfactory lobes Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata

Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Parietal lobe

162 Together with® Science–10

2. Coordination in Plants

Tropic movement Phytohormones or Plant hormones

Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Chemotropism Auxins Gibberellins Abscisic Acid Cytokinins

3. Hormones in Animals
Endocrine Glands

Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Pineal Adrenal

Thymus Pancreas Testis Ovaries
glands glands gland glands gland glands

Releasing Thyroxine Adrenalin Insulin Testosterone

Hormones

Estrogen Progesterone
Growth Trophic
hormone hormone

IMPORTANT FIGURES
Nucleus Dendrite
1.

Axon
Nerve
ending
A nerve cell (Neuron)
Cell body

2.        

Reflex arc
 Control and Coordination 163
3.        Cerebrum Cranium (Skull)

Fore-brain
Mid-brain

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland Hind-brain Pons
Medulla
Spinal-cord
Cerebellum
Human Brain
4.       

(a) (b)
Endocrine glands in human beings (a) male (b) female

TOPIC COVERED
Animals – Nervous System

3. Which of the following tissues provide control and

Multiple Choice coordination in animals?
Questions 1 Mark (a) Nervous and Skeletal
(b) Muscular and Skeletal
1. Which part of a nerve cell contains a nucleus? (c) Muscular and Transport
(a) Axon (b) Dendrite (d) Nervous and Muscular
(c) Cyton (d) Nerve endings 4. A student accidentally places her hand on a flame
2. Reflex arc is formed by of candle and quickly pulls her hand away. The
(a) muscle → brain → receptor flame represents
(b) muscle → spinal cord → receptor (a) a response (b) a stimulus
(c) receptor → brain → muscles (c) an impulse (d) an effector
(d) receptor → spinal cord → muscle
164 Together with® Science–10
5. How many pairs of cranial nerves are present in (i) The main thinking part of the brain is hind
man? brain.
(a) 12 (b) 21 (c) 31 (d) 41 (ii) Centres of hearing, smell, memory, sight, etc.
6. Reflex actions are mediated through are located in fore-brain.
(a) brain (b) effectors (iii) Involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting,
(c) spinal cord (d) receptors blood pressure are controlled by the medulla
in the hind-brain.
7. Synapse is defined as a
(iv) Cerebellum does not control posture and
(a) gap between two muscle cells
balance of the body.
(b) gap between two neurons
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) gap between two bones
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
(d) gap between muscle and bone
8. The spinal cord is protected by
Answers
(a) aorta (b) vertebral column
(c) pleura (d) diaphragm 1. (c) Nerve cell comprises of cyton, axon and nerve
9. Which option correctly shows the order of events ending and nucleus lies within cyton.
when a bright light is focused on our eyes?  2. (d) In a reflex action, the nerve impulse moves from
 [CBSE T.E.R.M.*] the receptor organ to the spinal cord and then to
the effector organ like muscles.
(a) Bright light → receptors in eyes → sensory neuron
3. (d)
→ spinal cord → motor neurons → eyelid closes
4. (b) In a reflex action, the effector organ responds to
(b) Bright light → receptors in eyes → spinal cord →
the stimulus and here the effector organ (hand)
sensory neuron → motor neurons → eyelid closes
responds to the stimulus, flame.
(c) Bright light → receptors in eyes → sensory neuron
5. (a) There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves present in man.
→ motor neurons → spinal cord → eyelid closes
6. (c) Reflex impulse moves from the receptor organ
(d) Bright light → receptors in eyes → spinal cord
to the spinal cord and then to the effector organ
→ motor neurons → sensory neuron → eyelid
like muscles.
closes
7. (b)
10. The image shows the structure of a neuron. 8. (b)
Nucleus Dendrite 9. (a)
10. (a) Olfactory receptors → dendritic tip of a nerve cell
→ axon → nerve ending → release of signal →
dendritic tip of other nerve cell.
11. (c)
Axon Nerve
ending V S A Very Short Answer
Cell body Type Questions 2 Marks
After our nose senses a smell, which option shows
the mechanism of the travelling of sense in our 12. Name the two main organs of our central nervous
body? [CBSE T.E.R.M.*] system. Which one of them plays a major role
(a) Olfactory receptors → dendritic tip of a nerve cell in sending command to muscles to act without
→ axon → nerve ending → release of signal → involving thinking process? Name the phenomenon
dendritic tip of other nerve cell involved.
(b) Olfactory receptors → dendritic tip of a nerve Ans. The two main organs of CNS are brain and spinal
cell → axon → cell body → release of signal → cord.
dendritic tip of other nerve cell Spinal cord plays a major role in sending command
(c) Gustatory receptors → dendritic tip of a nerve to muscles to act without involving thinking process.
cell → cell body → axon → release of signal → This phenomenon is called reflex action.
dendritic tip of other nerve cell 13. Name the two types of neurons? How is the
(d) Gustatory receptors → dendritic tip of a nerve functioning of one different from the other?
cell → axon → cell body → release of signal → Ans. Two types of neurons are:
dendritic tip of other nerve cell (i) Sensory neurons – They pass information from
11. Which of the following statements are true about the receptors to the brain.
the brain? (ii) Motor neurons – They transmit information from
*Teacher Energised Resource Manuals the brain to the effector organs.
 Control and Coordination 165
14. Which is the control centre of a reflex action? What (iii) Thinking
is the route taken by the reflex action called? (iv) Blood pressure [CBSE 2023]
Ans. Spinal cord is the control centre of a reflex action. The Ans. (i) Cerebellum
route taken by the reflex action is called reflex arc. (ii) Medulla
15. Distinguish between spinal nerve and cranial nerve. (iii) Cerebrum
(iv) Medulla
Ans. Spinal nerve Cranial nerve
(i) They arise from (i) They arise from A Short Answer
S Type Questions 3 Marks
spinal cord. brain.
(ii) There are 31 pairs (ii) There are 12 pairs 20. (a) What are receptors?
of spinal nerves. of cranial nerves. (b) Define stimulus?
Ans. (a) It is a cell or group of cells specialised to detect a
16. How does the nervous system serve for coordination particular stimulus and to initiate the transmission
of all other systems in the body? of impulses via the sensory nerves.
Ans. (i) Nervous system receives information of changes (b) It is the change in the external or internal
in the external environment, analyses and environment of an organism that provokes a
interprets the information to produce sensations physiological and behavioural response in the
like vision or pain. organism.
(ii) It also receives information of changes in the
interior of the body and coordinates the activities 21. (a) (i) Name one gustatory receptor and one
of the visceral organs in the light of those changes olfactory receptor present in human
and maintains a constant internal environment. beings.
(ii) Write a and b in the given flow chart of
17. What are cranial nerves? How many cranial nerves neuron through which information travels
does a human being have? as an electrical impulse. [CBSE 2018]
Ans. Cranial nerves are those nerves which arise from Dendrite → a → b
different parts of the brain.
A human being has 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
→ End point of Neuron
18.
(b) What do you understand by the term ‘target
organ’? Give any one example.
Ans. (a) (i) Gustatory receptor—Tongue
Olfactory receptor—Nose
(A) (ii) a–Cell body/Cyton
(B)
b–Axon
So, electric impulse flow chart will be as follows:
Dendrite → Cell body/Cyton → Axon

