UNIT -1

# Energy
Energy ko hum define karte hain as the capacity of any object to do work. Jab hum
alag-alag energy forms aur unke conversion ko study karte hain, toh wo energy
science kehlata hai.
 Types of Energy Sources
1.Primary & Secondary energy sources
o Primary Energy Sources: Primary energy wo hai jo nature mein naturally milti hai ya
stored hoti hai, jaise coal, oil, natural gas, aur biomass (jaise wood).

o Secondary Energy Sources: Secondary energy wo sources hote hain jo primary sources
se convert hote hain. Example ke liye, electricity jo oil, natural gas ya coal se banayi jati
hai.

2. Commercial & Non-commercial sources

o Commercial Energy Sources: Commercial energy wo energy sources hain jo market
mein available hoti hain aur jinko ek definite price pe kharida ja sakta hai, jaise
electricity, coal, oil, etc.

o Non-Commercial Energy Sources : Non-commercial energy wo sources hain jo market

mein price pe available nahi hote, yaani ye traditional fuels hote hain, jaise agro waste,
animal dung, etc.

3.Renewable (Non-Conventional) & Non-renewable (Conventional) Energy

sources
o Renewable Energy Sources: Renewable energy sources wo hote hain jo kabhi khatam
nahi hote, yaani ye inexhaustible hote hain aur baar baar energy produce kar sakte
hain. Jaise sun, water, etc.

o Non-Renewable Energy Sources: Non-renewable energy sources wo hote hain jo

exhaustible hote hain, yaani ek baar use karne ke baad replace nahi kiye ja sakte. Jaise
coal, oil,gas, etc.
Summary:

 Energy: Kaam karne ki ability.

 Primary Energy: Jo nature mein directly milti hai (coal, oil).

 Secondary Energy: Jo primary se convert hoti hai (electricity from coal).

 Commercial Energy: Market mein bikti hai (electricity, oil).

 Non-Commercial Energy: Free aur traditional fuels (agro waste, dung).

 Renewable: Baar-baar use ho sakti hai (sun, water).

 Non-Renewable: Ek baar use hone ke baad khatam ho jati hai (coal, oil).
# Renewable and Non Renewable Energy resources
Renewable Energy Resources
 Definition:
Renewable energy resources wo energy sources hain jo naturally regenerate hote hain
aur human timescale par khatam nahi hote. Ye inexhaustible hote hain aur natural
processes ke through wapas aa jate hain.
 Examples:
o Solar Energy: Suraj ki roshni se generate hoti hai, jab tak suraj hai, tab tak
available hai.
o Wind Energy: Hawa ki natural movement ko harness karke energy produce hoti
hai.
o Hydropower: Paani ke natural cycle par based hota hai, jo sun aur gravity ke
wajah se kaam karta hai.

Non-Renewable Energy Resources

 Definition:
Non-renewable energy resources wo hote hain jo finite quantity mein available hain aur
human timescale par replenish nahi hote. Ye resources geological aur biological
processes ke through millions of years mein bante hain. Ek baar khatam hone par inhe
replace karna short term mein possible nahi hota.
 Examples:
o Fossil Fuels: Jaise coal, oil, aur natural gas jo Earth ke crust se extract kiye jate
hain.

Smart Summary (Hinglish)

 Renewable Energy: Natural process se wapas aane wale sources (solar, wind,
hydropower).
 Non-Renewable Energy: Limited quantity mein available aur replace nahi ho sakte (coal,
oil, gas).
# Discuss the main features of various types of renewable
energy and non renewable energy sources?
Renewable Energy Sources
1. Solar Energy
o What?
Sura j ki roshni se energy generate hoti hai, jo solar panels ya thermal collectors
ke zariye capture ki jati hai.

