C

Clinical Analysis Questionnaire CAQ items allow respondents to select the stan-
dard affirmative response and negative response
Jeffrey A. Swails and Karen A. Akao as well as an additional option of an uncertain or
Department of Psychology, Wichita State in-between response (Krug et al. 1980).
University, Wichita, KS, USA

Main Text
Definition
Part 1 The first part is derived from the 16 PF
The CAQ is a self-report questionnaire that mea- (Cattell et al. 1970) and contains 128 items
sures clinical and nonclinical personality traits in divided into 16 subscales. This factor structure
an effort to create a multidimensional personality has been confirmed (Cattell 1973) to represent
profile (Krug et al. 1980). 16 distinct factors exploring the following
nonclinical traits: warmth, intelligence, emotional
stability, dominance, impulsivity, conformity,
Introduction boldness, sensitivity, suspiciousness, imagination,
shrewdness, insecurity, radicalism, self-
The CAQ is a 272-item measure divided into two sufficiency, self-discipline, and tension (see
parts. These two parts were derived from a factor Table 1; Krug et al. 1980).
analysis (Delhees and Cattell 1971a) of the
combined 750 items from the Minnesota Multi- Part 2 The second part of the CAQ contains
phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI, Hathaway 144 items divided into 12 subscales largely
and McKinley 1942), 16 Personality Factor derived from the MMPI and other similar clinical
(16PF, Cattell et al. 1970), and additional patho- scales (see Table 1; Krug et al. 1980). While the
logical scales not part of any formal measure most MMPI is a more comprehensive measure of
succinctly described as belonging to an “MMPI pathology, Part II of the CAQ offered a structuring
item pool” (Krug et al. 1980, p. 1). The number of of pathology in more unitary factors. These uni-
items was then greatly condensed into the tary factors include hypochondriasis, suicidal
two parts of the CAQ that are divided into sub- depression, agitation, anxious depression, low-
scales based on the 28 unitary factors revealed by energy depression, guilt and resentment, boredom
the aforementioned factor analysis (Delhees and and withdrawal, paranoia, psychopathic devia-
Cattell 1971b). In breaking with the tradition from tion, schizophrenia, psychasthenia, and psycho-
the response options of the parent measures, the logical inadequacy. The CAQ and MMPI
# Springer International Publishing AG 2017
V. Zeigler-Hill, T.K. Shackelford (eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_18-1
2 Clinical Analysis Questionnaire

Clinical Analysis Questionnaire, Table1 Subscales of Validity The CAQ has adequate convergent
the clinical analysis questionnaire validity with personality tests such as the Myers-
Part I Part II Briggs Type Indicator, the Revised NEO Person-
Subscale name Abbr. Subscale name Abbr. ality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), and the California
Warmth A Hypochondriasis D1 Psychological Inventory (Krug et al. 1980). It
Intelligence B Suicidal D2 should be noted that there were only moderate
depression
correlations between Part II scales and
Emotional C Agitation D3
stability
corresponding scales in its parent measure the
Dominance E Anxious D4 MMPI (Zaza and Barké 1986). This is reflective
depression of the different methods used to create the CAQ
Impulsivity F Low-energy D5 scales versus the MMPI scales.
depression The factor structure across the entire CAQ has
Conformity G Guilt and D6 been confirmed (Boyle 1987; Krug et al. 1980). In
resentment
addition, the exploration of superordinate factors
Boldness H Boredom and D7
withdrawal
within the clinical analysis questionnaire has spe-
Sensitivity I Paranoia Pa cifically targeted its ability to measure depressive
Suspiciousness L Psychopathic Pp traits. Boyle (1987) confirmed that the CAQ mea-
deviation sures seven separate primary factors of depression
Imagination M Schizophrenia Sc but argues these factors would be best understood
Shrewdness N Psychasthenia As through a smaller number of superordinate
Insecurity O Psychological Ps factors.
inadequacy
Radicalism Q1
Utility The CAQ is a complex personality profile
Self- Q2
that requires the interpretation of licensed and
sufficiency
Self-discipline Q3
trained professionals (Krug et al. 1980). Further-
Tension Q4 more, working knowledge of the CAQ is obtained
Note Parts I and II are presented with their respective scales
in part by working knowledge of the MMPI and
and corresponding abbreviations as presented in the CAQ 16PF. This contributes to the absence of clinical
profile applications of the CAQ as clinicians who would
be able to use the CAQ opt instead for the MMPI
subscales do share names, but they are not identi- or 16PF depending on their goals (Zaza and Barké
cal as the CAQ subscales were organized by sim- 1986). In addition, the CAQ has been criticized
ple structure primary factors and the MMPI for containing too many primary factors making it
subscales were organized by an empirical unwieldy for practical applications (Boyle 1987).
approach (Hathaway and McKinley 1940). Therefore, the utility of the CAQ has been limited
to research. More specifically, CAQ has been used
Reliability The internal reliability of Part in research on clinical psychology (i.e., Boyle
1 (median a = .60) and Part 2 (median a = .71) 1987; Montag and Birenbaum 1986), develop-
is acceptably high (Krug et al. 1980). One-day ment psychopathology (i.e., Belliveau and
test-retest reliability for Part 1 is somewhat Stoppard 1995), health psychology (i.e., Schwarz
concerning as coefficients ranged from 0.51 to and Kowalski 1992; Rubino-Watkins et al. 1999),
0.74. However, as a whole, the CAQ one-day and forensic psychology (i.e., Lorr and Strack
test-retest reliability ranges from 0.67 to 0.90 1994). It should be noted the bulk of the citations
(Krug et al. 1980). of CAQ occurred prior to 2000, which is
Clinical Analysis Questionnaire 3