→ End point of neuron

(b) Specific tissue or organ on which hormones act
(a) Name the parts labelled A and B in the neuron
are called target organs, e.g. digestive system.
drawn above.
(b) Which part acquires the information in the 22. (a) Which is the control centre of a reflex action?
neuron? What is the route taken by the reflex action
(c) Through which part does the information called?
travel? (b) What is Neuromuscular Junction?
(d) In what form does this information travel? [KVS] Ans. (a) Spinal cord is the control centre of a reflex action. The
Ans. (a) A-Dendrite, B-Axon route taken by the reflex action is called reflex arc.
(b) Dendrite. (b) It is the point where a muscle fibre comes in
(c) Dendrite to cell body or cyton to axon. contact with a motor neuron carrying nerve
(d) Electrical impulse in the region of synapse. impulses from the central nervous system. The
impulses travel from the neuron to the muscle fibre
19. Name the part of brain which is responsible for
by means of a neurotransmitter in the same way
the following actions:
as the transmission of impulses across a synapse
(i) Maintaining posture and balance
between two neurons.
(ii) Beating of heart
166 Together with® Science–10
Ans. (a) Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. Its
various regions carry out different activities, i.e.
occipital lobe for vision, temporal for auditory
reception, parietal for touch, smell, temperature
and consciousness and frontal lobe for muscular
activities.
(b) Spinal nerve Cranial nerve
(i) They arise from (i) They arise from
spinal cord. brain.
(ii) There are 31 (ii) There are 12
pairs of spinal pairs of cranial
nerves. nerves.
26. (a) What are sensory and motor neurons? Write
their function. [DoE]
(b) Different parts of brain are associated with
Neuromuscular junction specific functions. Name the part of human
23. (a) Where are pons present in the brain? Which brain which perform the following functions:
activity do they control?  [CBSE 2018C]
(b) Different parts of brain are associated with (i) Sensation of feeling full
specific functions. Name the part of human (ii) Vomitting
brain which perform the following functions: Ans. (a) Two types of neurons are:
(i) Picking up a pencil (i) Sensory neurons – They transmit information
(ii) Riding a bicyle from the receptors to the central nervous
Ans. (a) Pons are situated below the cerebellum and above system.
the medulla oblongata in the hind-brain. They are (ii) Motor neurons – They transmit information
responsible for regulating the respiratory activity. from the brain to the effector organs.
(b) (i) Hind-brain (cerebellum) (b) (i) Fore-brain (a centre for hunger)
(ii) Hind-brain (cerebellum) (ii) Hind-brain (medulla)
24. (a) What are cranial nerves? How many cranial 27. State the functions of any three of the structural
nerves does a human being have? and functional unit of nervous system.
(b) Write the difference between cerebellum and Ans. The structural and functional unit of nervous system
cerebrum. is neuron and their functions are as follows:
Ans. (a) Cranial nerves arise from the brain and spread (i) Cell body: Stimulus received from dendrite is
throughout the head. changed into impulse in the cyton.
There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. (ii) Dendrites: They receive sensation or stimulus,
(b) which may be physical, chemical, mechanical
Cerebrum Cerebellum
or electrical. They pass the stimulus to cyton.
(i) It is the largest (i) It is the second (iii) Axon: It conducts impulse away from the cell
highly developed largest part of the body.
and prominent brain and lies at 28. What is a reflex action? Describe the steps involved
part of the brain. the posterior part in a reflex action. [KVS]
of the brain. Ans. Reflex Action. It is defined as an unconscious,
(ii) It is the con- (ii) It controls the automatic and involuntary response of effectors, i.e.
trolling centre skeletal, muscle muscles and glands, to a stimulus, which is monitored
for senses. It is activities and through the spinal cord.
responsible for maintains the Mechanism of Reflex Action. It involves the following
steps :
memory, intelli- equilibrium of the
(i) Receptor organ like skin perceives the stimulus
gence, hearing, body. and activates a sensory nerve impulse.
etc. (ii) Sensory organ carries message in the form of
25. (a) Which is the largest part of the brain? What sensory impulse to the spinal cord.
are its functions? (iii) The spinal cord acts as modulator. The neurons
(b) Distinguish between spinal nerve and cranial of spinal cord transmit the sensory nerve impulse
nerve. to motor neuron.
 Control and Coordination 167
(iv) Motor nerve conducts these impulses to the Ans. Cerebrum Cranium (Skull)

effectors like leg muscles which responds by

pulling back the organ away from the harmful
stimulus.
29. What is synapse? In a neuron cell how is an
electrical impulse created and what is the role of Mid-brain

synapse in this context? [CBSE 2015]

Ans. Synapse is the junction between two adjacent neurons
or nerve cells, i.e. between axon ending of one and
the dendrite of the next.
Pituitary gland
Transmission of Nerve Impulse. The information Medulla
Spinal cord
acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a neuron
sets off a chemical reaction which creates an electrical A Long Answer
impulse. This impulse travels from the dendrite to L Type Questions 5 Marks
the cyton along the axon to its end. At the end of the A
axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of 33. (a)
some chemicals, which cross the synapse and start
a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next
neuron. In this way nerve impulses travel in the body.
Synapse helps in transmitting impulses from one
neuron to another.
30. (a) How is brain protected from injury and shock? B
(b) Name two main parts of hind-brain and state A nerve cell (Neuron)
the functions of each.
(i) Name the parts labelled A and B in the
Ans. (a) The brain sits inside a bony box. Inside the box,
neuron drawn above.
the brain is contained in a fluid filled balloon
(ii) Which part acquires the information in
which provides further shock absorption.
the neuron?
(b) Two main parts of hind-brain are–Medulla and
(iii) Through which part does the information
Cerebellum. Their functions are:
travel?
Medulla: It controls involuntary actions such
(iv) In what form does this information travel?
as blood pressure, salivation and vomiting are
(v) Where is the impulse converted into a
controlled by medulla.
chemical signal for onward transmission?
Cerebellum: It is responsible for precision of
(b) What is reflex? How does it work in human?
voluntary actions and maintaining the posture
Ans. (a) (i) A – Dendrite   B – Axon
and balance of the body.
(ii) The information in the neuron is acquired
31. Write any three functions of the nervous system. at the end of the dendrite tip.
Ans. (i) It regulates involuntary actions. (iii) The information travels from the dendrite
(ii) It controls and coordinates voluntary muscular to the cell body and then along the axon to
activities. its end.
(iii) It keeps us informed about the outside world (iv) The information travels in the form of an
through the sense organs. impulse.
(iv) It enables us to think, reason and remember. (v) The impulse is converted into a chemical
(v) It controls all the reflex actions in our body, thus signal at the end of the axon.
protecting it from harm. (any three) (b) Sudden action in response to something. Nerves
32. Draw neat diagram of human brain and label on that detect an emergency situation is connected
it the following parts: to nerves that move the muscles immediately
(a) Mid-brain 34. Suggest six reflex actions of the body. Explain how
(b) Pituitary gland the reflex arc is the same in all of them.
(c) Medulla Ans. Six reflex actions of the body are:
(d) Cerebrum (i) When we see a speeding car moving towards
(e) Cranium us, we move aside.
(f) Spinal cord (ii) We withdraw our hands on being pricked by a pin.
168 Together with® Science–10
(iii) We withdraw our hands on touching very hot Or
substance. Name the parts (a) to (e) in the following diagram.
(c)
(iv) We close our eyes on seeing direct sun or
extremely bright source of light.
(v) We close our eyes on hearing a loud noise.
(vi) We shiver on feeling cold. (b)
Reflex arc in all the above cases is same because in (e)
all the cases, the stimulus is received by sense organs. (d)