o Features:
 Unlimited Supply: Jab tak suraj hai, tab tak energy milegi.
 Environment Friendly: Koi greenhouse gases ya pollution nahi hota.
 Versatile: Bijli banane, paani garam karne, aur vehicles chalane ke liye
use hoti hai.
2. Wind Energy
o What?
Hawa ki kinetic energy ko wind turbines ke through capture karke energy
banayi jati hai.
o Features:
 Clean and Renewable: Koi harmful emissions nahi hoti.
 Cost-Effective: Turbines lagane ke baad operational cost kam hoti hai.
 Location-Specific: Hawa zyada hone wale areas (coastal ya plains)
chahiye.
3. Hydropower (Water Energy)
o What?
Bahte paani (rivers/dams) ki energy se electricity generate hoti hai.
o Features:
 Reliable: Jab tak water cycle chalu hai, energy consistent rahegi.
 High Energy Output: Bade dams se zyada energy milti hai (e.g., Bhakra
Nangal Dam).
 Environmental Impact: Dams ecosystem disrupt karte hain aur
communities ko displace karte hain.
4. Biomass Energy
o What?
Organic materials (wood, waste, manure) ko burn karke ya biofuels mein
convert karke energy banayi jati hai.
o Features:
 Sustainable: Organic materials regrow ho sakti hain.
 Waste Reduction: Waste ko use karke energy milti hai.
 Challenges: CO2 aur pollutants generate karte hain, lekin fossil fuels se
kam.
5. Geothermal Energy
o What?
Earth ke crust ke neeche wali heat se energy milti hai (e.g., hot springs, volcanic
regions).
 o Features:
 Consistent: Weather par dependent nahi hai, hamesha energy milti hai.
 Low Emissions: Greenhouse gases bohot kam produce hoti hain.
 Location-Limited: Sirf geothermal active areas (e.g., Iceland, Ladakh)
mein available hai.
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
1. Coal
o What?
Ancient plants ke remains pressure aur heat ke karan coal banate hain.
o Features:
 High Energy Output: Electricity aur industries ke liye efficient hai.
 Abundant: India mein easily available hai.
 Environmental Impact: Zyada CO2 produce karta hai, global warming
ka reason banta hai.
2. Oil (Petroleum)
o What?
Liquid fossil fuel jo underground reservoirs se extract hota hai aur fuels mein
refine hota hai (e.g., diesel, petrol).
o Features:
 Widely Used: Transport aur industries ke liye major energy source hai.
 Pollution: Burn karne se greenhouse gases aur air pollutants bante
hain.
 Extraction Risks: Oil spills oceans ko damage karte hain
3. Natural Gas
o What?
Methane-based fossil fuel jo oil ke saath milta hai aur electricity, heating, aur
industries ke liye use hota hai.
o Features:
 Cleaner: Coal aur oil ke comparison mein emissions kam hoti hain.
 Versatile: Electricity, heating aur industries ke raw material ke liye
useful hai.
4. Nuclear Energy
o What?
Uranium atoms ke fission se immense energy generate hoti hai.
o Features:
 High Energy Density: Uranium ke chhoti quantity se bohot energy milti
hai.
 No Carbon Emissions: Operation ke dauraan greenhouse gases nahi
banti.
 Challenges: Radioactive waste ka safe disposal aur plant accidents ka
risk.

Smart Summary (Hinglish)

 Renewable Energy: Sustainable aur unlimited sources (solar, wind, hydropower).
 Non-Renewable Energy: Limited aur exhaustible sources (coal, oil, nuclear).
 Explain the importance of non conventional
energy sources in the context of global warming?
Importance of Non-Conventional Energy Sources in Global
Warming
1. Reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
o Clean Energy Production: Renewable sources (solar, wind,
hydropower) energy banate hain bina CO₂ ya harmful gases emit
kiye.
o Example: Solar power plants electricity banate hain bina fossil
fuels jalaye, directly CO₂ emissions reduce karte hain.

2. Sustainable Energy Supply

o Infinite Resources: Fossil fuels khatam ho jate hain, lekin
renewable energy (sunlight, wind) kabhi khatam nahi hote.
o Example: Solar energy har din available hai aur wind energy
hawa ki power ko harness karti hai.

3. Reduction in Air Pollution

o Cleaner Air: Fossil fuels jalane se SO₂, NOx, aur particulate
matter release hota hai, jo hawa kharab karte hain. Renewable
energy pollution-free hai.
o Impact: Clean air se health improve hoti hai aur respiratory aur
heart diseases reduce hoti hain.

4. Economic and Environmental Benefits

o Job Creation: Solar panels, wind turbines banane aur install
karne ke kaaran naye jobs create hote hain.
o Natural Resources ki Conservation: Fossil fuels pe dependence
kam hone se overextraction aur ecosystem ka damage prevent
hota hai.

5. Mitigation of Climate Change Effects

o Temperature Control: Renewable energy GHG emissions ko
kam karke global temperature ko stabilize karte hain.
o Example: Wind aur solar energy adopt karne wale countries apni
carbon footprint noticeably reduce karte hain.
o Impact: Global warming slow hone se glaciers melt hone,
droughts aur storms ke intensify hone ke chances kam hote hain.