unsurprising given that the most recent edition of pathological subjects. The Journal of Multivariate
the CAQ manual was published in 1980 (Krug Experimental Personality and Clinical Psychology,
1, 3–12.
et al. 1980). Cattell, R. B., Eber, H. W., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970).
Handbook for the 16 personality factor questionnaire.
Champaign: Institute for Personality and Ability
Conclusion Testing.
Delhees, K. H., & Cattell, R. B. (1971a). The dimensions
of pathology: Proof of their projection beyond the
The CAQ is a psychometrically valid and reliable, normal 16PF source traits. Personality, 2, 149–173.
albeit somewhat outdated, assessment of a person- Delhees, K. H., & Cattell, R. B. (1971b). Manual for the
ality profile including clinical and nonclinical clinical analysis questionnaire. Champaign: IPAT.
Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1940). Multiphasic
traits. It was derived from the MMPI and 16PF personality schedule (Minnesota): Construction of the
with its utility being limited to research. schedule. Journal of Psychology, 10, 249–254.
Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1942). Manual for the
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Cross-References Krug, S. E., Cattell, R. B., & Delhees, K. H. (1980).
Clinical analysis questionnaire manual. Champaign:
▶ 16PF Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
▶ MMPI Lorr, M., & Strack, S. (1994). Personality profiles of
police candidates. Journal of Clinical Psychology,
▶ Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 50, 200–207.
▶ Personality Montag, I., & Birenbaum, M. (1986). Psychopathological
▶ Revised NEO Personality Inventory factors and sensation seeking. Journal of Research in
Personality, 20, 338–348.
Rubino-Watkins, M. F., Doster, J. A., Franks, S.,
Kelly, K. S., Sonnier, B. L., Goven, A. J., &
References Moorefield, R. (1999). Oral contraceptive use: Impli-
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Belliveau, J. M., & Stoppard, J. M. (1995). Parental alco- Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 275–280.
hol abuse and gender as predictors of psychopathology Schwarz, E. D., & Kowalski, J. M. (1992). Personality
in adult children of alcoholics. Addictive Behaviors, characteristics and posttraumatic stress symptoms
20, 619–625. after a school shooting. The Journal of Nervous and
Boyle, G. J. (1987). Psychopathology depression super- Mental Disease, 180, 735–736.
factors measured in the clinical analysis questionnaire. Zaza, A. S., & Barké, C. R. (1986). A review of the clinical
Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 609–614. analysis questionnaire. Journal of Counseling and
Cattell, R. B. (1973). A check on the 28-factor clinical Development, 64, 413–414.
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