MORPHOLOGY IN FLOWERING PLANTS

TYPES OF ROOTS
1) Tap root Carrot , turnip , mustard
2)Fibrous root Wheat
3)Adventitious root Monstera , banyan tree, grass

Modifications of root
1) Prop roots Banyan tree
2) stilt roots Sugarcane and maize
3) pnematophores rhizophora

Modifications of stem
1)underground  Potato
 Ginger
 Turmeric
 Zamainkand
 Colocasia
2)Tendril  Cucumber
 Pumpkin
 Watermelon
 Grapevine
3)Thorns  Citrus
 Bougainvillea
4) Flat  opuntia
5) Cylindrical  euphorbia
6)Stolen  mint
 jasmine
7)offset  Pistia
 Eichhornia (water hyacinth)
7)Sucker  Pineapple
 Chrysanthemum
 Banana

Types of Leaves
1)Pinnately Neem
2)Palmately Silk cotton

Modifications of Leaves
1)Spines Cactus
2)Tendril pea
3)storage onion
4)small and short lived Australian acacia
leaves, Petioles expand
5)Insectivorous plant Pitcher plant , venus fly trap

Phyllotaxy
1)Alternate Mustard , sunflower , china rose
2)Opposite Calotropis , guava
3)Whorled Alstonia
 Types of symmetry in flower
1)Actionomorphic Mustard, datura , chilli
2)Zygomorphic Pea , bean , gulmohar , cassia
3)Asymmetric Canna

Types of ovary
1)Hypogynous Mustard , china rose , brinjal
2)Perigynous Rose , plum , peach
3)Epigynous Guava , cucumber , ray florets
of sunflower

Types of Aestivation
1)Valvate Calotropis
2)Twisted China rose, Lady finger ,cotton
3)Imbricate Cassia , gulmohar
4)Vexillary/Papilionaceous Pea , bean

Types of Placentation
1)Marginal Pea
2)Axile China rose , tomato , lemon
3)Parietal Mustard, Argemone
4)Free-central Dianthus , primrose
5)Basal Sunflower , marigold
 PLANT FAMILIES
1)Fabeaceae  Pulses
 Edible oil= soyabean, groundnut
 Dye= Indigofera
 Fibres= Sunhemp
 Fodder= sesbania , trifolium
 Ornamentals= lupin , sweet pea
 Medicine= muliathi
2)Solanaceae  Food= brinjal , potato
 Chilli
 Medicine= belladonna , ashwagandha
 Tobacco
 Ornamentals= petunia
3)Liliaceae  Ornamentals= tulip, gloriosa
 Medicine = aloe
 Vegetable= asparagus
 Colchicines (colchicum autumnale)
 Onion (allium cepa)
4)Brassicace  Mustard
 Cabbage
 Turnip
 Raddish
 Cauliflower

Miscellaneous examples
1) perianth Lily
2) variation in filament in Salvia , mustard
length(androcieum)
3)monoadelphous stamen China rose
4) diadelphous stamen Pea
5)polyadelphous stamen Citrus
6)syncarpous(carpels fused) Mustard , tomato

7)apocarpous(carpels free) Lotus , rose

8)Racemose inflorescence Fabaceae and brassicaceae

9)Cymose inflorescence Solanaceae and liliaceae

10)Drupe Mango and cocunut

11) Non endospermous  Pulses(pea, bean, gram)

seeds (dicots) *Castor is dicot but
endosprmous seed*

12) Endospermous seeds  Grasses

(monocots) *orchids are monocots but
non endospermic seeds.
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

1) Pollen remains viable for 30 min Rice and wheat

2) Pollen remains viable for months  Solanaceae
 Rosaceae
 Leguminoseae

3) One ovule present in ovary  Wheat

 Paddy(rice)
 Mango
4) Many ovules present in ovary  Papaya
 Watermelon
 Orchids
5) Apocarpous pistil (multicarpellary)  Michelia

6) Syncarpous pistil (multicarpellary)  Papaver

POLLINATION
1) Autogamy  Viola (common pansy)
 Oxalis
 Commenlina
2) Abiotic agents  Wind
 Water

3) Biotic agents  Animals = bees , butterflies ,

moths , beetles , wasps
 Primates = Lemurs , tree
dwelling rodents
  Reptiles = gecko lizards ,
garden lizard
4) Wind pollination ( Anemophilly)  Grasses
5) Water  Algae
 Bryophytes
 Pteridophytes
 Valliseneria and hydrilla
(Epihydrophilly)
 Zostera (Hypohydrophilly)

 In Eichornia (water hyacinth) and water lily pollination

takes by wind/insect.