Smart Hinglish Summary

 Renewable energy (solar, wind, etc.) CO₂ emissions ko kam karke global
warming ko control karta hai.
 Cleaner air aur resources save hone ke saath economic growth bhi hoti
hai.
 Solar Energy
 Definition: Surya sabhi prakaar ki urja ka mool srot hai. Surya se
enormous energy release hoti hai continuous nuclear fusion reaction
ke kaaran.

Advantages of Solar Energy

1. Abundant and Free: Solar energy bharpoor matra mein aur free of cost
available hai. Yeh inexhaustible hai aur human existence tak sufficient
rahega.
2. Pollution-Free: Iska koi pollution nahi hota aur iska operating aur
maintenance cost low hota hai.
3. No Transport or Storage Issues: Fossil fuels ke jaise transportation,
storage ya handling ke liye koi special arrangement ki zarurat nahi hoti.

Smart Hinglish Summary

 Solar energy ka source surya hai, jo nuclear fusion ke through
unlimited energy deta hai.
 Yeh pollution-free aur low maintenance hai, aur handling ki koi extra
zarurat nahi hoti.

 Solar Cells
 Definition: Solar cells ek solid-state electronic device hai jo solar
radiation ki electromagnetic energy ko directly DC electricity mein
convert karta hai. Ye conversion solar cell ke andar hota hai.
 Working:
o Jab sunlight solar cell pe girti hai, electrons loose ho jate hain
aur front surface ki taraf move karte hain.
o Isse front aur back surfaces ke beech electron imbalance create
hota hai.
o Connector (wire) se dono surfaces join hone par electric current
flow karta hai.

Solar Cell Materials

 Main Material: Silicon (90% applications ke liye use hota hai).
 Other Materials: Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs),
Zinc Telluride (ZnTe).
 Band Gap Energy: Maximum efficiency 1.12 eV-2.3 eV band gap energy
par milti hai.
 

Principle of Solar Photovoltaic

 Solar radiation ko electrical energy mein convert karne ka tarika
photovoltaic cell (solar cell) ka use karke hota hai.
 Materials Used: Semiconductor materials jaise silicon (Si) aur gallium
arsenide (GaAs).

Photovoltaic Effect
 Photovoltaic effect ek fundamental process hai jisme solar energy ko
directly electrical energy mein convert kiya jata hai photovoltaic (PV)
cell ke through.

Smart Hinglish Summary

 Solar cells sunlight ko directly electricity mein convert karte hain using
semiconductor materials like silicon.
 Photovoltaic effect is the core phenomenon jo solar energy se electricity
produce karta hai.
 Describe the main elements of a PV system by
giving a suitable diagram?
Photovoltaic (PV) System Ek PV system multiple interconnected
components se milkar banta hai jo sunlight ko usable electricity mein
convert karte hain. Yeh saare components ek saath seamlessly kaam karte
hain.
 Explanation:
Solar energy ko directly electricity mein badalne ke liye PV system mein
solar panels, charge controller, battery, inverter aur cables use kiye
jaate hain.
Main Elements of PV System:
1. Solar Panels (PV Modules)
o Description: Solar panels mein multiple photovoltaic (PV) cells
hote hain jo sunlight ko electricity mein convert karte hain
(photovoltaic effect).
o Purpose:
 Sunlight absorb karke DC electricity generate karta hai.
 Cells mostly silicon material se bante hain.
2. Charge Controller
o Description: Solar panels, battery aur load ke beech electricity
ka flow regulate karta hai.
o Purpose:
 Battery ko overcharging aur short circuit se bachata hai.
 System ki safety aur battery ki life extend karta hai.
3. Battery
o Description: Solar panels dwara generate ki gayi extra energy ko
store karta hai.
o Purpose:
 Raat ke samay ya cloudy weather mein power supply deta
hai.
 Common types: Lead-acid aur Lithium-ion (zyada efficient
aur long-lasting).
4. Inverter
o Description: DC electricity ko AC electricity mein convert karta
hai, jo zyada tar appliances use karte hain.
o Functions:
 Household appliances ke saath compatible banata hai.
 Voltage aur frequency regulate karta hai.
o Types:
1. Stand-Alone Inverter
2. Grid-Tied Inverter
3. Hybrid Inverter
5. Cables and Wiring
o Function: System ke components ko connect karta hai aur
electricity ka flow ensure karta hai.
o Key Features:
 Energy losses minimize karne ke liye sahi size ke cables.
 Environmental conditions ke liye insulated hote hain.
6. Grid Connection
o Description: PV system local utility grid ke sath connected hota
hai jo two-way electricity exchange allow karta hai.
o Purpose:
 Flexible power supply deta hai.
 Excess energy generate hone par grid ko supply karta hai
aur jab solar energy insufficient ho to grid se energy leta
hai.
 Q-Explain the mechanism of photoconduction in
a PV cell in detail?
Photoconduction Mechanism in PV Cells:
Photoconduction in PV cell ka matlab hai ki jab sunlight (photons) semiconductor
material par padti hai, toh usse material ki electrical conductivity badh jaati hai aur current
generate hota hai. Yeh mechanism solar energy conversion ka basic foundation hai, jo
photovoltaic effect ke through kaam karta hai.