Then this information is carried to spinal cord through (a)

sensory nerves. Thus, information from spinal cord
is sent to the effectors such as muscles via motor
neurons.
Sensory Motor What is the term given to the sequence of events
Receptors → Spinal cord → Effectors
neurons neurons occurring in the diagram? [CBSE 2020]
35. What is a reflex arc? Draw a neat labelled diagram Ans. Reflex action is defined as an unconscious, automatic
of the components in a reflex arc. Why do impulses and involuntary response of effector, i.e. muscle and
flow only in one direction in a reflex arc? [HOTS] gland to a stimulus which is monitored through the
Ans. Reflex arc is the pathway taken by the nerve impulses spinal cord.
(c)
and responses in a reflex action, i.e. from the receptor
organs like skin to the spinal cord and from the spinal
cord to the effector organs like muscles.
Hot Plate (b)
(e)
(Stimulus) (a)
(d)
Sensory neurons
Receptors
(Like skin)
REFLEX ARC Spinal cord Reflex arc

Response
Sequence of events when we touch a hot object are:

Effectors

 Receptor organ skin receives the stimulus and
(Like muscles) Motor neurons
activates a sensory nerve impulse.
Impulses flow only in one direction in a reflex arc,
 Sensory neuron carries the message in the form of
because each synapse in the reflex arc allows impulses sensory impulse to the spinal cord.
to cross in a single direction.
 The spinal cord acts as a modulator. The neurons
of spinal cord transmit the sensory nerve impulses
36. What is meant by reflex action? With the help of
to motor neuron.
a labelled diagram trace the sequence of events
 Motor nerve conducts these impulses to the effector
which occur when we touch a hot object. [CBSE 2015] organ hand which responds by pulling back the
hand away from the hot object.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Which is not the part of hind-brain? 3. Junction of two neurons is called: [KVS]
(a) Medulla oblongata (a) Synapse (b) Synapsis
(b) Cerebrum (c) Joint (d) Junction
(c) Cerebellum 4. What is voluntary action?
(d) Pons
5. What is involuntary action?
2. Which area of the brain is responsible for control of
6. Draw the diagram of human brain and label the parts.
the body temperature?
Write the function of cerebellum and pons. [KVS]
(a) Pituitary (b) Thalamus
(c) Hypothalamus (d) Hind-brain
 Control and Coordination 169

TOPIC COVERED
Coordination in Plants

Multiple Choice
Questions 1 Mark
1. Observe the three figures given below. Which of the following depicts tropic movements appropriately?
 [CBSE Sample Paper 2023]

(A) (B) (C)

(a) B and C (b) A and C (c) B only (d) C only

2. Which statement is incorrect about auxins? Which of the following should he do? [CFPQ, CBSE]
(a) They promote the growth of root (a) Spray water on the tips of the stems to increase
(b) They promote the growth of shoot growth
(c) They influence the formation of flower and (b) Dig around the plant roots and apply more manure
ripening of fruit (c) Trim the hedge by cutting off the tips of the stems
(d) They inhibit the growth of root (d) Remove all the weeds that grow around the hedge
3. The hormone that is used to keep flowers fresh is 8. The leaves of Mimosa are sensitive to
(a) cytokinin (b) gibberellins (a) light (b) smell (c) touch (d) heat
(c) auxin (d) abscisic acid 9. During pollination, plants ensure that the pollen
4. The main effect of cytokinin in plants is to grain from a species germinates on the stigma of
(a) improve the quality of fruits the same species.
(b) prevent the growth of lateral buds Which of the following ensures this? [CFPQ, CBSE]
(c) regulate opening and closing of stomata (a) Hydrotropism (b) Chemotropism
(d) stimulate cell division (c) Phototropism (d) Geotropism
5. Abscisic acid controls 10. Akash potted some germinated seeds in a pot. He
(a) cell elongation and cell wall formation put the pot in a cardboard box that was open from
(b) shoot elongation one side. He keeps the box in a way that the open
(c) cell division side of box faces sunlight near his window. After
(d) leaf fall and dormancy 2-3 days he observes the shoot bends towards light
6. In plants the role of cytokinin is: [CBSE 2023] as shown in image.
(a) Promote cell division. Which type of tropism he observes?
(b) Wilting of leaves.  [CBSE T.E.R.M.*]
(c) Promote the opening of stomatal pore.
(d) Help in the growth of stem.
7. Auxin is a plant hormone that promotes cell
elongation and is produced by the apical meristem.
It inhibits the growth of lateral buds which are
present at nodes (where leaves attach to the stem).
As long as sufficient auxin is produced by the apical
meristem, the lateral buds remain dormant.
A gardener wants the plants in the hedge that he (a) Geotropism (b) Phototropism
is growing to become bushier with more branches. (c) Chemotropism (d) Hydrotropism
*Teacher Energised Resource Manuals
170 Together with® Science–10
Answers of pollen tube towards a chemical produced by
ovule.
1. (d) C only 10. (b) Phototropism is the movement of a part of a plant
2. (d) Auxins are group of plant hormones synthesised towards light.
at the shoot tip of the plant body. They promote
the growth of root. V S A Very Short Answer
3. (a) Cytokinins helps in delaying senescence in plant Type Questions 2 Marks
parts that are cut. They are used to keep cut flowers
fresh. 11. List the sequence of events that occur when a
4. (d) plant is exposed to unidirectional light, leading
5. (d) to bending of a growing shoot. Also name the
6. (a) Cytokinins are present in greater concentration hormone and the type of movement.
in plants in area of rapid cell division, such as in Ans. • Auxin diffuses towards shady side.
fruit and seeds. • Causes elongation on one side (shady side) resulting
7. (c) in bending of growing shoot.
8. (c) The leaves of Mimosa begin to fold up and droop • The hormone responsible for bending is auxin and
when touched. the movement is phototropic movement.
9. (b) Chemotropism is the movement of a part of a
plant in response to a chemical stimuli, e.g. growth
12. The given experimental set-up establishes the response of different plant parts towards gravity.

(a) Give the scientific term used for such response/movement.

(b) How is shoot response different from root response/movement?
Ans. (a) Scientific term used for such movement is Geotropism.
(b) Root shows positive geotropic movement while shoot shows negative geotropic movement.
13. How does control and coordination take place in (b) Why did the tomatoes in the paper bag ripen
plants? faster? [CFPQ, CBSE]
Ans. In plants, control and coordination is brought about by Ans. (a) Ethylene hormone facilitates the ripening of fruits.
means of chemical substances called phytohormones. (b) Ethylene is a gaseous hormone and the paper bag
In addition, environmental factors like water, prevented it from diffusing into the air. Hence the
temperature and light, controls growth and tomatoes in the paper bag ripened faster.
development. 16. Give a schematic diagram to explain the effect of
14. Where are auxins synthesized in a plant? Which auxins in different parts of the plant.
organ of the plant shows: [CBSE 2023] Ans. shoot
(a) Positive phototropism
(b) Negative geotropism
(c) Positive hydrotropism
Ans. Auxins are synthesised in the stem of a plant.
(a) Stem as it moves towards light.
(b) Shoots as it moves upwards.
(c) Roots as it moves towards water in soil.
15. Hema bought some unripe tomatoes and left half root
of them in a brown paper bag and the other half
in an open tray. After two days she noticed that root
the tomatoes in the paper bag had ripened, but the
ones in the open tray had not.
(a) What hormone facilitated the ripening of Effect of auxins in different parts of the plant
tomatoes?
 Control and Coordination 171

