EXPERIMENT 7
VOLUME OF AN IRREGULAR LAMINA
AIM:
To measure the volume of an irregular lamina using a screw gauge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Screw Gauge, An irregular lamina of uniform thickness, Centimeter graph paper, A pencil
FORMULA:
(See your observation and copy)
DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
Start by determining the thickness of the lamina using the screw gauge, similar to the steps taken to find the
thickness of a wire in a previous experiment.
Lay the lamina on a clean graph paper and trace its boundary with a pencil.
Calculate the area of the lamina by counting the number of small squares within the traced boundary on the
graph paper.
Count those squares, which have fractions greater than half within the boundary as a full square and ignore
those which have less than half within the boundary. Naturally there could be some compensation and the
result will be very near to the actual value.
TABULATION, CALCULATION AND RESULT:
(See your observation and copy)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The wire should not be pressed tightly between stud and spindle.
2. Instrumental error should be determined and necessary correction should be taken.
3. Repeated readings are necessary at different places to ensure uniformity of the wire.
4. Diameter should be measured in one direction and then in perpendicular direction at the same place, to
see whether it is uniform.
5. Parallax error should take care of.
6. The Milled head is always to be turned in the same direction, otherwise back-lash error will occur.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. There might be friction in the screw.
2. Circular scale divisions may not be equally divided.
3. There might not be uniformity in the wire.
4. The sheet and lamina may not be of uniform thickness
EXPERIMENT 8
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
Aim
To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a cooling curve.
Apparatus
Newton’s law of cooling apparatus (a thin-walled copper calorimeter suspended in a double walled enclosure),
two thermometers, clamp and stand, stop clock/watch.
FORMULA
DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH
EXPERIMENT 8
TABULATION
TIME in TEMPERATUR ROOM DIFFERENCE OF TEMPERATURE
minute E (T) in 0C TEMPERATURE T0 ∆T= (T-T0)
0 70 30 40
1 68 30 38
2 66 30 36
3 64 30 34
4 62 30 32
5 61 30 31
6 60 30 30
7 59 30 29
8 58 30 28
9 56 30 26
10 54 30 24
12 53 30 23
14 51 30 21
16 49 30 19
18 46 30 16
20 44 30 14
25 42 30 12
30 38 30 8
35 36 30 6
40 35 30 5
45 34 30 4
GRAPH
Plot the above readings in a graph sheet and paste in record.
PROCEDURE
1. Fill the space between double wall of the enclosure with water and put the enclosure on a laboratory table.
2. Fill the calorimeter two-third with water heated to about 80°C.
3. Suspend the calorimeter inside the enclosure along with a stirrer in it. Cover it with a wooden lid having
a hole in its middle.
4. Suspend from clamp and stand, one thermometer in enclosure water and the other in calorimeter water.
5. Note least count of the thermometers.
6. Set the stop clock/watch at zero and note its least count.
7. Note temperature (T0) of water in enclosure.
8. Start stirring the water in calorimeter to make it cool uniformly.
9. Just when calorimeter water has some convenient temperature reading (say 70°C), note it and start the
stop clock/watch.
10. Continue stirring and note temperature after every one minute. The temperature falls quickly in the
beginning.
11. Note enclosure water temperature after every five minutes.
12. When fall of temperature becomes slow note temperature at interval of two minutes for 10 minutes and
then at interval of 5 minutes.
13. Stop when fall of temperature becomes very slow.
14. Record your observations as given ahead.
Result
The temperature falls quickly in the beginning and then slowly as difference of temperature goes on
decreasing.
This is an agreement with Newton’s law of cooling.
Precautions
1. Double-walled enclosure should be used to maintain surrounding at a constant temperature.
2. Stirring should remain continuous for uniform cooling.
Sources of error
1. Surrounding temperature may change.
2. Parallax error may occur while noting the temperature.