Working Mechanism:
1. P-N Junction:
o Jab sunlight photovoltaic cell par padti hai, photons ka energy semiconductor
material ko excite kar deti hai. Isse n-side (negative side) ke free electrons p-
side (positive side) ki taraf move karte hain, aur p-side ke holes n-side ki taraf
move karte hain.
o Yeh movement electrons aur holes ke imbalance ko balance karta hai.

2. Electric Field Creation:

o Sunlight absorb hone par electrons aur holes ka movement p-n junction par
electric field create karta hai. Yeh field n-side se p-side ki taraf hota hai aur yeh
field charge carriers ke diffusion se banta hai, jo equilibrium voltage (built-in
potential Vbi) tak grow karta hai.
o Yeh electric field important hai kyunki yeh electrons aur holes ko separate
karta hai aur unhe recombine hone se rokta hai, jisse current flow hota hai.
3. Electric Current Generation:
o Jab electrical contacts p-n junction ke dono sides par banaye jaate hain aur
external conductor se connect kiya jaata hai, electrons n-side se p-side ki taraf
flow karte hain, jisse electric current generate hota hai.
o Yeh current tab tak flow karta rahega jab tak sunlight se naye free electrons
aur holes generate hote hain.

4. Solar Cell Output:

o P-type aur N-type semiconductors ka combination photovoltaic (PV) cell ya
solar cell banata hai, jo direct current (DC) electricity produce karta hai. Agar
zarurat ho toh is DC ko alternating current (AC) mein convert kiya ja sakta
hai.

Types of Solar Cells:

1. Monocrystalline Silicon Cells (Band Gap: 1.12 eV):

o Silicon ko boron se doped karke p-type semiconductor banaya jaata hai.
o Monocrystalline rods silicon se nikali jaati hain aur thin wafers mein sawed ki
jaati hain.
o Upper layer ko phosphorous se doped karke n-type semiconductor banaya jaata
hai. Yeh p-n junction banata hai.
o Maximum Efficiency: 24%.

2. Polycrystalline Silicon Cells (Band Gap: 1.12 eV):

o Liquid silicon ko blocks mein pour karke plates banai jaati hain.
o Material ke solidify hone par crystallites form hote hain jo cooling condition
ke upar depend karte hain.
o Polycrystalline silicon cells low cost par hote hain par inki efficiency low hoti
hai.
o Maximum Efficiency: 17.8%.

3. Amorphous Silicon Cells (Band Gap: 1.75 eV):

o Silicon ka film glass ya kisi aur substrate material par deposit kiya jaata hai,
jise amorphous ya thin layer cell kehte hain.
o Yeh cells ka thickness 1 micron se kam hota hai, isliye production cost low hoti
hai.
o Inki efficiency low hoti hai, isliye yeh low-power devices mein use hote hain.
o Maximum Efficiency: 13%.
 Solar Cell Array
Solar cell array ek group hota hai interconnected solar cells ka, jo milke sunlight ko electricity
mein convert karte hain. Solar cells chhote aur flat devices hote hain jo semiconductor
materials, jaise silicon, se bane hote hain. Yeh photovoltaic effect ka use karke solar energy
ko direct current (DC) electricity mein badalte hain. Ek single solar cell se kam electricity
produce hoti hai, isliye kai cells ko combine karke ek array banaya jata hai jo zyada energy
produce kar sake.

Main Components of a Solar Cell Array:

1. Solar Cells:
o Yeh basic units hoti hain jo sunlight ko DC electricity mein convert karti hain.
o Semiconductor materials se bani hoti hain, jo photons ko absorb karke
electrons ko excite karti hain aur electricity generate karti hain.
2. Modules or Panels:
o Yeh interconnected solar cells ka set hota hai jo ek unit banata hai.
o Modules zyada output provide karte hain kyunki inmein kai cells hoti hain.
3. Array:
o Multiple solar panels ko connect karke array banaya jaata hai, jo specific
energy requirements ko meet karta hai.
o Arrays ko residential, commercial, ya industrial purposes ke liye design kiya
jaata hai.