A Short Answer (i) Germination of seeds or breaking the dormancy

S Type Questions 3 Marks of seeds,
(ii) Growth of root, stem and leaves,
17. Write one example each of the following tropic (iii) Flowering of plants,
movements : (iv) Ripening of fruits,
(a) Positive phototropism (v) Movement of stomata in leaves, and
(b) Negative phototropism (vi) Phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism and
(c) Positive geotropism nastic movements.
(d) Negative geotropism Four different types of plant hormones are auxins,
(e) Hydrotropism gibberellins, cytokinins and abscisic acid.
(f) Chemotropism [CBSE 2014]
Ans. (a) Positive Phototropism: Movement of stem of a A Long Answer
plant towards light. L Type Questions 5 Marks
(b) Negative phototropism: Movement of roots away
from light. 21. (a) Classify the following movements as tropic or
(c) Positive geotropism: Movement of roots towards nastic:
gravity. (i) Opening of flower.
(d) Negative geotropism: Upward movement of (ii) Roots moving downwards.
shoots. (iii) Shoots moving towards light.
(e) Hydrotropism: Growth of roots of a plant towards (iv) Twirling of a tendril.
water in soil. (b) (i) Which plant hormone is present in greater
(f) Chemotropism: Growth of pollen tubes towards concentration in the areas of rapid cell
ovule. division?
18. Write the main difference between auxins and (ii) Give one example of a plant growth
cytokinins. promoter and a plant growth inhibitor.
Ans. Auxins Cytokinins (c) Why is abscisic acid is also called as stress
hormone? [DoE]
(i) They are the growth (i) They are responsible Ans. (a) (i) Nastic (ii) Tropic
hormones. for cell division. (iii) Tropic (iv) Nastic
(ii) They are synthesised (ii) They are synthesised (b) (i) Cytokinin is present in greater concentration
in the shoot tip. in the endosperms of in the areas of rapid cell division.
seeds and roots. (ii) An example of a plant growth promoter is
gibberellins and example of a plant growth
(iii) They are responsi- (iii) They are responsi-
inhibitor is abscisic acid.
ble for growth, root ble for cell division, (c) (i) Abscisic acid is called as stress hormone
formation and pro- ageing, initiation of because it signals the closure of stomata to
duction of partheno- roots, shoots and prevent water loss during severe drought,
carpic fruits. apical dominance. intense sunlight and heat and other adverse
environmental conditions.
19. What is geotropism? Draw a labelled diagram of
(ii) It acts as a growth inhibitor and inhibitor
a potted plant showing positive geotropism and
of plant metabolism.
negative geotropism. [CBSE 2018C]
Ans. Geotropism refers to the growth movements of plants 22. Define tropism. Explain four kinds of tropisms
in response to the gravity or pull of earth. with one example each.
Negatively geotropic Ans. The movement of plant in the direction of stimulus
is known as tropism. Plants respond to light, touch,
gravitational forces and chemicals.
The four kinds of tropism are as follows:
(a) Phototropism: It is the movement of a plant in
response to light.
Positively geotropic For example: Plants need sunlight, so the stem (or
20. State the functions of plant hormones. Name four shoots) respond to sunlight by growing towards
different types of plant hormones. it.
Ans. The plant hormones regulate many functions in plants, (b) Geotropism: It is the movement of a plant in
which are as follows: response to gravity.
172 Together with® Science–10
For example: The movements of plant roots (d) Chemotropism: It is the movement of a plant in
towards the earth and that of stem away from the response to a chemical stimulus.
earth. For example: The growth of a pollen tube towards
(c) Hydrotropism: It is the movement of a plant in the ovule induced by a sugary substance.
response to water.
For example: The roots of plants always go
towards water, even if it means going against the
pull of gravity.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Plants bend towards a light source as a result of 4. The growth of tendrils in pea plants is due to [KVS]
(a) unequal auxin distribution in their stems (a) effect of light
(b) increased amount of food synthesised by leaves (b) effect of gravity
(c) necessity of light for transpiration (c) rapid cell division in tendrillar cells in contact
(d) inability to synthesise chemical regulators with the support
2. Growth of pollen tube towards ovule is called: (d) rapid cell divisions in tendrillar cells that are away
(a) phototropism (b) chemotropism from the support.
(c) hydrotropism (d) geotropism 5. Why do stem and root show unilateral growth towards
3. When we touch the leaves of “touch-me-not” plant, they light and gravity of earth respectively?
began to fold up and droop. How does the plant com- 6. What are auxins and where are they synthesised in
municate the information of touch? [CBSE T.E.R.M.*] the plant body?
(a) The plant uses electrical signals to transfer 7. (a) What is tropism?
information from cell to cell. (b) How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril
(b) The plant uses electrical-chemical signals to around a support? [CBSE 2020]
transfer information from cell to cell.
8. Name the plant growth hormone which is synthesized
(c) The plant uses electrical-chemical signals to
at the shoot tip. Explain briefly why a plant bends
transfer information from tissue to specialised
towards light during its growth. [KVS]
cells.
(d) The plant uses electrical signals to transfer
information from cell to specialised tissues.