1) False fruits  Apple

 Strawberry
 Cashew

2) Parthenocarpic fruits  Banana

 Grapes
3) Persistant nucellus  Black pepper
(Perisperm)  sugarbeet
4) Apomixis  Asteraceae
 Grasses
5) Polyembryony  Citrus
 Mango
6) Lupin articus  10,000 years old seed
 In Artic tundra
7) Phoenix dactylifera (Date  2000 years old seed
palm)  King herod’s place
 ORGANIMS AND POPULATION

Adaptations
1) Kangroo rat  Internal fat oxidation
 Concentrate its urine
2) Desert plants  Thick cuticle
 Sunken stomata
 CAM mechanism
3) Mammals in colder  Have short ear and
ssssssssssssssclimate limbs(ALLEN RULE)
4) Seals  Have thick layer of fat
(Blubber)
5) Altitude sickness  Increase in RBC
 Increase in breathing
rate
 Decrease binding
capacity with Hb
6) Antartic fishes  Anti freeze substance
7) Desert lizzards  Get to sun when cold
 Move into shade
when hot
 Population Interaction
1) Mutualism(+ +)  Lichen
 Mycorhiza
 Fig and fig wasp
 Orchid and bees

2) Commenelism(+ 0)  Epiphyte on mango

branch
 Barnacles on the back of
a whale
 Sea anemone and clown
fish
 Cattle egrets and grazing
cattle
3) Predation (+ +)  Prickly pear cactus and
cactus feeding moth

4) Parisitism (+ -)  Brood parasitism(cuckoo

and crow)
 Cuscuta
 Malarial parasite
(Plasmodium)

5) Competition (- -)  Barnacle Balanus and

Barnacle chathamalus
 Abingdon tortoise and goats
6) Ammenalism(- 0)  Bacteria and penicilium
1) Regulators  All birds and mammals
 Few lower vertebrates and
invertebrates
2) Conformers  99% animals
 All plants

3) Migrate  Keolado national park host

thousands of migratory
birds coming from Siberia

4) Suspend  Bears =
hibernation(winters)
 Snails and fish =
Aestivation(summers)
 Zooplankton =
Diapauses

5) Indian biomes  Desert

 Tropical rain forest
 Tropical deciduous forest
 Sea cost
 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

Microbes in household products

1) Lactic acid Bacteria (LAB)  Increase vit. B12
 Convert milk to curd
2) Toddy (south india)  Made by fermenting sap
from palms
3) Propionibacterium sharmanii  Swiss cheese
SSSSSSSSSSSS((bacteria)
4) Penicilium roqueforti (Fungi)  Roquefort cheese

5) Sacharomyces cervisiae  Used in making bread

SSSSSSSSSSSS(Baker’s Yeast)

Fermented beverages
1) Wine and beer Without distillation
2) Whisky , brandy, rum With distillation

Microbes for commercial and industrial production

1) Aspeigillus niger (fungus) Citric acid
2) Acetobacter aceti Acetic acid
aaaaaaaaaa(bacteria)
3) Clostridium butylicium Butyric acid
ssssssssssssss (bacteria)
4) Sacromyces cervisiae Production of ethanol
aaaaaaaa(yeast)
5) Lipase Used in detergents for
removing oil stains
6) Pectinase and protease Cleaning fruit juice bottles
7) Streptococcus(bacteria)  streptokinase
 Clot buster(remove clots
of patient of heart
attack)
8) Trichoderma polysporum  Cyclosporin A
ssssssssss(fungi)  Used as
immunosuppressive
agent in organ
transplant patient
9) Monascus purpureus  Statin
sssssssssss(yeast)  Blood-cholestrol
lowering agent

Biocontrol Agents
1) Bt cotton
2) Trichoderma ssssFree living fungi
3) Baculovirus  Insect group specific
 Genus nucleopolyhedrovirus
4) Ladybirds and dragon  Get rid of Aphids and
ssssssssssssssssssssflies mosquitos respectively.
 BIOFERTILISERS
1) Bacteria  Rhizobium
 Azobacter
 Azospirillum
2) Fungi  Members of genus
Glomus form mycorhiza
3) Cyanobacteria  Anabaena
 Nostoc
 Oscillatoria
 BIOMOLECULES

1) Micromolecule/Acid soluble  Amino acid

 Nucleotides
 Inorganic compunds

2) Macromolecule/Acid  Proteins
insoluble  Nucleic acid
 Polysaccharide
 Lipids

AMINO ACIDS
1) Acidic  Glumatic acid
 Aspartic acid
2) Basic  Lysine
3) Neutral  Valine
4) Aromatic  Tyrosine
 Tryptophan
 Phenylalanine

LIPIDS
1) Simple  Oils= gingelly oil
 Fats= Palmitic , arachidonic
 wax
2) Compound  Phospholipids (lecithin)
 Glycolipids
3) Derived  Cholestrol

Carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharides  Glucose
 Fructose
 Ribose
2) Oligosaccharides  Maltose
 Lactose
 Sucrose
3) Polysaccharides  Cellulose
 Starch
 Glycogen
 Chitin
 Inulin

PROTEINS

1) Collagen Most abundant in animal world

2) RuBisCO Most abuntant in biosphere
3) Trypsin enzyme
4) Insulin Hormone
5) Antibody Fight infectious agents
6) GLUT- 4 Glucose transport to cells
 SECONDARY METABOLITES
1) Pigments  Caretrnoids
 Anthocyanins

2) Alkaloids  Morphine
 Codeine
3) Terpenoids  Monoterpenes
 Diterpenes

4) Essential oils  Lemon grass oil

5) Toxins  Abrin
 Ricin
6) Lecitin  Concanavalin A
7) Drugs  Vinblastin
 curcumin
8) Polymeric substances  rubber
 gums
 cellulose

Co - Factors
1) Prosthetic Group  Haem (Fe2+) in peroxidise
and catalase

2) Co-enzymes  NAD
 NADP
These both contain
vitamin niacin

3) Metal ions  Zinc = Carboxypeptidase

 ANIMAL TISSUES

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM (single layered)

1) Squamous epi.  Walls of blood vessels
 Air sacs of lungs(alveoli)
2) Cuboidal epi.  Brush ordered(microvilli) = PCT of nephron
 Ciliated epi. = parts of nephron and collecting
duct
3) Columnar epi.  Glandular epi. = Stomach and intestine
 Ciliated epi. = bronchioles and fallopian
tubes

Compound epi.  Dry surface of skin

(Multilayered)  Moist surface of buccal cavity
 Pharynx
 Inner lining of salivary gland and
pancreatic ducts
Unicellular glandular cells  Goblet cells of alimentary cells

Multicellular glandular cells  Salivary gland

Connective Tissue
1) Loose C.T  Areolar tissue( beneath skin)
 Adipose tissue
2) Dense C.T  Dense regular = Tendon
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss Ligaments
  Dense Irregular = in Skin
3) Specialised C.T  Skeletal = cartilage , bone
 Fluid = Blood , Lymph

Types of Cartilage
1) Hyaline  Nasal septum
 Larynx
 Rings of trachea and bronchi
2) Elastic  Tip of nose
 Ear pinna
 Epiglottis

3) Fibrous  Pubic symphysis

 Intervertebral disc

4) Calcified  Patella

Muscle Tissue
1) Skeletal muscles  Biceps
 Limbs etc.
2) Smooth muscles  Blood vessels
 Stomach
 Intestine

3) Cardiac muscles  Heart

 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom Monera
1) Archaebacteria  Halophiles(salty areas)
 Thermoacidophiles(hot springs)
 Methanogens(marshy areas)

2) Eubacteria  Photosynthetic autotrophs

(true bacteria) (cyanobacteria = anabaena and
nostoc known as Heterocyst)
 Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
 Heterotrophic bacteria(most
Abundant)

example Mycoplasma(smallest living cell and

Without cell wall )

Kingdom Protista
1) Chrysophytes Diatoms and desmids
(golden algae)
2) Dinoflagelelates Gonyaulax ( Red dinoflagellate)
3) Euglenoids Euglena
4) Slime Moulds
5) Protozoans  Amoeboid (amoeba)
 Flagellated(trypanosoma
= Sleeping sickness)
 Ciliated(paramecium)
 Sporozoans(plasmodium
= Malarial parasite )

Kingdom Fungi
1) Phycomycetes Rhizopus , albugo , mucor.
2)Ascomycetes(sac fungi) Claviceps , Asperigillus ,
neurospora , penicilium , yeast
, morels and truffles (edible).
Agaricus , ustilago(smut) ,
3)Basidiomycets(puffballs or
bracket fungi) puccinia(rust fungi).
4)Deuteromycetes(imperfect Colletrichum , Alternaria ,
fungi) Trichoderma.

VIRUSES
Examples  TMV(tobacco mosaic virus = ssRNA)
 Bacteriophage (ds DNA)
 HIV
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

NON CHORDATES
1) Phylum porifera  Sycon (scypha)
 Spongilla(fresh water sponge)
 Euspongia(bath sponge)
2)Colentrata(Cnidaria)  Hydra = Polyp
 Adamsia(Sea anemone)=Polyp
 Aurelia(jelly fish)=Medusa
 Obelia (exihibit metagenesis)
 Physalia(Portuguese man of war)
 Pennatula(sea pen)
 Gorgonia(sea fan)
 Meandrina(Brain coral)