Array Designs:
1. Flat-Plate Arrays:
o Flat-plate arrays aise solar panels hote hain jisme solar cells ek rigid surface
par fix hote hain strong adhesive se.
o Yeh surface cells ko protect karta hai aur unhe crack hone se bachata hai.
o Yeh design initially space applications ke liye develop kiya gaya tha.
o Alag-alag sizes mein banaye jaate hain taaki diverse power needs ko fulfill kiya
ja sake.
2. Concentrating Arrays:
o Concentrating arrays optical devices jaise Fresnel lenses, parabolic mirrors, ya
compound parabolic concentrators (CPC) ka use karte hain sunlight ko
photovoltaic cells par focus karne ke liye.
o Yeh systems zyada sunlight capture karne ke liye banaye jaate hain taaki solar
cells zyada efficient ho sakein.
o Yeh technology nayi hai aur abhi development phase mein hai, isliye flat-plate
arrays ki comparison mein kam concentrating arrays banaye gaye hain.
Que. What are the various direct and indirect
applications of Solar Energy?
 Direct Applications of Solar Energy
Direct applications mein solar energy ko bina kisi conversion ke turant use kiya jaata hai, jaise
electricity ya heat banane ke liye. Yeh applications kuch is tarah hain:
1. Solar Water Heating:
o Application: Solar thermal collectors ka use hota hai water ko heat karne ke liye
domestic, commercial, aur industrial use ke liye.
o Examples: Ghar ke liye hot water systems, swimming pools, aur industrial
processes.
2. Solar Cooking:
o Application: Solar cookers ka use hota hai food ko directly cook karne ke liye
sunlight ke heat se.
o Examples: Rural areas ya off-grid locations mein solar cookers jahan traditional
cooking fuels ki kami hoti hai.
3. Solar Drying:
o Application: Solar dryers ka use hota hai sunlight ke through products, jaise
fruits, vegetables, aur herbs ka moisture remove karne ke liye.
o Examples: Remote areas mein agricultural products ko dry karna ya small-scale
industries.
4. Solar Greenhouses:
o Application: Greenhouses jo solar energy systems se equipped hote hain,
temperature maintain karte hain aur plants ke growth ke liye controlled
environment provide karte hain.
o Examples: Cold climates mein crops grow karne ke liye agricultural applications.

 Indirect Applications of Solar Energy

Indirect applications mein solar energy ko pehle kisi aur energy form, jaise electricity ya thermal
energy, mein convert kiya jata hai aur phir use kiya jata hai:
1. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems:
o Application: Solar panels sunlight ko electricity mein convert karte hain jo
residential, commercial, aur industrial needs ke liye use hoti hai.
o Examples: Ghar ke solar systems, solar power plants, aur solar-powered vehicles.
2. Solar Thermal Power Plants:
 o Application: Solar thermal systems sunlight ko concentrate karke heat generate
karte hain, jisse electricity produce hoti hai steam turbines ya heat engines ke
through.
o Examples: Concentrated solar power (CSP) plants jo large-scale electricity
generate karte hain grid ke liye.
3. Solar Desalination:
o Application: Solar energy ka use desalination processes ko power dene ke liye
hota hai, jisse seawater ko fresh water mein convert kiya jata hai.
o Examples: Solar-powered desalination plants jo areas mein lagaye jaate hain
jahan clean water ki shortage hoti hai.
4. Solar-Powered Ventilation:
o Application: Solar energy ka use ventilation systems aur fans ko power dene ke
liye hota hai jo buildings ya industrial processes ko cool karte hain.
o Examples: Ghar, warehouses, aur factories mein solar-powered ventilation
systems.

Advantages and Limitations of Solar Energy

Advantages:
1. Noiseless aur cheap energy conversion system.
2. Environment friendly.
3. Highly reliable.
4. Mobile loads ke liye suitable hai, jaise cars, buses, etc.
5. Fuel ki koi zarurat nahi hai.
6. Long life hoti hai.
Limitations:
1. High initial cost hoti hai.
2. Solar energy ka supply irregular hota hai, cloudy season mein power generate nahi hota.
3. Night ke liye storage batteries ki zarurat hoti hai.
4. Efficiency low hoti hai.
5. Large area required hota hai plant ke liye.