TOPIC COVERED
Hormones in Animals
(b) Thyroxine
Multiple Choice (c) Testosterone
Questions 1 Mark (d) Vasopressin
4. Which of the following is not a ductless gland?
1. Which one of the endocrine gland is known as (a) Adrenal (b) Liver
‘master gland’? [KVS] (c) Thyroid (d) Pituitary
(a) Pancreas (b) Adrenal
(c) Pituitary (d) Hypothalamus 5. Ageing in human beings is caused by disappearance
of which of the following glands?
2. Which of the following acts as both endocrine and (a) Adrenal (b) Pituitary
exocrine glands? (c) Thyroid (d) Thymus
(a) Adrenal (b) Pituitary
(c) Ovaries (d) Pancreas 6. Hormones produced in one part of the human body
reach the target location via
3. Which hormone regulates the ionic balance in the (a) blood (b) muscles
body? (c) bones (d) cartilage
(a) Glucagon
*Teacher Energised Resource Manuals
 Control and Coordination 173
Answers organs. A person having deficiency of growth
hormone suffers from dwarfism whereas a person
1. (c) Pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain.
having too much growth hormone becomes very
It is known as ‘master gland’ as it controls the tall.
functions of the other endocrine glands.
2. (d) A Short Answer
3. (d) S Type Questions 3 Marks
4. (b) Liver secretes bile juice through a duct to the
11. (a) How do you support the statement that
small intestine to facilitate the action of pancreatic
enzymes. ‘pancreas’ are the overall controller of the
5. (d) blood glucose level ?  [HOTS]
6. (a) Hormones are produced by endocrine glands (b) What are ‘releasing hormones’? Where are
which are ductless and travel via blood throughout they released from?
the body. Ans. (a) Pancreas releases insulin which lowers the blood
glucose. Moreover, it also releases glucagon which
V S A Very Short Answer increases blood glucose. Therefore, pancreas is
Type Questions 2 Marks the overall controller of blood glucose level.
(b) ‘Releasing hormones’ are chemical substances
7. Write names of four hormones secreted from which regulate the secretion of hormones from
pituitary gland and also write their functions. pituitary gland.
Ans. The four hormones secreted from pituitary gland along They are released from hypothalamus gland.
with their functions are as follows :
12. (a) Justify that the pancreas and the gonads
Hormone Function perform dual functions.
(i) Growth Development of bones and (b) Explain with an example the role played by
hormone muscles. hypothalamus in human body.
(ii) Prolactin Regulation of functioning
Ans. (a) Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes as well as
of mammary gland. insulin and glucagon hormones. Similarly, gonads
produce gametes as well as male and female sex
(iii) Oxytocin Regulates ejection of milk hormones. Thus, pancreas and gonads perform
and birth hormone. ‘dual functions’.
(iv) Vasopressin Regulation of water and (b) Hypothalamus plays important role in producing
electrolyte balance. releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones.
8. How do you support the statement that ‘pancreas’ For example, if the level of growth hormone
are the overall controller of the blood glucose level? decreases in body, the hypothalamus releases
Ans. Pancreas releases insulin which lowers the blood neurohormones which stimulates the pituitary
glucose. It also releases glucagon which increases gland to release growth hormone.
blood glucose. Thus, pancreas is the overall controller 13. Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands.
of blood glucose level. Ans. Exocrine glands Endocrine glands
9. Name the hormone secreted by human testes. State (i) They may or may (i) They are ductless
its functions.
not have ducts. glands.
Ans. Testes secrete male sex hormone called testosterone.
(ii) They secrete (ii) They secrete
The function of testosterone is to regulate male
accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characters enzymes. hormones.
like moustache, beard and voice. (iii) They either (iii) They pour their
function in situ secretions directly
10. (a) Name the hormones that are released in
human males and females when they reach and pour their into blood.
puberty. secretions directly
(b) Name a gland associated with brain. Which near its target or
problem is caused due to the deficiency of the through a duct.
hormone released by this gland? [CBSE 2014] 14. Name the hormone which regulates carbohydrate,
Ans. (a) Testes in males produces hormone testosterone. protein and fat metabolism in our body. Which
Ovaries in females produces hormone oestrogen. gland secretes this hormone? Why is it important
(b) Pituitary gland is associated with brain. It releases for us to have iodised salt in our diet?[CBSE 2016]
growth hormone which stimulates growth in all
174 Together with® Science–10
Ans. Thyroxine regulates carbohydrates, protein and fat A Long Answer
metaboslism in our body. L Type Questions 5 Marks
Thyroxine is secreted from thyroid gland. Deficiency
of iodine in our food causes (goitre) where the thyroid 17. (a) Name the hormone which is released into
gland enlarges as it needs to absorb more amount the blood when its sugar level rises. Name
of iodine. Iodine is required to make thyroxine. the organ which produces this hormone and
Therefore, iodine is added to salt to supplement iodine its effect on blood sugar level. Also mention
requirement. the digestive enzymes secreted by this organ
with one function of each.
15. What is feedback mechanism of hormonic
regulation. Take the example of insulin to explain (b) Explain the need of chemical communication
this phenomenon. [Delhi 2019]
in multicellular organisms. [CBSE 2014]
Ans. Hormones are secreted in extremely less quantity. Ans. (a) When sugar level rises, hormone insulin is
Excess or deficiency of such hormones can have released into blood. Insulin is released in our
harmful effects on our body. A feedback mechanism body by pancreas. When insulin is secreted in
controls the timing and secretion of hormones released lower quantity by pancreas, the blood sugar
by various glands. level of the concerned person increases. On the
For example: On the rise of blood glucose level, other hand if the insulin is secreted in excess,
information is sent to pancreas to release insulin. the person suffers from low sugar in blood.
When the appropriate amount of glucose level Pancreas secretes enzyme like trypsin for
is obtained in the blood, the release of insulin is digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down
stopped. emulsified fats.
16. A squirrel is in a scary situation. Its body has to (b) Chemical communication is required in
prepare for either fighting or running away. State multicellular organisms to deal with emergency
the immediate changes that take place in its body demand such as infection, traums, dehydration,
so that the squirrel is able to either fight or run? starvation, haemorrhage, extreme temperature,
 [CBSE 2020] etc. The nervous coordination is fast but short-
Ans. Adrenaline hormone in large amount is secreted in lived. As the nerve fibres do not connect to all
its body when a squirrel is in scary situation and cells of the body and the cellular functions need
following immediate changes takes place in its body to be continuously regulated; a special kind of
so that squirrel is able to either fight or run: coordination and integration has to be provided.
(i) The heartbeat increases This function is carried out by hormones. The
(ii) The breathing rate increases nervous system and the endocrine system
(iii) More glucose goes into blood to release energy jointly coordinate and regulate the physiological
which helps squirrel to either fight or run away. functions in the body.

18. What are hormones? Give the name of associated gland and functions of different animal hormones.[DoE]
Ans. Hormones are the chemical substances which control and coordinate the activities of living organisms and also
their growth. Name of hormones with their releasing gland and function is tabulated below:
S. No. Name of hormone Releasing gland Function of the hormone
1. Growth hormone Pituitary gland It stimulates growth in all organs. The height of a person
depends on it. Normal secretion leads to normal height,
excess secretion produces in very tall person and deficiency
of its causes dwarfness. Main tissues related to its work
are bones, cartilage, muscles, fat, liver and heart.
2. Thyroxine Thyroid gland It controls the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats
and proteins in the body.
3. Insulin Pancreas It acts to lower or raise blood sugar level. It also acts to
control glucagon and insulin release.
4. Testosterone Testes Regulates sex drive, bone mass, fat distribution, muscle
mass and produces sperms. It also promotes development
of secondary sexual characteristics of male.
 Control and Coordination 175

5. Progesterone and Ovaries Estrogen helps female in development of breast and

estrogen reproductive organs in female. Estrogen also helps in
maintenance of pregnancy.
Progesterone prepares the female body for pregnancy by
causing thickening of uterine lining.
6. Releasing hormone Hypothalamus It regulates the secretion of hormones from pituitary gland,
i.e. hypothalamus controls the pituitary hormones.
7. Adrenaline Adrenal gland It regulates the heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure
and carbohydrate metabolism.
(any five)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Name the hormone that lowers the blood sugar level. 4. Name the source gland and one major effect of each
(a) Adrenaline (b) Estrogen of the following hormones:
(c) Glucagon (d) Insulin (a) Parathormone   (b) Progesterone
2. Which hormone is responsible for the development 5. Give one example to show how the endocrine system
of female characteristics? coordinates our body activities.
(a) Adrenaline (b) Estrogen 6. A compound of iodine is compulsorily added to
(c) Thyroxine (d) Testosterone common salt in small quantity.
3. Which hormone regulates carbohydrate, protein and (a) Why is it important for us to have iodized salt in
fat metabolism? our diet?
(a) Insulin (b) Glucagon (b) Name the disease caused by its deficiency.
(c) Thyroxine (d) Adrenaline (c) Write the symptoms of the disease. [KVS]

INTEGRATED (MIXED) QUESTIONS

1. (a) As first line of defense, stress hormones are 5. (a) Explain any three directional movements in plants.
released in humans. As an equivalent, which (b) How brain and spinal cord are protected in human?
hormone is most likely to be released as first line (c) Name the master gland present in the brain.
of defense in plants?  [CBSE 2013] (3 Marks)
(b) There have been reports of plant hormones being 6. Why is chemical communication better than electrical
found in animal bodies even when they are not
impulses as a means of communication between cells
synthesised by the animal. What can be the most
in a multicellular organism? [CBSE 2020] (3 Marks)
common pathway of entry of such hormones in
animals? [CFPQ, CBSE] (2 Marks) 7. (a) How does control and coordination take place in
2. (a) Name ONE plant hormone that controls directional plants? (5 Marks)
growth. (b) Distinguish between cerebrum and spinal cord.
(b) Plant hormones are also referred to as growth (c) Give technical terms for following events:
regulators and can be controlled by a number of (i) The movement of plant in the direction of
stimuli. Mention ONE point of difference between light.
the functioning of animal growth hormones and (ii) The movement of plant parts in response to
plant growth regulators with respect to such water.
control. [CFPQ, CBSE] (2 Marks) (iii) The movement of plant parts towards
3. Suggest a proof that even unicellular organisms chemical substance.
like Amoeba respond to stimuli. Justify giving two (iv) The downward movement of roots in
examples that even plants respond to stimuli. (3 Marks) response to gravitational force.
4. (a) Explain any three directional movements in plants.
(b) How brain and spinal cord are protected in human?
(c) Name the master gland present in the brain.
 [CBSE 2013] (3 Marks)
176 Together with® Science–10

ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

In the following Questions, the Assertion (A) and Reason 3. Assertion: Brain is a delicate organ which is protected
(R) have been put forward. Read both the statements from injury
carefully and choose the correct alternative from the Reason: Only the bony box protects the brain from
following: any shock.
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the 4. Assertion: Plants do have a nervous system for control
Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion. and coordination
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason: Plants use electro chemical means to convey
Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion. information from cell to cell.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
5. Assertion: On attaining puberty, breast size increases
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason
and reproductive organs develop in females.
is true.
Reason: Ovaries release hormone progesterone in
1. Assertion: Reflex arc works faster than thinking female.
process of brain.
6. Assertion: Insulin regulates blood sugar level.
Reason: Reflex arc works in case of those animals
Reason: Insufficient secretion of insulin will cause
who do not have thinking process.
diabetes. [KVS]
2. Assertion: Impulse travels from dendrite to cell body
7. Assertion: A nerve impulse is an electrochemical event.
and then along the axon to its end.
Reason: In a nerve impulse there are changes in the
Reason: Information acquired at the end of the dendrite
resting potential which spread down the nerve fiber.
tip of a nerve cell sets of an electric impulse.
 [KVS]

CASE-BASED QUESTIONS
The following questions are case-based with 2-3 short (c) What is the function of adrenaline hormone?
sub-parts. Or
1. Spinal cord reflexes are simple behaviors produced (c) What is the significance of reflex action?
by central nervous system (CNS) pathways that lie 2. All living organisms have the ability to detect changes
entirely within the spinal cord. The sensory afferent in external as well as internal environment and to
fibers that evoke these reflexes enter the spinal cord respond and react appropriately to these changes.
and activate spinal motor neurons directly or through Such an ability of organisms is called irritability. The
a chain of one or more spinal interneurons. Although changes in the environment are called stimuli and the
these pathways are entirely spinal, they are affected organs that detect them are response. The response
by descending pathways from the brain, either directly
to a stimulus may be carried out by the individual
or through other spinal interneurons. Through these
cell, tissue, organs or organ system. The movements
descending pathways, the brain exerts both short-
shown in response to any stimulus are definite, highly
term and long-term influence over spinal cord reflex
function. In the short-term, the brain rapidly adjusts controlled and coordinated. Various organs work in full
spinal reflexes to suit the needs of different tasks (e.g., cooperation and provide appropriate reaction for the
standing vs. walking vs. running). In the long-term, it stimulus and this is called coordination. Coordination
gradually shapes spinal reflexes during development, in animals is brought about the nervous and endocrine
during skill acquisition later in life, and in response systems i.e. nervous and chemical control. In plants,
to CNS trauma and disease. The long-term changes it is brought about only by chemicals (hormones).
that the brain induces in spinal cord reflexes involve When we are frightened by a dog, we run away as
activity-dependent plasticity in the spinal cord itself. fast as we can. Here fear of dog is the stimulus and
(a) Name the part of the brain which controls posture running away is the response.
and balance of the body. (a) What are the stimulus in (i) Geotropism and
(b) What are the two components of the CNS in (ii) Chemotropism
humans? (b) What are the functions of hypothalamus?
 Control and Coordination 177
(c) Why brain and spinal cord are considered as but PD can affect younger persons as well. There are
central nervous system? an estimated 1 million Americans living with PD and
Or more than 10 million people worldwide.
(c) Where is glucagon secreted? What is its function? (a) Name the hormone synthesised at the shoot tip
3. When we eat food, our eyes, hands and mouth works of plants
in perfect coordination. The eyes focus on the food, (b) What is the significance of reflex action?
the hands pick it up and take it to the mouth where (c) What are endocrine glands?
it is chewed. All these actions are completed in a Or
particular sequence. Similarly, internal functions of (c) Which hormone is released by hypothalamus
our body are carried out by the nervous system in a gland? What is the function of this hormone?
particular sequence. 6. Plants do not move but they respond to their
(a) What is a reflex arc? environment. It means their cells must be able to
(b) How is the spinal cord protected? communicate with other cells. Hormones send
(c) How does an impulse travel in a nerve cell? messages between the cells. Plant hormones or
Or phytohormones are also known as plant growth
(c) Do plants also have nerve cells? How does substances as they coordinate the activities of plants
coordination take place in plant cells? by controlling one or other aspect of the growth of
4. Pea plants need support to grow. It clings on any other the plant. The growth of the plant can be divided into
support and grows. It is possible due to response of three stages: cell division, cell enlargement and cell
plant hormones to different stimuli. Normally, plants differentiation which occur in particular locations in
respond to such stimuli slowly. Plants respond to some a plant. The phytohormones also promote dormancy
stimuli by growing towards it or away from it. in seeds and buds, breaking of dormancy, stomata
(a) The ‘touch-me-not’ plant is an example of which control, wilting and falling of leaves, fruit growth,
tropism? ripening of fruits and delay in ageing of plants.
(b) Give one example of chemotropism. The plant hormones are synthesised at places away from
(c) How does a pea plant cling to its support? where they act and simply diffuse to the area of action.
Or (a) Name a plant hormone that inhibits growth.
(c) Name four different types of tropisms shown by (b) Which hormone is synthesied when growing plants
plants. detect light? Where it is synthesied?
(c) Write two functions of cytokinins.
5. Parkinson (PD) is a type of movement disorder that can
Or
affect the ability to perform common, daily activities.
(c) Write two function of gibberellins.
Although PD is associated with a wide range of
symptoms, there are features of PD that most people 7. Rohit saw an advertisement about iodised salt while
with the condition will experience. These symptoms watching TV. In the advertisement it was stated that
are typically divided into those that affect movement one should take only iodised salt. He also remembered
(motor symptoms) and those that do not (non-motor that the doctor has advised his elder sister to eat iodised
symptoms). The most common motor symptoms of salt when she had developed swollen neck. His teacher
PD are tremor (a form of rhythmic shaking), stiffness has also taught them about various animal hormones.
or rigidity of the muscles, and slowness of movement. (a) Name the disease from which Rohit’s sister
A person with PD may also have trouble with posture, suffered. Why has the doctor advised her to eat
balance, coordination, and walking. Common non- iodised salt?
motor symptoms of PD include sleep problems, (b) Which hormone is known as emergency hormone?
constipation, anxiety, depression, and fatigue, among How it helps in coping during emergency?
others. It is important to note that, although there Or
are common symptoms of PD, they can vary greatly (b) Name an endocrine gland that secretes a hormone
from person to person. Most people who develop the called insulin. Why are some diabetes patients
symptoms of PD do so sometime after the age of 50, treated by giving insulin injections?
178 Together with® Science–10