3) Ctenophora  Pleurobrachia
 Ctenoplana
4) Platyhelminthes  Planaria
 Taenia(Tapeworm)
 Fasciola(Liver Fluke)
5)Ascelminthes  Ascaris(round worm)
 Wucheria(Filaria worm)
 Ancyclostoma(hookworm)
6) Annelida  Nereis
 Pheretima(Earthworm)
 Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech)
7)Arthropoda  Economically important=
apis(bee) ,
Bombyx(Silkworm),
Laccifer(lac insect)

 Vectors=
Anopheles , culex , aedes

 Gregarious pest= Locust

 Living fossil= Limulus(king

crab)

8)Mollusca  Pila(apple snail)

 Pinctada(Pearl Oyster)
 Sepia(Cuttlefish)
 Loligo(squid)
 Octopus(devil fish)
 Aplysia(sea hare)
 Dentalium(tusk shell)
 Chaetopleura(chiton)

9)Echinodermata  Asterias(star fish)

 Echinus(sea urchin)
 Antedon ( sea lily)
 Cucumaria(sea cucumber)
 Ophiura(brittle star)
10)Hemichordata  Saccloglossus
 Balanoglossus

CHORDATES

1) Urochordata(tunicata) Ascidia , salpa , doliolum

2) Cephalochordata Branchiostoma(amphioxus
or lancelet )

3)Vertebrates

i. Cyclostomata  Petromyzon(lamprey)
 Myxine(hag fish)
ii. chondrichtyes  Scoliodon(dog fish)
 Pristis(saw fish)
 Trygon(sting ray)
 Carcharodon(white
shark)

iii. osteiochthyes  Exocoetus(flying fish)

 Hippocampus(sea horse )
 Rohu(labeo)
 Catla
 Clarias(magur)
 Betta(fighting fish)
 Pterophylum(angel fish)
iv. amphibia  bufo(toad)
 rana(frog)
 hyla (tree frog)
 salamandra
 Ichthyophis (limbless
amphibia)

v. reptiles  chelone(turtle)
 Testudo(tortoise)
 Chameleon(tree lizard)
 Calotes(garden lizard)
 Crocodile
 Alligater
 Hemidactylus(wall lizard)
 Naja(cobra)
 Bangarus(krait)
 Viper
vi. aves  corvus(crow)
 Columba(pigeon)
 Psittacula(parrot)
 Stuthio(ostrich)
 Pavo (peacock)
 Aptenodytes(penguin)
 Neophron(vulture)

vii. mammals  ornithorynchus(platypus)

 macropus(kangaroo)
 canis(dog)
 felis(cat)
 eqqus(horse)
 Panther tigris(tiger)
 Panthera lio(lion)
 Balenoptera(blue
whale)
 Delphinus(dolphin)
 Pteropus(flying fox)
 Macaca(monkey)
 Plant Kingdom

Algae
1) Isogamous Repro. Ulothrix(flagellated)
Spirogyra(non flagellated)
2) Anisogamous Repro. Udorina
3) Oogamous Repro Volvox and Fucus
4) Colonial forms Volvox
5) Filamentous forms Ulothrix and spirogyra

6) Marine algae used as food Poryphyra , laminaria ,

sargassum
7) Single cell protein Chlorella
(used by space travelers)
8) Algae producing Algin (brown)
Hydrocolloids Carageen (red)
(water holding substances)
7) Chlorophyceae(green) Chlamydomonas , Chara ,
spirogyra, ulothrix, volvox
8) Phaeophyceae(brown) Sargassum, ectocarpus ,
dictyoyta , laminaria , fucus
9) Rhodophyceae(red) Polysiphonia , poryphyra ,
gracilaria , gelidium

Bryophytes
1) Liverworts Marchantia
2) Mosses Funaria , polytrichum , sphagnum
 Pteridophtyes
1) Psilopsida Psilotum
2) Lycopsida Selaginella , lycopodium
3) Sphenopsida Equisetum
4) Pteropsida Dryopteris , pteris ,
adiantum
5) Homosporous Majority
6) Heterosporous Selaginella and Salvania

7) Strobili/cones Selaginella and equisetum

8) Microphylls Selaginella
(small leaves)

9) Macrophylls Ferns
(large leaves)

Gymnosperms
1) Giant redwood Sequoia (tallest tree species)
tree
2) examples Pinus , cedrus , cycas , ginkgo
3) branched stem Pinus , cedrus
4) unbranched stem Cycas
5) Bisexual gymno. Pinus (mycorhiza)
(male and female on same
branch)
6) Unisexual Cycas (corraloid roots)
 Angiosperms
1)Smallest trees Wolfia
2)Tall trees Eucalyptus(over 100m)
3) examples Monocots and Dicots

Plant Life Cycles

1)Haplontic Algae except some
2)Diplontic Gymnosperm,
angiosperm and Fucus

3)Haplo-diplontic Bryophytes ,
pteridophytes ,
ectocarpus ,polysiphonia
and kelps