LAB REPORT # 01

Submitted by:
Name Registration No.
Eman Fatima SP24-BAI-015
Safia Mahnoor SP24-BAI-046

Submitted to: Dr. Rizwan Azam

Logic Gates:
Logic gates are the fundamental building blocks of digital circuits.
They perform basic logical functions that are essential for digital computing and
electronic systems.
Their inputs and outputs are represented by two voltage levels:
➢ "0" (low or false)
➢ "1" (high or true).

Logic Circuits:
Logic circuits are electrical circuits that use logic gates to perform
specific functions based on logical operations. They are fundamental in digital
electronics and are used to build complex systems in computers,
telecommunications, and other electronic devices.
➢ Digital logic circuits can be simulated in the virtual environment by using
simulation software such as Proteus.

Proteus:
Proteus is a software suite used for electronic design automation (EDA)
and simulation. Developed by Lab center Electronics, Proteus is widely used for
designing, testing, and prototyping electronic circuits and systems. It offers a
comprehensive environment for both circuit design and simulation.

Applications of Proteus:

▪ Educational Use
▪ Prototyping:
▪ Embedded Systems Development:
▪ Product Design
• Different Logic Gates and their Proteus Simulation

1) AND Gate:
The AND gate outputs a high signal (1) only when all its inputs
are high (1). Otherwise, it outputs a low signal (0).
Boolean Expression:
X=A.B
Boolean Symbol:

Truth Table:
A B X=A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Proteus Simulation:
2) OR Gate:
The OR gate outputs a high signal (1) if at least one of its inputs is
high (1). It outputs a low signal (0) only when all its inputs are low (0).

Boolean Expression:
X=A+B

Boolean Symbol:

Truth Table:
A B X=A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

Proteus Simulation:
3) NOT Gate:
The NOT gate inverts the input signal. If the input is high (1), the
output is low (0), and vice versa.

Boolean Expression:
X = ~A

Boolean Symbol:

Truth Table:
A X= ~A
0 1
1 0

Proteus Simulation:
4) NAND Gate:
The NAND gate is opposite the AND gate. It outputs a low signal
(0) only when all its inputs are high (1). Otherwise, it outputs a high signal (1).

Boolean Expression:
X = ~(A . B)

Boolean Symbol:

Truth Table:
A B X= ~(A.B)
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Proteus Simulation:
5) NOR Gate:
The NOR gate is the opposite of the OR gate. It outputs a high signal
(1) only when all its inputs are low (0). Otherwise, it outputs a low signal (0).

Boolean Expression:
X = ~(A + B)

Boolean Symbol:

Truth Table:
A B X=~(A+B)
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Proteus Simulation:
6) XOR Gate:
The XOR gate outputs a high signal (1) if the number of high inputs
is odd. For two inputs, it outputs high if one input is high and the other is low.

Boolean Expression:
X = A .(~B) + (~A). B

Boolean Symbol:

Truth Table:
A B X=A.(~B) + (~A). B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Proteus Simulation:
7) XNOR Gate:
The XNOR gate is the opposite of the XOR gate. It outputs a
high signal (1) if the number of high inputs is even. For two inputs, it outputs
high if both inputs are the same.

Boolean Expression:
X = ~(A .(~B) + (~A). B)

Boolean Symbol:

Truth Table:
A B X= ~(A.(~B) + (~A). B)
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Proteus Simulation:
Conclusion:
In short, by using Proteus, we can model, test, and visualize the
behavior of these logic gates and circuits before physical implementation. This
process not only helps in understanding but also in designing sophisticated circuits
that perform specific functions in real-world applications.

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