NCERT ZONE
NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS

Page 105 Page 108

1. What is the difference between a reflex action and 1. What are plant hormones?
walking? Ans. A plant hormone is a chemical substance which is
Ans. Reflex action Walking produced naturally in the plant and regulate growth
and physiological processes to bring about control
(i) It is a spontaneous, (i) It is a voluntary
and coordination of various activities in plants.
involuntary res- response to a stim-
ponse to a stimulus. ulus.
2. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive
(ii) It is controlled by (ii) It is controlled by plant different from the movement of a shoot
spinal cord. brain. towards light?
(iii) This kind of re- (iii) This kind of re- Ans. Movement of leaves Movement of shoot
sponse occur with- sponse takes lon- of sensitive plant towards light
in the fraction of ger time.
second. (a) Movement of (a) Movement of
leaves of the shoot towards light
2. What happens at the synapse between two sensitive plant is an example of
neurons? is an example of tropic movement.
Ans. Synapse is a gap present between two adjacent
nastic movements.
neurons. Here, the axon terminal of one neuron
(b) Its stimulus is (b) Its stimulus is
is in close proximity to the dendrite of the second
touch. light.
neuron. When the information collected by the nerve
(c) It is not regarded as (c) It is regarded as
endings of the dendrite tip of the nerve cells set up a
growth movement. growth movement.
chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse.
This impulse is sent to cell body and them along the 3. Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes
axon it reaches the nerve ending of the axon. growth.
At the nerve ending, the electrical signals release Ans. Auxin is a plant hormone that promotes growth.
chemicals. These chemicals cross the gap and again 4. How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril
start a similar electrical impulse in another dendrite of around a support?
another nerve cell. Thus, at the synapse, nerve impulse Ans. Tendrils are sensitive to touch or contact of other
is transmitted from one neuron to other neuron. objects. When a tendril touches a support, the
3. Which part of the brain maintains posture and hormone auxin from the tip of the tendril diffuses
equilibrium of the body? towards the side of the tendril that is not in contact
Ans. Cerebellum which is a part of hindbrain maintains with the support. As a result, the side that is not in
posture and equilibrium of the body. contact with the support grows faster than the side
4. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense which is in contact with the support. This leads to the
stick)? bending of tendril towards the support.
Ans. In our nose, olfactory receptors are present. They 5. D e s i g n a n e x p e r i m e n t t o d e m o n s t r a t e
detect the smell of incense stick and set off a chemical hydrotropism.
reaction. As a result, a nerve impulse is generated Ans. Following item are required to demonstrate
which is transmitted to sensory nerve. The sensory hydrotropism: Seeds of bean, a deep tray, sand, a
nerve relay the information in the form of nerve porous flower pot.
impulse to the brain via spinal cord. The olfactory
lobe present in the forebrain interpret the message
and we feel the smell.
5. What is the role of the brain in reflex action?
Ans. Reflex action takes place in spinal cord. The
informtion that a reflex action has provided goes on
to reach the brain which stores the information and Set up showing hydrotropism
remembers it for future use.
 Control and Coordination 179
Procedure: The thyroxine hormone regulates the metabolism of
• The tray should be big enough to accommodate carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body, so as to
the porous pot. provide the best balance for growth. Deficiency of
• Fill the tray with sand and insert some seeds in iodine in our diet results in a disorder called goitre
it. in which thyroid gland becomes enlarged and thus,
• Make a pit in the sand and insert the porous pot neck becomes swollen. Thus, use of iodised salt is
in it. advisable to prevent the goitre disease.
• Fill the porous pot with water. 3. How does our body respond when adrenaline is
• Leave the set-up for about a week. secreted into the blood?
Observation: After a week when seeds are taken Ans. Adrenal glands secrete hormone adrenaline which is
out, it is observed that roots grow in the direction of called emergency hormone. This hormone is rapidly
the porous pot. This shows hydrotropic movement secreted in response to stress or during emergency
in roots. situations. This hormone speeds up heart beat, rate
Page 111 of respiration and raises glucose level in the blood,
1. How does chemical coordination take place in so that we can get a lot of energy quickly to fight or
animals? flight from the emergency situation.
Ans. In animals, endocrine gland as a result of a stimulation 4. Why are some patients of diabetes treated by
releases a chemical substance called hormone directly giving injections of insulin?
into the blood. Blood carries the hormone to the Ans. Insulin plays an important role in sugar metabolism.
target organ. In target organ, hormone transmit the Insulin lowers the blood sugar level. In some patients
information to bring about the effect. of diabetes, insulin secretion is reduced. Insulin
2. Why is the use of iodised salt advisable? [DoE] injection is given to such patients to compensate for
Ans. Thyroid gland makes a hormone, thyroxine. Iodine is reduced insulin secretion.
necessary for the thyroid gland to make this hormone.

NCERT EXERCISES

1. Which of the following is a plant hormone? cannot convert environmental stimuli into impulses
(a) Insulin (b) Thyroxine and hence, our body would not respond. For example,
(c) Oestrogen (d) Cytokinin gustatory receptors are the receptors of taste located
Ans. (d) Cytokinin is a plant hormone. on the tongue. Now, if the gustatory receptors do not
2. The gap between two neurons is called a work properly, we will not be able to enjoy the taste
(a) dendrite. (b) synapse. of different types of food.
(c) axon. (d) impulse. Olfactory receptors are the receptors of smell located
Ans. (b) Synapse is known as the gap between two in the nasal cavity. If olfactory receptors present in
neurons. our nose do not work properly, we will not be able
to smell things.
3. The brain is responsible for
(a) thinking. 5. Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its
(b) regulating the heart beat. function.
(c) balancing the body. Ans. Nucleus Dendrite
(d) all of these
Ans. (d) The brain is responsible for thinking, regulating
the heart beat and balancing the body as well.
4. What is the function of receptors in our body?
Think of situations where receptors do not work
properly. What problems are likely to arise?
Axon
Ans. The function of receptors in our body is to collect Nerve
informations about the changes in the environment. ending
A nerve cell (Neuron)
Receptors pass this information to central nervous Cell body
system where message is interpreted and appropriate
Function of Neuron: The function of neurons is to
instructions are sent to effector which reveals carry information over long distances in the body
response. These receptors are located in our sense of a person. The impulse of information then travel
organs. If receptors do not work properly, our body from dendrites to cell body, and then along the axon
180 Together with® Science–10
to its end. These impulses then cross the synapse. At Reflex action is defined as an unconscious, automatic
the end, the impulses travel from one neuron to the and involuntary response of effectors, i.e. muscles
other up to the spinal cord or to the concerned part and glands, to a stimulus, which is monitored through
of the body. the spinal cord. Example of reflex action is the closing
6. How does phototropism occur in plants? of eyes immediately when bright light is focussed to
Ans. The directional or tropic movement of plants towards eyes. Reflex actions are connected with emergency.
the light or away from the light is called phototropism. 11. Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal
When a growing plant detects light, auxin synthesises mechanisms for control and coordination in
at the shoot tip to help the cells to grow longer. When animals. [CBSE 2013]
light comes from one side, auxin diffuses towards the
Ans. Nervous mechanism Hormonal mechanism
shady side of the shoot. This concentration of auxin
stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the (i) It is performed by (i) It is performed by
shoot which is away from light and the plant appears nervous system chemical substanc-
to bend towards light. which sent an es, called hor-
electrical impulse mones, secreted by
along axons, and endocrine glands.
as a chemical
across synapse
and acts through
effectors.
(ii) The information is (ii) The information is

transmitted instan- transmitted slowly.
7. Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal taneously.
cord injury? (iii) The effects are (iii) The effects are
Ans. All the signals and responses which pass from and to short-lived. generally more
the brain through the spinal cord will get disturbed. prolonged.
Reflex actions will also get disrupted.
12. What is the difference between the manner in
8. How does chemical coordination occur in plants?
which movement takes place in a sensitive plant
Ans. In plants, the stimulated cells release chemical
and the movement in our legs?
compounds, which are called plant hormones.
Different plant hormones help to coordinate growth, Ans. Movement in sensitive Movement in our legs
development and responses to the environment. They plant
are synthesised at places away from where they act
(a) The movement that (a) Movement in our
and simply diffuse to the area of action.
takes place in a sen- legs due to the vol-
9. What is the need for a system of control and sitive plant occurs untary actions.
coordination in an organism? [DoE]
in response to touch
Ans. The different organs of our body work in coordination
(stimulus).
when we perform any activity. For example, when we
are taking food, our eyes help in locating the food, (b) In this movement, (b) The signal or
our nose detects the smell, our hand brings the food the information is messages for these
to our mouth, the teeth and jaw muscles chew the transmitted from cell actions are passed to
food and saliva starts the digestive process. to cell by electro- the brain and hence
So, control and coordination is essential in maintaining chemical signals as are consciously con-
a state of stability and a steady state between the plants do not have trolled.
internal conditions of an organism and the external any specialised
environment. tissue for conduction
10. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions of impulses.
different from each other?
Ans. Involuntary action is the set of muscle movement (c) The plant cells (c) In animal muscle
which does not require thinking. These actions are change shape by cells, some proteins
controlled by brain. Example of involuntary actions changing amount of are found which al-
are beating of heart, breathing, etc. Involuntary water for this move- low the movement to
actions are concerned with the functioning of the ment to take place. occur.
internal body parts.
 Control and Coordination 181

SELECT NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

1. Which of the following statements is correct about 8. Answer the following:
receptors? (a) Which hormone is responsible for the changes
(a) Gustatory receptors detect taste while olfactory noticed in females at puberty?
receptors detect smell (b) Dwarfism results due to deficiency of which
(b) Both gustatory and olfactory receptors detect smell hormone?
(c) Auditory receptors detect smell and olfactory (c) Blood sugar level rises due to deficiency of
receptors detect taste which hormone?
(d) Olfactory receptors detect taste and gustatory (d) Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of which
receptors smell hormone?
Ans. (a) Ans. (a) Oestrogen (b) Growth hormone
(c) Insulin (d) Thyroxine
2. Which of the following is not associated with
growth of plant? 9. Answer the following:
(a) Auxin (b) Gibberellins (a) Name the endocrine gland associated with
(c) Cytokinins (d) Abscisic acid brain.
Ans. (d) (b) Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as
well as hormones?
3. Involuntary actions in the body are controlled by (c) Name the endocrine gland associated with
(a) medulla in fore-brain kidneys.
(b) medulla in mid-brain (d) Which endocrine gland is present in males but
(c) medulla in hind-brain not in females?
(d) medulla in spinal cord Ans. (a) Pituitary gland (b) Pancreas
Ans. (c) (c) Adrenal glands (d) Testes
4. Electrical impulse travels in a neuron from: 10. What are the major parts of the brain? Mention
(a) Dendrite → Axon → Axonal end → Cell body the functions of different parts.
(b) Cell body → Dendrite → Axon → Axonal end Ans. The major parts of the brain are:
(c) Dendrite → Cell body → Axon → Axonal end (i) Fore-brain including cerebrum and olfactory
(d) Axonal end → Axon → Cell body → Dendrite lobes.
Ans. (c) (ii) Mid-brain
5. Which of the following is not an involuntary (iii) Hind-brain including cerebellum, pons and
action? medulla oblongata.
(a) Vomiting (b) Salivation Functions of different parts are as follows:
(c) Heart beat (d) Chewing (i) Fore-brain: There are specific regions in
Ans. (d) cerebrum for each kind of stimulus and response.
(a) Occipital lobe is the region for sight,
6. Why is it advised to use iodised salt in our diet? i.e. visual reception.
 [CBSE 2015, KVS]
(b) Temporal lobe is the region for hearing,
Ans. Iodised salt contains iodine which is necessary for i.e. auditory reception.
the thyroid gland to synthesise thyroxine hormone. (c) Frontal lobe is the region for speech,
Thyroxine regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat facial muscular activities and higher
metabolism in the body to provide growth balance. mental activities.
Its deficiency causes goitre. (d) Parietal lobe is the region for taste,
7. Label the endocrine glands in the given figure. smell, touch and conscious association.
(e) Olfactory lobe receives sensation of smell.
(a)
(b)
(ii) Mid-brain: It controls reflex movements of the
head, neck and trunk in response to visual and
(c) auditory stimuli.
(iii) Hind-brain:
(d)
(a) Cerebellum controls the coordination of
body movements and posture.
Ans. (a) Pineal gland (b) Pons take part in regulating respiration.
(b) Pituitary gland (c) Medulla oblongata is the regulating
(c) Thyroid gland centre for swallowing, coughing, sneez-
(d) Thymus gland ing and vomiting.
182 Together with® Science–10
11. Name various plant hormones. Also give their Abscisic acid (ABA) – They are responsible for in-
physiological effects on plant growth and devel- hibiting or checking the growth. It also causes wilting
opment. of the leaves.
Ans. The various plant hormones are auxin, gibberellin, 12. Why is the flow of signals in a synapse from ax-
cytokinin and abscisic acid. onal end of one neuron to dendrite end of another
Their physiological effects on plant growth and de- neuron but not the reverse?
velopment are as follows : Ans. A chemical substance is released when the electrical
Auxin – It is a growth hormone which helps in cell signal reaches the axonal end of a neuron and this
enlargement and cell differentiation. Auxin also chemical diffuses to the dendrite end of another
promote fruit growth. neuron, which generates electrical signal. Thus, at
Gibberellin – It also helps in the growth of the stem. the axonal end, the electrical signals converted into
Cytokinin – It promotes the cell division. It is pres- chemical signals but at the dendrite end of neurons
ent in high concentrations in the areas of rapid cell these chemicals are not present thus the reverse action
division such as fruits and seeds. is not possible.

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Answers to all unsolved questions are given at the end of all the chapters.
 Control and Coordination 183

Self-Evaluation Test
1. The hormone not secreted by ovary is 7. What causes shoots of plants to bend towards light?
(a) Relaxin (b) Progesterone 8. ‘There is a close coordination between nerves and
(c) Estrogen (d) Testosterone hormones.’ Explain with an example.
2. The nature of nerve impulse is 9. Name the major parts of the human brain. Which part
(a) Chemical (b) Magnetic of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the
(c) Electrochemical (d) Electromagnetic body?
3. Which of the following is the correct sequence 10. (a) Draw the structure of a neuron and label its
regarding the flow of an impulse in a neuron? various parts.
(a) Dendrite → Axon → Cell Body (b) How does nerve impulse travel from one neuron
(b) Axon → Dendrite → Cell Body to another?
(c) Axon → Cell Body → Dendrite 11. (a) Define phototropism and geotropism. With a
(d) Cell Body → Axon → Nerve Terminal labelled diagram, describe an activity to show
4. The number of cranial nerves in mammals is that light and gravity change the direction of
(a) 6 (b) 12 plant parts .
(c) 24 (d) 48 (b) Mention the role of each of the following plant
Direction: In the following Questions, the Assertion and hormones
Reason have been put forward. Read the statements (i) Auxin (ii) Abscisic acid
carefully and choose the correct alternative from the 12. Reflex arcs have evolved in animals because the
following: thinking process of the brain is not fast enough. In fact
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the many animals have very little or none of the complex
Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion. neuron network needed for thinking. So, it is quite
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the likely that reflex arcs have evolved as efficient way of
Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion. functioning in the absence of true thought processes.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false. However, even after complex neuron networks have
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason come into existing, reflex arcs continue to be more
is true. efficient for quick response.
5. Assertion: Plants respond to light, touch, gravitational Based of above para, answer the following:
force and other stimulus. (a) What is a reflex arc?
Reason: Plants use electrochemical means to convey (b) State two advantages of reflex action.
information from cell to cell (c) What is involuntary action? Give an example.
Or
6. Assertion: Insulin regulates blood sugar level
(c) What will happen if reflex action is not available
Reason: Insufficient secretion of insulin will cause in human being?
diabetes

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